The South is exerting itself to better its common schools, but it cannot compete in this regard with the North. Northern philanthropists are quite properly contributing to education in the South. They should consider well the needs of both races. Any attempt to give to the negroes advantages superior to those of the whites, who are now treating the negro fairly in this respect, might look like another attempt to put, in negro language, "the bottom rail on top."
Looking over the whole field covered by this sketch, it is wonderful to note how the chain of causation stretches back into the past. Reconstruction was a result of the war; secession and war resulted from a movement in the North, in 1831, against conditions then existing in the South. The negro, the cause of the old quarrel between the sections, is located now much as he was then. How full of lessons, for both the South and the North, is the history of the last eighty years!
There is even a chord that connects the burning of a negro at Coatesville, Pennsylvania, by an excited mob on the 13th of August, 1911, with the burning of the Federal Constitution at Framingham, Massachusetts, by that other excited mob of madmen, under Garrison, on the fourth day of July, 1854. One body of outlaws was defying the laws of Pennsylvania; the other was defying the fundamental laws of the nation.
INDEX
Abolitionists, mobbed, [71];
burn U. S. Constitution, [72];
private lives of leaders irreproachable, [89];
become factor in national politics; Boston captured by; "slave-catchers" now mobbed; national election turns on vote, [95]-[6];
anti-slavery in Faneuil Hall, [97];
election again turns on vote of, [99];
impartial observer on influence of, [105];
Professor Smith on, [106]
Abolition petitions in Congress, influence of, [102]
Abolition societies, in 1840, [93]
Adams, John Quincy, becomes champion of Abolitionists, [90];
defends right of petition, [91]
Alien and Sedition laws, 1798, [18];
nature of, [19]
Americans, world's record for hard fighting, [201]
Andrews, Prof. E. A., slavery conditions South, [79]
Anti-slavery people and Abolitionists grouped, [104];
Douglas charged "Black Republican" party with favoring "negro citizenship and negro equality," [167]
Aristocracy in South, [159], [160], [161]
Articles of Confederation, [15]
Author, antecedents, explanation of, [10]-[11]
Author's conclusions, [242]-[3]-[4]
Biglow Papers, [97]-[8]
Birney, James G., mobbed, [87]
Boston meeting, Dr. Hart overlooks, [73]
Boston Resolutions, [64]
Burke, Edmund, on conciliation, [109];
spirit of liberty in slave-holding communities, [158]
Calhoun, John C., prophecy of, [167]-[8]
Cause of sectional conflict, Abolition societies and their methods, [205]
Channing, Dr. Wm. E., encomium on Great Britain, [39];
letter to Webster, [47];
opinion of Abolitionists, [87];
his change, [88]
Characters and careers, of Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis, [188]-[192]
Churches, North and South, opposition to slavery; a stupendous change, [67];
"whole cloth arrayed against" Garrison, [68];
Southern churches still defend slavery; Northern changed; Methodist church disrupted, [70]
Coatesville lynching, [224]
Colonies, juxtaposed, not united, [15]
Colonization Society, origin of and purposes, [44];
its supporters, [45];
making progress; Abolitionists halted it, [46]
Compromise of 1850; excitement in Congress, [106];
great leaders in; Webster on 7th of March, [107];
Clay's speech, [112];
new fugitive slave law gave offence, [128]
Confederate States with old Constitution—changes slight, [186]
Constitution, Alien and Sedition Laws first palpable infringement, [3];
powers conferred by discussed, [16];
as supreme law Southerners still cling to, [207]
Cope, Prof. E. D., advocated deportation to prevent amalgamation, [241]
Cotton gin, accepted theory as to denied, [12]
Courage of, and losses in, both armies, [195]
Criminality, of negroes greater than of whites, [240]
Cromwell and the Great Revolution, analogy to, [8]
Curtis, George Ticknor, quotation from "Life of Buchanan," [14]
Davis, Jefferson, farewell speech, [181];
doubts about success—sadness, [190]
Democrats, North, opposed negro suffrage, [212]
Deportation, no country ready to take negro, [82]
Disunion, project among Federalist leaders, 1803-4, [25];
sentiment in Congress, 1794, [24]
Emancipation, easy North; difficult South, [40];
Federal government, no power over, [41];
status North in 1830, [52]
Emancipations, South, what accomplished in 1831, [50];
census tables, [51]
Embargo of 1807, why repealed, [26]
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, eulogizes John Brown, [15]
Everett, Edward, denunciation of John Brown expedition, [152]
Extradition, refused, of abductors of slaves, Supreme Court powerless, [176]
Federalists, construed Constitution liberally, [17]
