ILLUSTRATIONS
SHAKESPEARE BEFORE SIR THOMAS LUCY [Frontispiece]
Photogravure from the original painting
HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE PAINE [xii]
Photogravure from an engraving
GEOFFREY CHAUCER [132]
Photogravure from an old engraving
THE NEW PSALTER OF THE VIRGIN MARY [260]
Fac-simile example of Printing and Engraving in the Fifteenth Century
TITLE-PAGE OF THE HYPNEROTOMACHIA [384]
Fac-simile example of Printing and Engraving in the Sixteenth Century
HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE
[INTRODUCTION]
[I. Historical documents serve only as a clue to reconstruct the visible individual]
History, within a hundred years in Germany, and within sixty years in France, has undergone a transformation, owing to a study of literatures.
The discovery has been made that a literary work is not a mere play of the imagination, the isolated caprice of an excited brain, but a transcript of contemporary manners and customs and the sign of a particular state of intellect. The conclusion derived from this is that, through literary monuments, we can retrace the way in which men felt and thought many centuries ago. This method has been tried and found successful.
We have meditated over these ways of feeling and thinking and have accepted them as facts of prime significance. We have found that they were dependent on most important events, that they explain these, and that these explain them, and that henceforth it was necessary to give them their place in history, and one of the highest. This place has been assigned to them, and hence all is changed in history—the aim, the method, the instrumentalities, and the conceptions of laws and of causes. It is this change as now going on, and which must continue to go on, that is here attempted to be set forth.