Coal and the coal mines

by Homer Greene

Workings. The excavations of a mine, taken as a whole; or, more particularly, that portion of the mine in which mining is being done.

INDEX.

• Accidents resulting from falls, [126];
• to boys, [218].
• Act of 1885, [88].
• After damp, composition of, etc., [167].
• Air currents in mines, [148], [149].
• Air, deterioration of, in mines, [147], [152].
• Airways, beginning of, [95].
• Allen, Nicholas, [49], [62].
• Ancients, use of coal by, [35].
• Animal life of Carboniferous era, [18].
• Anthracite coal, analysis of, [6];
• commercial sizes of, [181];
• description of, [8];
• ignition of, [59];
• of bituminous origin, [25];
• skill in mining, [192].
• Anticlinals, [25].
• Appalachian Range, [3].
• Archean time, [3].
• Areas of coal measures, [31];
• of Pennsylvania coal fields, [33], [34].
• Avondale Mine, disaster at, [173].
• Baltimore vein, [75].
• Basin in a coal seam, [29].
• Battery in steep chambers, [108].
• Bearing in, in bituminous mines, [197].
• Benches in coal seams, [23–115].
• Bituminous coal, analysis of, [7];
• description of, [8];
• process of mining, [194].
• Black damp, composition, etc., [169].
• Blasting in mines, [119], [120], [125], [131].
• Blossom of coal, [77].
• Blower of gas, [160].
• Boys, accidents to, [218];
• amusements of, [219];
• at tipple work, [202];
• characteristics of, [217];
• duties of, at breaker, [215];
• in British coal mines, [205].
• Boy door-tenders, duties of, [214].
• Boy drivers, duties of, [210].
• Braddock’s road, [40].
• Brattice at face of chamber, [103].
• Breaker, description of, [179];
• location of, [178], [183];
• passage of coal through, [185];
• picking shutes in, [186];
• structure and appearance of, [184].
• Break through, in bituminous mines, [195].
• Breast. See [Chamber.]
• Bryden, Alexander, [143].
• Bryden, Andrew, [140], [168].
• Buildings at mouth of shaft, [176].
• Buntons in shaft, [89].
• Butler, Col. Lord, [56].
• Butt cleavage in bituminous mines, [194].
• Butty, [114].
• Calamites, [17].
• Candles, use of, in mines, [162].
• Cannel coal, [6], [13].
• Carbondale Mines, fall in, [140].
• Carboniferous age, [3].
• Carboniferous era, animal life of, [18].
• Carboniferous plants, [14–16].
• Carriage in shaft, [90].
• Cartridge, how made and used, [117].
• Cave holes, [137].
• Cenozoic time, [4].
• Chain pillars, [109].
• [Chamber], car track in, [103];
• description of, [100];
• length of, [102];
• scene at face of, [131].
• Charcoal, process of formation, [10].
• Charles, John, [50].
• Chest, miner’s, [120].
• Choke damp, [169].
• Cist, Charles, [48].
• Cist, Jacob, [52], [58].
• Coal, classification of, [7];
• originally all bituminous, [12];
• origin of, [8];
• production, by corporations, [70];
• specific gravity of, what is it? [6].
• Coal dust, explosive quality of, [172].
• Coal lands, division of, [69];
• investments in, [68];
• leasing of, [71];
• value of, [70].
• Coal mining by corporations, [72].
• Coal plants, age of, [3].
• Coal seams, number and thickness of, [22], [23].
• Coal-waste, heaps of, [191].
• Conglomerate, [76].
• Conifers, [17].
• Corve, in British coal mines, [205].
• Cost of different methods of entry, [92].
• Counter-gangway, [105].
• Crahan, Martin, story of, [220].
• Creeping pillars, [136].
• Creuzot Mine, accident at, [170].
• Crop falls, [139].
• Cross-headings, [95].
• Crowbar, miner’s tool, [121].
• Crust of earth, subsidence of, etc., [24].
• “Cry of the Children,” Mrs. Browning’s, [207].
• Culm, its disposition and use, [190].
• Curr, John, [90].
• Davy, Sir Humphrey, experiments of, [162].
• Decapitation of coal seams, [29].
• Delaware and Hudson gravity railroad, [66];
• canal, [66].
• Diamond drill, [79].
• Dip of strata, [29].
• Door boy, duties of, etc., [149], [214].
• Doors in mines, [149].
• Drainage in mines, [154].
• Drift, as a mode of entry, [80].
• Drilling, by diamond drill, [79];