Fite, Professor at Yale, declares Republicans in 1860 hoped to destroy slavery, [175];
justification of secession, [182]
Freedman's Bureau, its composition, [221]
Free speech, Channing defends Abolitionists as champions of, [87];
John Quincy Adams becomes advocate, [90]
Fugitive slave law, North not opposing in 1828, [53];
Missouri Compromise provided for, [54]
Garrison, William Lloyd, began Liberator; personality and characteristics, [56];
key-note, slavery the concern of all; slave-holders to be made odious, [58]
Godkin, E. L., on negro as factor in politics, [237]
Greeley, Horace, draws comfort from John Brown's raid, [153]
Hartford Convention, [28]
Helper, Hinton Rowan, his book, [165]
Higher law idea, prompted Abolition Crusade—and Czolgosz to murder McKinley, [206]
Immigration and Union sentiment; number of immigrants, [33];
few South, [34]
Incendiary literature, sent South, [62];
North aroused; Andrew Jackson's message, [63];
Boston Resolutions, [64];
indictment in Alabama; requisition on Governor of New York, [98]
Incompatibility of slavery and freedom; Lincoln's Springfield speech, [81];
Garrison first to announce doctrine; Abraham Lincoln next; then Seward, [147]-[8]
Insurrections, Denmark Vesey plot at Charleston, [59];
Nat Turner in Virginia; Walker's pamphlet, [60]
Irish patriots, Mitchel and Meagher, divide on secession, [35]
John Brown's raid, [149];
his secret committee, [151]
Johnson, Andrew, succeeding Lincoln, carried out plan, [213]
Johnston, Sir Harry, on negro in South, highest degree of advancement, [237]
Kansas, fierce struggles in; Sumner's bitter speech, [142]-[3]
Kansas-Nebraska Act, Douglas originated, [135];
aggravated sectionalism, [136]
Kentucky Resolutions, 1798, [19];
Jefferson the author, [20];
copy of first of, [21]
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798-9;
Secessionists relied on, [21];
Jefferson and Madison's reasons for, [22]
Know-Nothing party, its origin; purposes; appeal for the Union, [140]-[1]-[2]
Las Casas, Bishop, advice to King of Spain, [237]
Liberia, sending negroes to, called "expatriation"; enterprise a failure, [46];
Lincoln's hopes of, [81];
why it failed—Miss Mahoney's account, [169]-[70]-[71]
Lincoln, South no more responsible for slavery than North, [49];
speech at Charleston, Ill., [81];
finds no country ready to take American negro, [82];
South in 1860 thought him radical; had favored white supremacy in 1858, [185];
speech at Peoria, [186];
assassination of, [209]
Lodge, Henry Cabot, declares popular verdict against Webster, [118];
he had undertaken the impossible, [120];
his argument good, he not man to make it, [121]
Lundy, Benjamin, attempts to stir up North against slavery South, [47]
Lynchings, tables, [239];
comments on, [240]
McMaster, affirms Webster behind the times (note), [100]
Missouri, controversy over slavery, [52];
distinct from that begun later by "New Abolitionists," [53]
Mobs, Garrison mobbed; many anti-slavery riots North, [71];
violence toward Abolitionists in North reacted, [85];
opponents became defenders, [86]
Mound Bayou, a negro town, [242]
Nationality, spirit of; causes of, development of, [30];
grows, North; South on old lines, [35]
Navy, U. S., deciding factor in war, [198]-[9]
Negro, the, located now much as in 1860, [7];
Lincoln could find no home abroad for, [206];
reasons for smallness of vote South, [233];
improvement; Booker Washington's opinion, [236];
benefited by slavery; attained South highest degree of advancement, [237];
best opportunities South, [241];
Confederate veterans best friends there, [243]
Ohio, Resolutions looking to co-operative emancipation; responses of other States to, [42];
Southern reason for, [43];
Northern, kindly temper of, [44]
Otis, Harrison Gray, on Boston Resolutions, [65]
Pamphlets, venomous one cited, [75]
Personal liberty laws, eleven States passed; Alexander Johnston says absolutely without excuse, [177]
Petition, right of, in Congress, [90];
"gag resolution," [92]
Political conditions, North and South compared, [162]-[3]-[4]
"Poor whites," discussion of, and of social conditions South, [155]-[6]-[7]
Presidential campaign 1860, excitement, [171]
Press, Northern slandering South, [153];
Southern slandering North, [154]
Race animosities, negro's aspirations to social equality; legal enactments, [238];
whites embittered by crime against white women, [239]
Reagan, "Republican rule on Abolition principles," [105]
Reconstruction, Lincoln's theory; veto of resolution asserting power of Congress over, [208];
last speech, adhering to plan, [210]
Reconstruction by Johnson under Lincoln plan; wisdom of Lincoln-Johnson plan, John Sherman; opposition to it partisan, Senator Cullom, [211];
South accepts plan; senators and representatives, [214];
negro problem and Jefferson's prediction, [215];
apprenticeship and vagrancy laws, Blaine's attack on, [217]
