The Road - Hilaire Belloc

BALHAM and Stane Street, [167]
BALKAN PENINSULA, the, political chaos due to decay of Roman trunk roads, [76-7]
BARI, road planning in, [58]
BATH and the Fosse Way, [39]
BEECH, woods, and chalk, [119]
BELFORT, [44], [45], [46]
BELGIUM, Roman road building in, [136]
BERKSHIRE DOWNS, the trackway on, [120]
BIGNOR and Stane Street, [138], [169]
BILLINGSHURST and Stane Street, [169]
BLACK DEATH, the, a date in English road history, [81-2]
BLACKPOOL, a “reserve” town, [68]
BOARD OF WORKS and macadam, [190]
BORDEAUX, [31]
BOROUGH, the, and Stane Street, [167]
BOSHAM during the Dark Ages, [165]
“BOULEVARD” movement, [194]
BOULOGNE, harbour of, [73]
BOUNDARY, road as a, [77];
instanced, [77-8]
BRAMBER, causeway at, [18];
crossing of Adur at, [99], [130]
BRANCASTER, Roman station at, and Peddars Way, [176]
BREYDON WATER, change from estuary to a broad, [176]
BRIDGE, the, and road development, [12];
building of at different periods, [22-3];
significance of term in some languages, [22-3];
cost of and effect, [22-3];
architecture of, [23];
function in making inland ports, [30-31];
marshes created by disrepair of, [65], [158-9];
at Cologne, [75];
lowest on river, effect of, on sea traffic, [96-7];
normal origin of, [20];
instanced at London, Cologne, Rouen, Isle of Paris, [21];
of piles, [21];
of boats, [21];
object of, [21-2];
high gradients of some, [23-4];
effect of change from pile to stone, [24];
convergence of roads towards, [25];
military importance of, [25];
payments of toll at, [26];
creation of a nodal point at, [26-31];
on English roads, [89]
BRIDGE HEAD, the term, [25]
BRIGHTON, a “reserve” town, [68]
BRINDISI, [70], [77]
BRITAIN, its place in the Roman Empire, [113]
BURFORD BRIDGE and Stane Street, [170]
BURGH HILL, [139]
BURGHLEY PARK, near Stamford, [154]
BURY, [169]
CAEN, bridge at, and road convergence, [25]
CANTERBURY and Christianity, [70];
lowest bridge over Stour at, [97];
and Richborough, [98];
and Colchester, [103];
and the early trackways, [120], [121], [122];
as nucleus of Channel ports, [163]
CHALK, road courses over, [34-5];
characteristics of, [119];
distribution in England, [119-20];
and the early trackways, [119-20], [130], [131]
CHALONS, disuse of Roman road from Rheims to, [157]
CHANNEL, English (see English Channel)
CHESHIRE PLAIN, the, [128]
CHESTER, terminal of north-west road, [70], [121];
Roman garrison town, [71];
road from to Penkridge, [72], [148], [161], [173];
bridge at, [97];
and early trackways, [129]
CHICHESTER and Stane Street, [132], [139-40], [160], [166];
harbours and Stane Street, [132]
CHILTERNS, the, early trackway on, [120]
CHRISTIAN RELIGION, spread of, along Roman roads, [70];
in West Sussex, [153]
CLAPHAM COMMON and Stane Street, [173]
CLAY, effect of weather on, [11-12];
road courses over, [33];
Roman road-building on, [54];
in the Weald, effect of on communications, [131-2], [165];
and on West Sussex during Dark Ages, [153]
CLIFTON GORGE, [129]
CLIMATE, dampness of English, [105]
COAST ROADS, features of on south coast of England, [98-9]
COLCHESTER, [103];
trackway from London to, [122]
COLOGNE, bridge at, [21], [29], [75];
Roman road from Paris to, [140]
CONSTANTINOPLE, [77]
COST, factor of in influencing number, size, and course of roads, [56-60];
and the “strangling of communication,” [57]
COTSWOLDS, the early trackway on, [120], [126]
CRETE, [93]
CYPRUS, [93]
DAMASCUS, [70]
DANES, the, in Sussex, [76]
DARENTH, RIVER, [19]
DARK AGES, the, use of Roman roads in, [147-8];
disappearance of sections of road during, [148-50];
breakdown of Roman river crossings during, [150-55];
Roman roads on Continent during, [156-7];
formation of disrepair of roads during, [158-9];
pirates’ raids during, [162-3];
