Fig. 206.—Venice from the air, showing dredged channels.
Italian official photograph.
Fig. 207.—Bengasi, a North African town, surveyed for the first time from the air.
Italian official photograph.
Fig. 208.—Thurnberg on the Rhine.
Photograph by photographic section A. E. F.
Among other uses for aerial photography will be the location of timber. As one illustration, may be taken the discovery of mahogany trees. Their foliage at certain times of the year is of characteristic color. This may be recorded on color sensitive plates with a scientifically chosen filter, and the cutting expedition sent out with the photograph as a guide. In this as in other cases where rough or unexplored country is to be covered, it is a question whether the airplane will after all be the most feasible craft, on account of its necessarily rapid rate of travel, and its need for known landing fields. The dirigible of large cruising radius, which can seek its landing field at leisure, is probably indicated for this kind of work. It may indeed, as already hinted, prove to be the chief photographic aircraft of the future.
Archæological surveys offer a fascinating opportunity for airplane or dirigible balloon photography to render scientific service. Buried in desert sands or overgrown with tropical vegetation the ancient cities of Asia Minor, of Burma, and of Yucatan evade discovery, and even when found remain unmapped for decades. Discovery and mapping can now go hand-in-hand. The topography of barbaric or colonial towns and villages, whose importance could not warrant elaborate surveys, but which should nevertheless be a matter of record, will be quickly and easily plotted by photography (Fig. [207]). To this day who knows how the streets run in Timbuctu, and how, save from the air, can we ever map the teeming cities of China? He who would follow in the footsteps of Haroun-al-Raschid can even now explore the by-ways of Bagdad by the aid of the Royal Air Force photographic map!
INDEX
- Aberrations, lens, [47], [54]
- Aberration, spherical, [47], [54]
- Acetylene light, [284]
- Advertising, use of aerial photography in, [392]
- Aero 1 and Aero 2 filters, [241]
- Airplane, as camera platform, [20]
- types of, [24]
- Air speed, [27], [308]
- Alcohol, use of in plate drying, [275]
- use of in print drying, [286]
- Altimeter, [33], [174]
- Altitudes of flight for photography, [61], [224]
- Anastigmatic type of lens, [47]
- Aperture, lens, [39], [44], [56], [57]
- Archæological surveying, [413]
- Astigmatism, [49], [50], [54]
- Auxiliaries, camera, [163]
- installation of, [214]
- Bagley camera, [286], [314]
- Balance, of camera, [96]
- Balloons, [15], [16], [18]
- Banking, [27], [324]
- Batteries, storage, [150], [156]
- Bay, camera, [120], [210]
- Bellows, camera, [65], [95]
- Biplane, [24]
- Blast marks in front of guns, [363]
- Bleaching out print to leave interpretation marks, [367]
- Boat, flying, [25], [374]
- Bowden wire, [103], [106], [108], [111], [114], [116], [118], [126], [129], [136], [163]
- Brightness, range of, [221], [225]
- Burchell photographic slide rule, [303], [339]
- Camera, airplane, [39], [384]
- automatic, [18], [43], [90], [116], [124], [125], [311]
- B. M., [120], [203]
- Bagley, [286], [314]
- Brock automatic plate, [126]
- C type, [43], [87], [103], [109]
- classification of, [43]
- deMaria, [86], [89], [103]
- deRam, [82], [93], [121], [129], [157], [205], [214], [326]
- E type, [43], [87], [103], [109]
- elements of, [42]
- film, see Film cameras
- Folmer automatic plate, [126]
- hand held, [95], [321], [369]
- Ica, [103]
- Lamperti (Italian), [112], [211]
- L. B., [120]
- long focus, [103], [301], [324]
- L type, [43], [82], [94], [102], [117], [162], [210]
- M., [106], [203]
- non-automatic, [43], [102]
- Piserini and Mondini, [111]
