Fig. 66.
Fig. 67.—In this drawing a represents an aeroplane, or a bird’s wing. Suppose that the wind is blowing in the direction of the arrows; the real path of the bird as relates to the air is from i to j,—that is, the bird is falling as relates to the air although moving on the line c, d, against the wind. In some cases, a bird is able to travel along the line g, h, instead of in a horizontal direction, thus rising and apparently flying into the teeth of the wind at the same time.
SOME RECENT MACHINES.
Professor S. P. Langley, of the Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C., made a small flying model in 1896. This, however, only weighed a few pounds; but as it did actually fly and balance itself in the air, the experiment was of great importance, as it demonstrated that it was possible to make a machine with aeroplanes so adjusted as to steer itself automatically in a horizontal direction. In order to arrive at this result, an innumerable number of trials were made, and it was only after months of careful and patient work that the Professor and his assistants succeeded in making the model fly in a horizontal direction without rearing up in front, and then pitching backwards, or plunging while moving forward.
The Wright Brothers of Dayton, Ohio, U.S.A., often referred to as “the mysterious Wrights,” commenced experimental work many years ago. The first few years were devoted to making gliding machines, and it appears that they attained about the same degree of success as many others who were experimenting on the same lines at the same time; but they were not satisfied with mere gliding machines, and so turned their attention in the direction of motors. After some years of experimental work, they applied their motor to one of their large gliding machines, and it is said that with this first machine they actually succeeded in flying short distances. Later on, however, with a more perfect machine, they claim to have made many flights, amongst which I will mention three: 12 miles in 20 minutes, on September 29th, 1905; 20·75 miles in 33 minutes, on October 4th; and 24·2 miles in 38 minutes, on October 5th of the same year. As there seems to be much doubt regarding these alleged flights, we cannot refer to them as facts until the Wright Brothers condescend to show their machine and make a flight in the presence of others; nevertheless, I think we are justified in assuming that they have met with a certain degree of success which may or may not be equal to the achievements of Messrs Farman and De la Grange. It is interesting to note in this connection that all flying machines that have met with any success have been made on the same lines; all have superposed aeroplanes, all have fore and aft horizontal rudders, and all are propelled with screws; and in this respect they do not differ from the large machine that I made at Baldwyn’s Park many years ago. I have seen both the Farman and the De la Grange machines; they seem to be about the same in size and design, and what is true of one is equally true of the other; I will, therefore, only describe the one that seems to have done the best—the De la Grange. The general design of this machine is clearly shown in the illustrations ([Figs. 68] and [69]). The dimensions are as follows: The two main aeroplanes are 32·8 feet long and 4·9 feet wide; the tail or after rudder is made in the form of a Hargrave’s box kite, the top and bottom sides of the box being curved and covered with balloon fabric, thus forming aeroplanes. This box is 9·84 feet long from port to starboard, and 6·56 feet wide in a fore and aft direction. The diameter of the screw is 7·2 feet and it has a mean pitch of 5·7 feet. The screw blades are two in number and are extremely small, being only 6·3 inches wide at the outer end and 3·15 inches at the inner end, their length being 2·1 feet. The space between the fore and aft aeroplanes is 4·9 feet. The total weight is about 1,000 lbs. with one man on board. The speed of this machine through the air is not known with any degree of certainty; it is, however, estimated to be 32 to 40 miles per hour. When the screw is making 1,100 revolutions per minute, the motor is said to develop 50 H.P.
Fig. 68.—The De la Grange machine on the ground and about to make a flight.