disuse of Peddars Way in, [175];
and the growth of a local road system, [177]
DEE, RIVER, bridge over, at Chester, [97]
DEVON, roads along south coast of, [98], [138];
and the Fosse Way, [127];
and traffic during Dark Ages, [132]
DORCHESTER (Oxon), bridge over Thames at, [102];
a wheat-growing centre, [128]
DORKING and Stane Street, [166], [169-70]
DORSET, trackway from Salisbury Plain to, [119];
derivation of name, [119];
and the Fosse Way, [127], [138];
and traffic during Dark Ages, [132]
DOVER, Roman road to Richborough from, [98];
port for Roman troops, [103];
and London, [108];
early trackway through Canterbury to, [122];
Straits of (see Straits of Dover)
DOWN BARN, near Andover, loop in road at, [138]
DOWNS, Sussex, Wiltshire, &c., (see under these names)
DUNCTON HILL and Stane Street, [167]
DUNWICH and coastal erosion, [176]
DURAZZO, road from Constantinople to, [77]
DURHAM, [125]
EARTHAM and Stane Street, [51], [167]
EAST ANGLIA, Roman campaigns in, [102];
wheat growing in, [128];
and Peddars Way, [174-5]
EDGWARE ROAD, site of trackway, [121]
EGYPT, Roman trunk road from to Northumberland, [70]
“ENCLOSURE,” effect of on roads, [90]
ENGLAND, north and south, tendency of division into, [127-8]
ENGLISH CHANNEL, the, and the Chalk ridges, [35], [126]
ENGLISH ROADS on south coast, [62];
phases in the history of, [81-4];
characteristics of, [84-91];
and the French road compared, [84-6];
the, effect of political history on, [89-90];
and the Industrial Revolution, [90], [91];
the, “blindness” of, [92];
diversion and interruption of by waterways, [93-9];
effect of absence of strategy on, [99-105];
the, and dampness of climate, [105];
and diversity of soil, [105-6];
and increasing density of population, [106];
and legislation, [106];
the, effect of “potential” in its development, [107-9];
its five stages of development, [109-15];
British pre-Roman trackways, [110], [116-32];
the, and the Roman road system, [133-46];
during the Dark Ages, [147-77];
during the Mediaeval period, [177-8];
the, turnpike system of, [183-5];
1810 a pivotal date of, [185-6];
and Telford, [186-9];
improvement of surface of, by Macadam, [189-91];
effect of railroads upon, [192-3];
the, present need for new arterial roads (q.v.), [194-5]
EPHESUS, [70]
EPSOM and Stane Street, [170]
EPSOM DOWNS, [170]
EPSOM RACE-COURSE, gap in Roman road between Merton and, [103], [149]
ERITH, [121]
EXE RIVER, importance of bridge at Exeter, [97-8];
trackway from to Humber, [117], [126], [129]
EXETER and the Exe, [97-8]
FAL, RIVER, [97]
FARNHAM, road to in Wey Valley, [34];
to Guildford, [35];
and the Pilgrims’ Way, [131]
FENS, the, former absence of main roads in, [53-4];
and trackway to the north, [125]
FERRIES, use of by Romans, [102]
FERRY, the, rather than ford precedes bridges, [20-21]
FLEET, RIVER, [122]
FLINT, use of in road construction, [55];
disadvantages to motor traffic, [55]
FORD, and the bridge, [12], [20];
etymology of term, [19];
significance of as particle with “stone” and “street” in place-names, [154]
FOREST, influence of on course of road, [47-51];
of Mormal, [49];
in the tropics, [49];
and the railroad, [50];
and the Roman road, [50-51]
FOSSE WAY, the, gradients of in Somerset, [38-9];
survival of early trackway from Exe to Humber, [126-7];
alluded to, [138];
use of in Dark Ages, [177]
FOWEY, RIVER, [97]
FRANCE, Northern, Roman roads in, [147-8]
FRENCH ROAD, the, characteristics of, [84-6]
FUEL, taxation of;
simplest method of collecting a road tax, [202-3]
GABAS, valley of, [44]
GAINSBOROUGH, bridge at, [97]
GALLEGO, [44];
bridge over near Huesca, [24]
GARGANO, isolation of by marsh, [15]
GAUL, military roads of, [75-6];
Roman road building in, [136-7]
GENOA, [67]
GLASGOW, [31]