- semi-automatic, [43], [116], [149]
- stereoscopic, [341]
- Camouflage, filters for the detection of, [225], [243]
- Ceiling of plane, [27], [130]
- Channels, detection of by photography, [408]
- Chemicals, photographic, [257]
- Chlorhydrochinon developer, [261]
- Chromatism, lateral, [49], [54]
- City planning, use of aerial photography in, [396]
- Clock-work for driving cameras, [149], [155]
- Clouds, [224], [242]
- Collimator, [66]
- Color, coefficient or index of negative, [259]
- Coma, [47], [48]
- Communication, means of on plane, [296]
- Compass, [33], [173]
- Cone, camera lens, [42], [114]
- Construction operations, aerial photographic records of, [396]
- Contact, imperfect in printing, [279], [284] prints, [45], [279]
- Contacts, electric, on plane, [163]
- Contours by stereo aerial photography, [404]
- Control, distance, of camera, [110], [163]
- Controls, duplicate, [19], [25], [195], [209], [214]
- Convergence point, [337]
- Cord for adjusting shutter aperture, [82]
- Core rack development, [271]
- Contrast, in brightness on earth's surface, [221]
- Counter, exposure, on magazine, [88]
- on release, [164]
- Covering power of lens, [44], [49], [50], [58]
- Crabbing, [27], [308]
- Cradles, camera, [195]
- Cross wires, [23]
- Curtain, auxiliary shutter, [80], [84], [106]
- Cylinders, relation between vibration and number of, [185]
- Dark slides, double, [87], [99]
- Daylight, intensity of, [222]
- Definition, lens, [44]
- Density, of air, effect of on propeller, [154]
- of photographic image, [228]
- Developers, for plates and films, [257], [260]
- for papers, [262]
- Developing machines, film, [133], [273]
- Development, core rack method of, [271]
- DH-4 plane, [210], [217], [296]
- photographic, [213]
- DH-9 plane, [296]
- Diaframs, to equalize illumination of plate, [78]
- Dilution coefficient of developer, [258]
- Dirigibles, [15], [16], [413]
- Distortion, absent with between-the-lens shutter, [74]
- barrel, [51]
- due to camera tilting, [206], [286], [305], [315]
- in aerial maps, [317]
- lens, [39], [44], [51], [54], [56], [62]
- pin-cushion, [51]
- produced by film shrinkage, [237]
- produced by focal plane shutter, [74]
- produced by glass plate in front of film, [131]
- with wide angle lenses, [63]
- “Dodging” in printing, [279], [315]
- Doors in plane for camera to work through, [214]
- Drying of films, [267], [276]
- Earth, appearance of from plane, [30]
- Eastman apron film developing machine, [274]
- twin reel film developing machine, [274]
- Efficiency, propeller, [155]
- English aerial photographic practice, [45], [46], [283], [291], [340]
- EK filters, [241]
- Electric, drive for cameras, [116], [119], [123], [145], [149]
- Elevation possible to detect in stereoscopic views, [340]
- Emulsions, photographic, characteristics of, [227]
- Enlarging, [45], [279], [283]
- camera, [283]
- Enlarging versus contact printing, [59]
- Exhaustion of developer, [259]
- Exploration, use of aerial photography in, [401]
- Exposure, data charts, [250]
- Field, angular, of lens, [57], [302]
- flatness of lens, [56]
- Field laboratory, mobile, [268]
- Film cameras, [43], [130], [134]
- Film, celluloid, [130]
- Filters, [15], [58], [106], [174], [224], [233], [239], [241], [243]
- effects secured by use of, [241]
- Filters, gelatin, [244]
- Fixing bath, [262]
- Flaps, auxiliary to shutter, [80], [84], [85], [98], [99], [101], [119]
- to protect lens, [214]
- Flash lights, [18], [386]
- Flying boat, [374]
- Focal length, relationship of lens characteristics to, [55], [57]
- Focal plane, [50]
- Focus, depth of, [44]
- Focussing, automatic, [284]
- Fog, atmospheric, [224]
- French aerial photographic practice, [45], [46], [283]
- Friction disc speed control, [136], [159], [160]
- Fuselage, [21], [87]
- shape and size depending on type of engine, [23]