• by hand, [78];
• by rope method, [78];
• by spring pole method, [78].
• Drill, machine hand, [116];
• miner’s, [116].
• Driver boss, his duties, etc., [113].
• Driver boy, duties of, etc., [113], [210], [213].
• Dump shute bars in breaker, [185].
• Eagle Shaft, disaster at, [168].
• Early mining methods, [94].
• Eastern middle coal field, [33].
• Electricity in breakers, [217];
• in mines, [105], [122], [127], [213].
• Enaliosaurs, [20].
• Entrances in mines, [101].
• Entries in bituminous mines, [195], [196].
• Evans, Oliver, [52].
• Experiments with anthracite, [52], [53].
• Face cleavage in bituminous mines, [194].
• Face of chamber, [101].
• Falls of roof and coal, [125], [135].
• Fan for ventilation, [151].
• Fault in strata, [26].
• Felling Colliery, disaster at, [162].
• Fell, Judge Jesse, [53].
• Females in British coal mines, [206].
• Ferns of coal era, [16].
• Fire boss, duties of, etc., [112], [166].
• Fire damp, characteristics of, [160];
• explosions of, [161];
• in abandoned workings, [166].
• Fishes, age of, [3];
• of Carboniferous age, [19].
• Fissures in strata, [26].
• Flanigan, John, [94].
• Flowers in Carboniferous age, [21].
• Gangways, beginning of, [95];
• description of, [97];
• direction of, [98];
• driving, [113];
• length of, [104];
• walking in, [129].
• Gases not confined to coal measures, [159].
• Germany, mining of coal in, [37].
• Ginther, Philip, [47].
• Girls in British coal mines, [205].
• Gore, Obadiah, experiments of, [45].
• Graff, Frederick, [52].
• Great Summit Mine, [57].
• Guibal, inventor of fan, [152].
• Guides in shaft, [90].
• Hammer, miner’s, [121].
• Head-frame at mouth of shaft, [177].
• Health of mine workers, [153].
• Hennepin, Father, explorer, [38].
• Hillegas, Michael, [48].
• Hoisting apparatus at shaft, [177].
• Hollenback, Colonel George M., [56].
• Horsebacks in coal seams, [28].
• Hosie, John, adventure of, [145].
• Hurrier in British mines, [205].
• Inclined planes in mines, [105].
• Indians, coal known to, [37], [43], [44].
• Inside slopes, [106].
• Invertebrates, age of, [3].
• Investments in coal lands, [68].
• Jenkins, Henry, [180].
• Laborers, duties of, etc., [114], [122].
• Lackawanna region, early coal trade in, [65].
• Lagging, its use, etc., [82].
• Lamp, miner’s, [121].
• Laplace, astronomer, [1].
• Lehigh coal, early trade in, [57], [58], [62].
• Lepidodendrids, [17].
• Leschot, inventor, [79].
• Lift mining, [85], [107].
• Light carbureted hydrogen, [159].
• Lignite, [6], [11].
• Loading place in breaker, [189].
• Localities in which coal is found, [31], [32].
• Locomotives in mines, [199].
• London, burning of coal in, [36].
• Long wall mining system, [110].
• Loyalsock coal field, [31].
• Lump coal, bituminous, [202].
• Machine for mining soft coal, [197].
• Mammals, age of, [4], [12].
• Man, age of, [4].
• Marsh gas, composition of, etc., [160].
• Mellen and Bishop, experimenters, [64].
• Mesozoic time, [4].
• Mine, anthracite, number of employees in, [112].
• Mine boss, duties, etc., [112].
• Mine car, [123].
• Mine, darkness in a, [133];
• in an abandoned, [134];
• silence in a deserted, [132].
• Mine law of 1870 and 1885, [208].
• Miner, Charles, [58].
• Miner, appearance of, [227];
• character and ambition of, [230];
• clothing of, [228];
• duties of, etc., [114], [122], [124];
• home and outside occupation of, [226];
• nativity of, [228].
• Mines, flooding of, [156].
• Miocene period, [12].
• Mules in mines, [212].
• Nanticoke, accident at, [157].
• Nebular Hypothesis, [1].
• Needle, miner’s, [117].
• Newcastle, carrying coals to, [37].
• Nobles, David, hunter, [65].
• Northern coal field, [33].
• Nut coal, bituminous, [202].
• Open quarry mining, [80].
• Outcrop of strata, [29], [75].
• Paleozoic time, [3].
• Pannier women in British mines, [205].
• Paris, burning of coal in, [37].
• Partings in coal seams, [23].
• Peat, [6], [11].
• Pennsylvania, coal fields of, [32], [33], [34].