GLOUCESTER, bridge of, [74];
function of in making an inland port, [30];
and the Severn crossing, [98];
road from Winchester to, [138]
GRADIENTS of bridges, [23];
factors determining, [37-8];
of the Fosse Way in Somerset, [38-9];
of the roads in the Jura, [40];
and of the Vosges, [41];
of railroads, [41-2];
and the internal-combustion engine, [42];
at Lynton and Lynmouth, [42];
of the mountain pass, [43-6];
of English roads, [89];
straightness of Roman roads modified by, [138]
GRANITE, use of in road construction, [54-5]
GRAVEL, road courses over, [33-4];
example in Wey Valley, [34]
GRAVESEND, [164]
GRAYS, [121]
GREAT NORTH ROAD, [50], [163], [191]
GUILDFORD, [35], [130]
HAMPSHIRE, chalk ridge of, [119];
ease of communication through, [130-31]
HAMPSHIRE DOWNS, [130]
HARDHAM and Stane Street, [139], [168]
HASTINGS, [99]
HAVRE, [74]
HIGHLANDS ROADS COMMISSION and Telford, [187]
HILLS, effect of on course of roads, [7-11]
HIPPO, [103]
HOG’S BACK, the, track over, [35]
HOLLAND, roads of, [53-4]
HOLMES, RICE, [98]
HOLYHEAD ROAD, the, [71-2];
and Telford, [186-9];
completion of, [192-3]
HOUGHTON, [130]
HUESCA, bridge near, [24]
HUMBER crossed by Roman road, [98], [102];
strategical consideration of, [100-01], [104];
trackway from Exe to, [117], [125-6], [129]
HYDE PARK, [78]
ICELAND, [93]
ICENI, the, [174]
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, the, and the turnpike road, [90]
INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE and gradients, [42];
makes a crisis in road building, [91];
and the need for new roads, [180], [195-6];
danger of crossing roads confined to, and solution of difficulty, [198-9]
IRELAND, Chester once the port for, [70]
IRON INDUSTRY, the Wealden, [131]
ISLAM, Western, influence of drift sand on roads of, [36]
ITALY, marshes created by the Road in, [65]
JERUSALEM, [70]
JUNIPER HILL, near Dorking road, [149]
JURA, the, gradients of roads in, [40]
KENT, Roman road system in, [98];
Roman campaigns in, [102-3];
early trackways through, [120-29];
approach to London from, [121]
LAMBETH, crossing of Thames at, [121];
and early trackway, [129]
LANCASHIRE, effect of marsh on, [15];
plain of, [105], [126];
communication of with main trackway, [122]
LANDES, the, scarcity of roads in, [53]
LEA, RIVER, [122]
LEATHERHEAD and Stane Street, [170]
LEGISLATION, road, [60-61], [83], [106], [115], [186-8];
suggested for arterial roads, [201-5]
LEITH HILL and Stane Street, [139], [166], [169]
LEWES, lowest old bridge at, [97];
and the south coast road, [99]
LINCOLN, [35]
LINCOLNSHIRE, [125]
LITTLEHAMPTON, swing bridge at, [98-9]
LIVERPOOL, [129]
LIVERPOOL STREET STATION, [68]
LOCOMOTIVE (see Railroad)
LONDON, crossing of Thames at, [15];
plans for rebuilding after Great Fire, [58-9];
growth of due to railroads, [67-8];
and spread of Christianity, [70];
potential between Dover and, [108];
centre of a series of trackways, [116-7], [120-2], [129];
and Stane Street, [132], [165-6];
and Watling Street, [140], [162-4];
road entries into, [201];
and Chester, [70], [72], [148];
lack of potential between, [164]
LONDON BRIDGE, old, [21];
avoidance of high gradient and result, [24];
convergence of roads to, [25];
effect of on development of the city, [29];
function of in making an inland port, [30];
lowest old bridge on the Thames, [97];
and necessity of detours by Roman troops, [103];
advantage of site of, [122]
LYME REGIS, [98]
LYNTON AND LYNMOUTH, gradients at, [42]
LYONS, double crossing of streams at, [32];
spread of Christian religion to, [70]
MACADAM, [90];
and the improvement of road surface, [189-90]
MAESTRICHT, [29]
MANCHESTER, [122]
MARBLE ARCH and Watling Street, [164]
MARSH, effect of on course of roads, [7-10];
impassability of, [14-15];