- Future of aerial photography, [383]
- German aerial photographic practice, [63], [103], [209]
- Glass, optical, used in lenses, [44]
- Gloves, handling apparatus through, [41], [89]
- Governor for camera speed, [159]
- Graphite, use of to prevent static discharge, [134]
- Gravity, action of in aerial cameras, [41], [112], [115], [119]
- Ground speed, [27], [307]
- indicator, [311]
- Guide-books, illustration of, [15], [392]
- Guides for inserting magazines, [41]
- Gyroscope, [189]
- Gyroscopically controlled instruments, [29], [174], [192], [312]
- Gyroscopic erector, [188]
- Hardener, acid, [262]
- Hand operation of deRam camera, [121], [125], [129]
- Haze, [15], [30], [223], [233], [239]
- Head resistance and weight, equivalent, [156]
- Heat, effect of on plate sensitiveness, [175], [232]
- Heater, electric, in camera, [142], [174], [232]
- Horizon, photography of to indicate
- Hurter and Driffield sensitometric curve, [227]
- Illumination of field by lens, [50], [54], [56], [57]
- Image of point source, size of, [49], [54], [56]
- size of in relation to focal length, [59]
- Incidence, angle of assumed by plane at high altitudes, [206]
- Inclinometer, [33], [35], [171], [173]
- Indicators, distance, [163], [295]
- Inertia, [229], [257]
- Installation, camera, [24], [208]
- Instructions, operating, to be placed on apparatus, [42]
- Instruments, airplane, [30]
- Instrument board, [30]
- photographing, [170]
- Intensification of aerial negatives, [262]
- Intensity of daylight, [222]
- Interpretation of aerial photographs, [17], [40], [351]
- Interval between exposures, [40], [158], [305], [307]
- Isochromatic plates, [233]
- Italian photographic practice, [122], [377]
- Jamming of cameras in operation, [119], [120]
- K1 and K2 filters, [239]
- Keeping power of developer, [259]
- Kites, [15], [16], [18]
- Laboratory, mobile photographic, [269]
- Landscape gardening, use of aerial photography in, [395]
- Latitude of plates, [229]
- Lens, [42], [39], [44], [383]
- Levels, spirit, on camera, [95]
- Light, distribution of in aerial view, [221]
- trail method of testing camera mountings, [183]
- Loop, centrifugal force in, [29]
- Machine gun ring as camera mount, [321]
- Magazines, [87]
- Magazine racks, [94]
- installation of, [217]
- Mapping, [64], [135], [185], [186], [304], [401]
- Maps, mosaic, [17], [39], [64], [314]
- sketch, [314]
- Marking of negatives, [278]
- Metol-hydrochinon developer, [261]
- Mirrors for oblique photography, [324], [326]
- Monoplane, [24]
- Motions of camera, [179]
- Motive power for aerial cameras, [145]
- Mounting, camera, [102], [103], [179], [183] [384]
- Mounting, camera, turret, [312]
- Movement, of film during exposure, [75], [142]
- of image, permissible, [68]
- Moving pictures from plane, [350]
- Mud splashing on camera, [214]
- Naval aerial photography, [368]
- Negative lens sight, [168], [299], [305]
- Night photography, [386]
- Numbering devices in cameras, [169]
- Oblique views, [39], [320]
- Observer, function of in aerial photography, [291], [295], [304]
- Oil spray from motor, [214]
- Opacity, [228]
- Opening for camera, [211]
- Opposite directions, shutter to move alternately in, [76], [139]
- Orthochromatic plates, [233]
- Overlaps, for mapping, [307]
- Panchromatic emulsions, [233]
- Panoramic views, [321]
- Parallax method of focussing, [65], [66]
- Parallel, flying in, [308]
- Photographic planes, special, [213]
- Pilot, function of, in aerial photography, [291], [295]
- Pinpoints, [39], [291]
- Pistol grip for hand cameras, [95], [96]
- Plate holders, [87]
- Plates, bathed, [235]
- Plumb line, behavior in banking plane, [28]
- Ply-wood veneer construction, [23], [211]
- Positype paper, [238]
- Potassium carbonate for drying plates, [276]
- Power required to drive cameras, [125]