Reconstruction, Congressional, extremists bent on negro suffrage when Congress convened in 1865, [212];
preparations for; committee of fifteen; Shellabarger's appeal to war passions, [215];
South denied representation; Southerners reject Fourteenth Amendment; Garfield denounces rebel government, [219];
Johnson's reconstructed State governments swept away; universal suffrage for negro; South sends Republicans to Congress, [220];
witnesses before "Committee of Fifteen" rewarded; Southern counsels divided, [223];
carpet-baggers and scalawags, [224];
intolerable political conditions; race issue forced upon whites, [226];
whites recover self-government, [227]
Republican party, the modern; its origin; Mr. Rhodes on, [138]-[139];
nominates Frémont and Dayton; denounces slavery; excitement; defeated, [144]
Resources, war, North and South compared, [191]-[2]-[3]
Salem Church monument, [9]
Santo Domingo, memory of massacre in, [80]
Seceded States, wretched conditions in 1865, [214]
Seceding States, desire to preserve Constitution, [179]
Secession, early threats of not connected with slavery, [26];
Josiah Quincy threatens, 1811; Massachusetts legislature endorses him, [28];
in early days belief in general, [28];
Massachusetts legislature threatens, 1844, [29];
eleven States seceded, [179];
Prof. Fite justifies, his ground, [182];
motives for in 1860-1, [183]
Self-government restored; local clashes, no race war; based on Lincoln's idea, superiority of white man, [229];
constitutional amendments to restore purity of ballot, [233];
industrial results amazing, [234]-[5];
negro vote small—reasons, [231]
Seward, leader of Republican party, [178]
Situation in Alabama in 1835—letter of John W. Womack, [79]
Slavery, Great Britain abolishes, compensates owners, [39];
South's "calamity not crime," [48];
debate in Virginia Assembly, [61]
Slaves, protect masters' families during war, [132]-[3];
a surprise to North, [133]-[4]
Slave-trade, New England's part in, [37];
South protests against; sentiment against arises in England, sweeps over America, [38]
Social conditions South, [155]-[60]
South unwilling to accept idea of incompatibility of slave and free States, [94]-[5];
bitterness in, [101];
on defensive-aggressive, [126];
excited; filibustering; importation of slaves, [145]
Spencer, Herbert, slavery once a necessary phase of human progress, [237]
Sprague, Peleg, on Boston Resolutions, [66]
Suffrage, Lincoln thought Southerners themselves should control, [203]
Sumner, Charles, philippic against South; Brooks's attack on, [143]-[4];
negro suffrage to give "Unionists" new allies, [220]
Texas, application for admission, [93];
Channing threatens secession if admitted, [94]
Tilden, Samuel J., letter to Kent, secession inevitable if Lincoln elected, [172]-[3]-[4]
Underground railroads, Professor Hart's picture of, [103]
Union, the, Webster's great speech for in 1830, [31];
effect of, [32]
Union sentiment South; Whigs, [34]
"Uncle Tom's Cabin," influence on Northern sentiment, [129]-[133]
War, the, nature of, [180]
Washington, a Federalist, [18];
his appeal for Union, [30]
Webster, on 7th of March, [107];
his sole concession, [111];
condemns personal liberty laws and Abolitionists, [115];
congratulated and denounced, [117];
"Ichabod," [119];
Rhodes's estimate of, [122];
his speech for "The Constitution and the Union"; Wilkinson's estimate of, [122];
E. P. Wheeler's estimate of, [125];
Webster's opinion of Abolitionists and Free-soilers, [126]
Welles, Gideon, opinion in 1867 as to debasing elective franchise, [232]
Whites, South, fought fraud with fraud during Reconstruction, till Constitution amended continued it, [232];
difficulties of their task, [233];
growing spirit of altruism; school taxes divided pro rata, [234]
Wilmot proviso, [111]
Wisconsin nullifies fugitive slave law, [178]
Women, devotion of during war, North and South, [195]
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Gladstone, "Kin Beyond the Sea."
[2] Warfield, in his "Kentucky Resolutions of 1798," relates that John Breckenridge introduced the Kentucky and John Taylor, of Caroline, moved the Virginia resolutions. In 1814 Taylor made it known that Madison was the author of the Virginia resolves, but not till 1821 did Jefferson admit his authorship of the Kentucky resolutions. Jefferson was Vice-President when they were drawn, and it would have been thought unseemly for him to appear openly in a canvass against the President, but by correspondence with his friends he "gradually drew out a program of action" (Warfield, p. 17). The Kentucky Resolutions were sent by the Governor to the Legislatures of the other States, ten of which, being controlled by the Federalists, are known to have declared against them (Warfield, p. 115). But of course the resolutions were canvassed by the public before the presidential election of 1800.