divided Lancashire from Southern England, [15];
Thames estuarine, [15];
protected Venice, [15];
and Russian Church, [15];
and Russian Revolution, [15];
isolation of Gargano due to, [15];
effect of on course of road from Pulborough to Arundel, [17];
and Eastern and Western European civilisation, [15];
at Bramber, [18];
created by roads, [64-5];
Pinsk, [76-7];
of Thames estuary, [121-2];
effect of on Roman roads, [103-4];
formation of during Dark Ages by disrepair of Roman road at river crossings, [158-9]
MARSHES, disappearance of section of Roman roads in during Dark Ages, [149-55]
MATERIAL for road construction, influence of proximity on course and number of roads, [14], [52-5];
diversity of in England, [105-6]
MEDWAY, the, [19];
crossing of at Snodland, [130];
at Rochester, [130]
MELUN, double crossing of streams at, [32]
MENAI STRAITS, suspension bridge over, [188]
MENDIPS, lead mines of, [98];
trackway to, [120]
MERSEY, RIVER, marshes of, [122]
MERTON, gap in Roman road between Epsom race-course and, [149];
and Stane Street, [166-70]
MICHELHAM and Stane Street, [170]
MIDDLE AGES, the, and bridge building, [22];
and the bridge as a place of toll, [26];
road system of, [114], [154], [177-8]
MIDHURST, [131]
MILITARY ROADS, Roman roads designed as, [133-7];
in U.S.A., [75];
on the Rhine, [75];
Alpine, [75]
MOLE, RIVER, [19];
crossing of by Pilgrims’ Way, [131]
MONTREUIL, [31]
MOROCCO, effect of “nullahs” in, [36-7]
MOSELLE, valley of, [44-6]
MOTOR VEHICLE, the (see Internal-combustion Engine)
NAPLES, [70]
NERO, [102]
NEWCASTLE, bridge of, [97];
function in making an inland port, [30]
NEWHAVEN, swing bridge at, [99]
Nodal Points, definition of, [26];
creation of by bridges, [26-9];
and military strategy, [29];
and markets, [29-30]
Nore Wood and Stane Street, [51]
NORFOLK, trackway to, [125];
and Peddars Way, [174]
NORMAN CONQUEST, the, and Sussex, [132]
NORTHUMBERLAND, Roman wall in, end of road from Egypt, [70]
NORTON PARK (Northants), example of marsh formation through breakdown of culvert, [158-9];
map, [159]
“NULLAHS,” effect of on road building, and example in Morocco, [36-7]
OAKENGATES (Shropshire) and Watling Street, [164]
OCKLEY and Stane Street, [153-69];
Battle of, [76]
Odds and Evens, method of in planning long stretches of straight road, [141-5];
sketch plans, [141-3]
ORFORD, decay of, [176]
OUSE, Sussex, crossing of at Lewes, [97], [130]
PARIS, effect of bridge on development of, [29];
road planning of under Napoleon III., [58-9];
St. Lazare Station, [68];
Roman road from to Cologne, [140];
Island of, bridges of, [21]
PARK LANE, site of trackway, [121]
PARLIAMENT, [61], [106]
PARNELL (Lord Congleton) and the Holyhead road, [187-8]
PASSES, Alpine, roads due to military necessity, [75];
mountain, gradients of, [43-6];
of the Alps, [43];
Pass of Sallent, [44-5];
from Valley of Moselle to Belfort, [44-6]
PEDDARS WAY, [161];
problem of its building, [173-4];
disuse during Dark Ages, [175];
its terminal point on the Wash, [175-6]
PENKRIDGE, Roman road to Chester from, [72], [148];
local system developed from, [161];
disappearance of, [173]
PENNINES, the, [105], [122];
trackways of, [125-6]
PETERBOROUGH to York, Telford’s suggested reform of road from, [191]
PETWORTH and Stane Street, [167]
PHILADELPHIA, [31]
PILGRIM’S WAY, the, [19], [131]
PINSK MARSHES, the, [15], [76-7]
PIRATES, raids of on England during Dark Ages, [162-3]
PIXHAM, near Dorking, [130]
PLYMOUTH SOUND, [97]
POLISH and Russian civilisations, differences due to marsh, [15]
POOLE, [129]
POPULATION, effect of increasing density on road system, [106]
PORTS, preservation of unsuitable by roads, [73];
instanced in Boulogne, [73-4]
PORTSMOUTH, [99]
PORTSMOUTH HARBOUR and Stane Street, [165]