• Picking machine in breaker, [187].
• Picking shute in breaker, [186].
• Pick, miner’s, [121].
• Pillar and breast mining system, [99].
• Pillars at foot of shaft, [95];
• creeping, [136];
• robbing of, [133];
• slipping, [136].
• Pinch in a coal mine, [28].
• Pittsburgh, coal beds near, [193];
• coal trade of, [42];
• discovery of coal near, [41].
• Pittsburg, Kansas, disaster at, [172].
• Pockets in breaker, [189].
• Props, use and setting of, [114].
• Prospecting for coal, [75].
• Pump mining, [155].
• Pumpway in shaft, [155].
• Putter, in British mines, [205].
• Rats in mines, [212].
• Reptiles, age of, [4], [12].
• Rhode Island, coal in, [32], [40].
• Rib of coal, [101].
• Richmond coal field, [38].
• Robbing pillars, [133].
• Robinson, John W., [58].
• Rocky Mountains, [20].
• Rolls in breaker, [179].
• Rolls in coal seams, [28].
• Rooms in bituminous mines, [195].
• Run of mine, bituminous coal, [202].
• Safety carriage, [91].
• Safety lamps, how to use, [165];
• invention of, [163].
• Schuylkill region, early coal trade in, [62], [64].
• Scotland, mining of coal in, [37].
• Scraper, in bituminous mines, [198].
• Scraper, use of, [117].
• Screen, revolving, in breaker, [180].
• Semi-anthracite coal, [8].
• Shaft, compartments of, [89];
• descending a, [128];
• foot of, [128];
• in bituminous mines, [199];
• in steep-pitching seams, [109];
• location and depth of, [86];
• sinking of, [87];
• water in, while sinking, [154].
• Sheaves in head-frame, [177].
• Shoemaker, Colonel George, [62].
• Shovel, miner’s, [121].
• Sigillariæ, [17].
• Slack, bituminous waste, [202].
• Slate picker’s duties, etc., [186].
• Sledge, miner’s, [121].
• Slipping pillars, [136].
• Slope, dimensions of, [85];
• entrance by, [84];
• in steep-pitching seams, [85].
• Smith, Abijah, [56].
• Smith, John, [56].
• Smut of coal, [77].
• Southern coal field, [32].
• Sphagnum, [11].
• Splits of the air current, [148].
• Squeeze in a mine, [28], [136].
• Squib, use of, [118].
• Stair shaft in bituminous mines, [200].
• States in which coal is found, [31], [32].
• Steep-pitching seams, raining in, [107].
• Stigmaria, [18].
• Stockton Mines, accident at, [139].
• Strike of strata, [29].
• Strikes among miners, [225].
• Summit Hill Mine, [80].
• Sump in mine, [96].
• Surface, disturbance of, by falls, [138].
• Susquehanna River, coal trade, [41].
• Swamp in mines, [29].
• Symbols marked on cars, [223].
• Synclinals, [25].
• Tamping, process of, [118].
• Temperature in mines, [210].
• Terrace in coal outcrop, [77].
• Theophrastus, [35].
• Tipple, at the bituminous mines, [201], [203].
• Tunnel, entrance by, [82].
• Tunnels in mine interiors, [84], [106].
• Turnbull, William, [58].
• Ventilation by fan, [151];
• by open furnace, [150];
• in bituminous mines, [199];
• principle of, in mines, [97], [148].
• Von Storch, H. C. L., [65].
• Wages of miners, [224];
• computing and payment of, [222];
• of boys, [213–215];
• sliding scale for computing, [224].
• Waste in coal mining, [134];
• of the coal measures, [28].
• Water, driving workings toward, [155];
• in mine, [96];
• tonnage of, hoisted, [155].
• Weighing coal, [223].
• Weiss, Colonel Jacob, [48].
• Western middle coal field, [33].
• West Pittston, disaster at, [175].
• White & Hazard, coal trade of, [62];
• experiments of, [60].
• Wilcox, Crandal, [56].
• Wings in shaft, [91].
• Woodward breaker, [121].
• Working pillars, [136].
• Wright, Joseph, [56].
• Wurts, William and Maurice, [65].
• Wyoming coal field, [33].
• Wyoming valley, discovery of coal in, [45];
• early coal trade of, [56].
• Ziegler, Charles W., [188].

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Transcriber’s Notes:

A List of Illustrations has been provided for the convenience of the reader.

Obvious printer’s, punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently corrected.

Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.