4150 ([return])
[ Ibid., book IV., chs. I., II., III.]
4151 ([return])
[ Lacretelle, "Histoire de France au 18eme Siecle," V., 2.—" The Ancient Regime," pp. 163, 300.]
4152 ([return])
[ Morellet, "Mémoires," I., 166. (Letter by Roederer to Beccaria's daughter, May 20, 1797).]
4153 ([return])
[ Beccaria (Cesare Bonesana, marquis de) (Milan 1738—id. 1794). Italian jurist, whose "Traité des délits et des peines" (1764) contributed to the reforms and the softening of of European penal law. (SR)]
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[ Mallet-Dupan, "Mémoires," II., 493. "While the Duke of Orleans was undergoing his examination he read a newspaper."—Ibid., 497. "Nobody died with more firmness, spirit and dignity than the Duke of Orleans. He again became a royal prince. On being asked in the revolutionary tribunal whether he had any defense to make, he replied, 'Rather die to-day than to-morrow: deliberate about it.'" His request was granted.—The Duc de Biron refused to escape, considering that, in such a dilemma, it was not worth while. "He passed his time in bed, drinking Bordeaux wine.... Before the tribunal, they asked his name and he replied, 'Cabbage, turnip, Biron, as you like, one is as good as the other.' 'How!' exclaimed the judges, 'you are insolent!' 'And you—you are windbags! I Come to the point; Guillotine, that is all you have to say, while I have nothing to say.'" Meanwhile they proceeded to interrogate him on his pretended treachery in Vendée, etc. "'You do not know what you are talking about! You ignoramuses know nothing about war! Stop your questions. I reported at the time to the Committee of Public Safety, which approved of my conduct. Now, it has changed and ordered you to take my life. Obey, and lose no more time.' Biron asked pardon of God and the King. Never did he appear better than on the (executioner's) cart.">[