POST OFFICE and appointment of Telford, [186]
“POTENTIAL,” definition of term, [107-8];
as applied to development of road system, [108-9];
change of instanced in Fosse Way, [126-7];
example of in Channel ports, [163-4]
PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES and bridge building, [22-3]
PUBLIC AUTHORITIES, powers of with regard to road construction, [60-61]
PULBOROUGH, [17], [139];
and Stane Street, [166-9]
Pulse, the, of a modern city, [68-9]
PYRENEES, the Pass of Sallent in, [44];
Roman roads in, [138]

RAILROAD, effect of gradients on construction of, [40-2];
and forest regions, [50];
and growth of London, [67-8];
effect of on development of road system, [192-3]
READING, double crossing of streams at, [32]
REFORMATION, THE, in England, economic effects of, [82-3]
RHEIMS, disuse of Roman road to Chalons from, [157]
RHINE, RIVER, [75]
RICHBOROUGH and the crossing of the Wansum, [98]
RIVER CROSSINGS, effect of on course of roads, example, [7-10];
general effect in England, [93-9];
on the Thames, [121];
and British trackways, [129-30];
fate of Roman roads at during the Dark Ages, [150-53];
instanced by Arun at Romans Wood, [153];
new crossings made, [153-4];
during Middle Ages, [154];
significance of particle “street” or “stone” in place-names at, [154];
instanced by Stamford (Northants), [154-5]
ROAD, THE, purpose of, [4];
trajectory or course of, [4];
statement of formula for, [5], [6], [11-13];
effect of surface and gradient, [5];
weather and surface, surface and type of load, gradients and character of traffic, [6];
difference between civilian and military needs, [6];
experimental growth on planning, [7];
instanced, [7-12];
design or growth, [11];
physical factors influencing course of, [12];
and the bridge, [21];
avoids a double crossing, [32];
influence of soils on course of, [33-7];
and the factor of gradient, [37-46];
influence of forest on course of, [47-51];
influence of intermittent vegetation on course of, [51-2];
proximity of material for, [52-5];
effect of cost on course of, [56-60];
the powers of public authorities regarding, [60-61];
influence of privileges upon, [61];
physical effects of in creating marsh, [63-5];
compels communication to follow it, [65-6];
and density of population, [66];
and the growth of towns, [67-8];
cause of differentiation between rural and urban life, [67-8];
and “canalization” of traffic, [70-76];
and the communication of ideas, [69-70];
instanced by spread of Christian religion, [70];
effects of decay or breakdown, [76-7];
use as a boundary, [77-8];
and idea of “potential,” [163-4]
ROAD MAINTENANCE, [83-4]
ROAD-MAKING, modern, conflict of principle regarding, [11]
ROADS, arterial (see Arterial roads);
convergence of at bridges, [25];
English (see English roads);
military (see Military roads);
Roman (see Roman roads)
ROBERTSBRIDGE, [99]
ROCHESTER, [31], [104], [121], [130];
and Watling Street, [140]
ROMAN EMPIRE, extent of, [113]
ROMAN ROAD, the, and forest, [50-51];
London to north-west, used as a boundary between Wessex and the Danelagh, [78];
as a boundary in Westminster, [78];
recovered from parish boundaries, [78];
and the Humber, [98];
to lead mines of Mendips and the Severn, [98];
the, in Britain, military nature of, [134-5];
straightness of, [136-7];
straightness of, modified by existing tracks, [137];
by hilly country, [137-8];
by steep gradients, [138];
the planning of, in straight limbs, [138-140];
on hard sand, permanence of, [155-6];
the, divergent developments of our modern road system from, [160-61];
system, [95];
and streams, [97-8];
system of Kent, and the R. Wansum, [98];
system in England, [110-14];
map, [135]
ROMAN ROADS, and spread of the Christian religion, [70];
in Balkan Peninsula, [76-7];