- Pressure, of shutter curtain, [131]
- Printing, [279]
- Prints, paper, [253]
- development of, [286]
- Prisms for oblique photography, [324], [326]
- Propeller, characteristics, [152]
- Pump, for producing suction on film, [132]
- Punch marks on film, [144], [272]
- Pyro developer, [261]
- Racks, negative, [271]
- Real estate, aerial mapping of, [393]
- Rectifying, [286], [305]
- camera, [314]
- Reduction of aerial negatives, [262]
- Release, shutter, [96], [99]
- duplicate, for pilot, [164]
- Release, shutter, time controlled, [124]
- Relief, criterion for correct, [335], [344]
- Resolving power of plates, [59], [235], [260]
- Richard stereo printing frame, [283], [348]
- Rinsing of plates, [259]
- Rubber, sponge, use of in camera mountings, [195], [203]
- Safe lights, photographic, [269]
- Safety catch on camera mounting, [203]
- device on camera driving mechanism, [162]
- Salvaging of ships, aerial photography and, [399]
- Seaplane, [25], [374]
- Self screening plates, [245]
- Semaphore signalling in plane, [297]
- Semperfocal enlarging camera, [284]
- Sensitized materials, requirements for, [225]
- Sensitometry, [227]
- of papers, [253]
- Shadows, compass directions from, [356]
- proper direction for, in examining prints, [352]
- Shaft, flexible, [119], [123], [142], [161]
- Sheaths, plate, [87], [88], [93], [126], [170]
- Shrinkage, film, [237], [317]
- Shutter, [42], [68]
- Shutter, Folmer, [80]
- Sights, [164], [166], [296], [301], [327]
- Single-seaters, carrying cameras in, [114], [211]
- Slide rule, photographic, [303], [339]
- Solenoid, [151], [163]
- Sound, not to be used for indication in plane, [164]
- Spacing of pictures in film camera, [144]
- Speaking tubes on plane, [296]
- Speed, of development, [236], [267]
- Spotting, [64], [125], [291]
- Spring motors, [149], [155]
- Springs, use of in aerial cameras, [41]
- in magazines, [88]
- Stabilized camera, [95], [187]
- Static electric charges on film, [131], [133]
- Stereo-comparator, [404]
- Stereo-oblique views, [115], [321], [343]
- Stereoscopes, [331]
- Stereo printing, [283]
- Stereoscopic cameras, [341], [344]
- Stereoscopic photography, [329]
- Stop-watch attached to shutter release, [310]
- Strap, on hand camera, to go around observer's neck, [99]
- Stream lines, [26]
- lined hood, [214]
- Suction for holding film flat, [131], [132], [142]
- advantages of continuous and intermittent, [132]
- Surveying by aerial photography, [401]
- Tank development, [270]
- Tearing edges of prints, [317]
- Telephones on planes, [296]
- Telephoto lens, [61]
- Temperature, coefficient of development, [258]
- Test chart, lens, [52]
- Threshold value, [230]
- Thrust, propeller, [152]
- Timber, location of by aerial photography, [413]
- Tone rendering, correct, [226], [230], [239]
- Touch, sense of, not dependable in plane, [41], [125], [164]
- Trailer, photographic truck and, [268]
- Transmission of power to camera, [161]
- Transparencies, [252], [330]
- Transparency, [227]
- Trays, camera, [195]
- Tri-color ratio, [235]
- Triplane, [24]
- Tuning fork, used in shutter tester, [79]
- Turbine, wind, for driving camera, [116], [127], [144], [147], [158]
- Uniformity of curtain speed in focal plane shutter, [76], [82], [84], [86], [315]
- Unit system of camera construction, [42]
- Uprights, camera, in plane, [209]
- Uses for aerial photography, [388]
- Velocity constant, [258]
- Veneer construction, [23], [209], [211]
- Venturi tube, [132], [142], [144]
- Vibration, [16], [18], [26], [40], [41], [58], [102], [179]
- Volcanoes, photography of, [15], [399]
- Water for mixing chemicals, [262]
- Watkins factor, [258]
- Weight and head resistance, equivalence, [156]
- Wind, flying against, [68], [308]
- motor, [146]
- Windows in side of plane, [214], [328]
- Wire, barbed, appearance of in aerial photograph, [360]