military basis of and resulting directness, [101-2];
and ferries, [102-4];
during Dark Ages, breakdown of river crossings on, [150-54];
instanced in Stamford, [154-5];
map, [155];
use of in Dark Ages, [147-8];
sectional disappearance of, [148];
instanced in Penkridge to Chester, Epsom race-course to Merton, [148-9];
theories to account for disappearance, [149-50];
during the Dark Ages, sectional disappearance of on the Continent, [156-7];
Watling Street, [72], [158], [161-4];
Stane Street, [132], [164-73];
Penkridge to Chester, [173];
Peddars Way, [173-6]
ROMANS, THE, and bridge building, [22];
and the bridge as a place of toll, [26];
as road builders, [53-4];
and Wales, [71-2]
ROMANS WOOD, crossing of Arun at, [153], [166], [169]
ROME, [70], [77];
bridge of, and function in creating an inland port, [30]
ROMNEY MARSH, [62]
ROTHER, the, valley of, [131], [139]
ROUEN, bridge at, [21], [29]
RUSSIAN and Polish civilisations due to marsh, [15];
Orthodox Church, the, and the Pinsk Marshes, [15];
Revolution and the Pinsk Marshes, [15]
RYE, [99]
ST. ALBANS, [70]
ST. CATHERINE’S CHAPEL, [35], [130]
SALISBURY PLAIN and the chalk ridges, [35];
centre of a system of trackways, [117-20], [126]
SALLENT, Pass of, [44]
SAND, road courses over, [33];
drifts in Western Islam, [36];
in Sussex Weald, discontinuous nature of, and influence on iron industry, [131-2];
hard, permanence of Roman roads cut in, [156]
SARAGOSSA, bridge at, and road convergence, [25]
SARDINIA, [93]
SEAFORD, [99]
SELSEY, [62]
SEVERN, bridged at Gloucester, [74];
tunnel, [74];
use of in Middle Ages, [94], [129];
crossing by Roman road, [98];
strategical consideration of, [101];
estuary of, and the Romans, [102];
traffic over lower, in event of invasion, [104]
SHIPLEY, [126]
SHIRES, origin of, [119] (note), [174]
SHOOTERS’ HILL, [121]
SHOREHAM, [18];
bridge at, [98-9]
SHREWSBURY and the Holyhead road, [71-3];
and Roman road London to Chester, [148]
SICILY, [93]
SILCHESTER, [103], [165]
SNODLAND, [130]
SOILS, effect of on course of road, [33-7];
diversity of in England, [105-6]
(see also under Chalk, Gravel, Clay, and Sand)
SOUTHAMPTON WATER and the trackway from Salisbury Plain, [119], [129];
traffic to during Dark Ages, [132]
SPAIN, high-gradient bridges in, [24]
STAGE COACHES, [186]
STAINES, [102], [165]
STAMFORD and the Great North Road, [50];
instance of new track replacing older one on river crossing at, [154-5];
map, [155]
STANE STREET, example of hindrance of vegetation at Nore Wood on, [51];
and the Wealden clay, [132];
curve on at Bignor Hill, [138];
example of Roman road as basis of modern local system, [160];
motive of, [164-5];
and the Weald, [165];
stages of, [166];
development of local systems from, [167-73];
the, Mr. H. Belloc’s references to, [139], [164]
STEPHENSON and the railroad, [192]
“STONE,” significance of, coupled with “ford” as a particle in place-names, [154]
STONEHENGE, [19]
STOUR, bridge over at Canterbury, [97]
STRAIGHTNESS OF ROMAN ROADS, characteristics, [134-7];
modifications of, [137-8];
planning, [138-40];
method of planning, [139-45]
STRAITS OF DOVER, [19], [35], [105], [132]
“STRANGLING OF COMMUNICATION,” [57]
STRATEGY, MILITARY, and the English road system, [99-101];
(see also Military roads)
STRATFORD ST. MARY’S, origin of Peddars Way, [174]
STREATHAM and Stane Street, [167]
STREATLEY, Thames valley at, [35]
“STREET,” significance of, coupled with “ford” as a particle in place-names, [154]
SUFFOLK and Peddars Way, [174]
SURFACE (see under Soil, Chalk, Clay, Gravel, Sand)
SUSSEX, effects of decay of main road in, [76];
coast of, [98];
trackways through, [120];
Downs, [17], [130];
Weald, the, sand ridges in, [131];
iron industry in, [131];
clay in, [131];
isolation of from the North, [166];
West, isolation of during the Dark Ages due to breakdown of Roman bridge over the Arun, [153];
coast, an example of road diversion due to waterways, [99];
and raids, [99]
TELFORD, THOMAS, [90];
and the road from London to Holyhead, [186-9];
and the Great North Road, [191]
TEMPLE BAR, [59]
TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, [59]
THAMES, RIVER, and its crossing at London, [29], [97], [121-2];
provides easy means of penetration into England, [94];
strategical considerations of, [100-01];
and the trackways, [117], [126];
and communication with south coast, [132], [165];
and Gravesend during the Dark Ages, [164];
estuary of, effect of marshes in, [15], [102-4]
TIBER, RIVER, current of, [31]
TILBURY, temporary bridge at during the Great War, [100];
hard approach to Thames at, [121]
TOLL, payment of at bridges, [26]
TOWNS, problem of road congestion in, [57-60];
“reserve,” [68]
TRACKWAYS, BRITISH, PRE-ROMAN, the Pilgrim’s Way, [19];
the first stage of road development, [110];
Exe to Humber, [117], [126-7];
from Salisbury Plain, [117], [118-20], [126];
from London, [120-22];
to centre of Norfolk, [125];
to the Tyne, [125];
by Shipley, [126];
and position of wheat lands, [128];
and the ports, [129];
and river crossings, [129-30];
and chalk, [130-31];
and sand, [131-2]
TRENT, RIVER, [93-4], [102];
old lowest bridge over, [97]
TURIN, rebuilding of, [59]
TURNPIKE SYSTEM, [115], [180];
made the modern English road, [183];
basis of, [184];
early resentment against, [184];
not a national system, [185]
TYNE, RIVER, crossing of by Romans, [102];
and the trackways, [125], [129]
U.S.A. and military roads, [75]
URICONIUM, [71], [103]
VEGETATION (see Forest);
intermittent, influence of on course of road, [51-2]
VENICE, protection by marsh, [15];
limitation of growth by marsh, [67]
VICTORIA STATION, London, [68]
VOSGES, the, gradients of roads in, [41];
Valley of Belfort in, [44-5]
WALES, Roman campaigns in, [71-2];
South, riots against turnpikes in, [184]
WALL, the Roman (Hadrian’s), [70-71]
WANDLE, RIVER, marshes of, disappearance of Roman causeway in during Dark Ages, [149]
WANSUM, RIVER, crossed by Roman road, [98]
WASH, THE, trackway to, [120], [126];
and Peddars Way, [174-5]
WATER COURSES, first crossings of, fords, [18-20];
taking-off places, [18-19];
effect of rate of current, [19-20];
ferries, [20];
bridges, [20-32];
double crossings at, [31-2]
(see also River Crossings)
WATLING STREET, at Penkridge, [72];
between Rochester and London, [140];
at Norton Park, [158];
as the basis of a modern road, [160];
causes of preservation of, [161-4];
use of during Dark Ages, [177]
WEALD, the, as an obstacle to communication, [165-6]
WELLAND, RIVER, [50]
WENLOCK EDGE, [94]
WESTMINSTER, northern boundary of, a Roman road, [78]
WEY, RIVER, and Pilgrim’s Way, [19];
road in Valley of Upper, [33];
crossing at St. Catherine’s Chapel, [130];
at Guildford, [130]
WHEAT LANDS and early trackways, [128]
WHEELED TRAFFIC, sudden increase of at end XVII century, [180]
WILTSHIRE, [120]
WINCHESTER, and the Pilgrim’s Way, [19];
as centre of wheat growing, [128];
to Gloucester, road from, [138];
to London, Roman road from, [165]
WREN, SIR CHRISTOPHER, [59]
YARMOUTH, growth of, [176]
YORK, Telford’s suggested reform of road to Peterborough from, [191]

Transcriber’s Notes:

Footnotes have been moved to the end of the text just before the index and relabeled consecutively through the document.

Illustrations have been moved to paragraph breaks near where they are mentioned.

Punctuation has been made consistent.

Variations in spelling and hyphenation were retained as they appear in the original publication, except that obvious typographical errors have been corrected.