The A.B.-Z. of our own nutrition

by Horace Fletcher

The wide interest now prevalent in the subjects treated in The A. B. C. Life Series is evidenced by the scientific, military, and lay activity in connection with the experiments at the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University and elsewhere, as related in the “A. B.-Z. of Our Own Nutrition” and in “The New Glutton or Epicure” of the series.

The general application is more fully shown, however, by the indorsement of the great Battle Creek Sanitarium, which practically studies all phases of the subject, from health conservation and child saving to general missionary work in social reform.

HORACE FLETCHER.

Index

• A
• A. B. C. Life Series, the, xxiv, [15], [47];
• explanation of, [399]-407
• Abdominal glands, the, [189], [190]
• —— muscles, the, [326], [388]
• —— wall, the, [364]
• Abernethy biscuit, [131]
• Acid reaction, of food, [269]
• Acids, stimulating properties of, [270];
• supplement weak action in the stomach, [270];
• special relation to the pancreas of, [270]
• Addison, Joseph, upon the work of Luigi Cornaro, [28]
• Adenoids, largely dietetic in origin, [148]-152, [156]
• Afferent nerves, special duty of the peripheral terminations of, [184]-185
• Agriculture, U. S. Department of, [37]
• Albumen, digestion of, [394]
• Albuminoids, the, [395]
• Albuminous foods, minimum amount of, [74], [78]
• Alcoholic beverages, explanation of the use of, [252]
• Algarroba bean, the, [124]
• Alimentary canal, the, [13], [14], [15], [40];
• pabulum derived from, [40], [92], [117];
• Professor Pawlow’s conclusions concerning, [186];
• experimental investigation of the pathology and therapeutics of, [248], [260], [273], [275], [276], [277]
• Alimentation, human, study of, [13];
• theory of, [180]
• Alkalies, the, [278], [279], [280], [281], [282]
• Alkaline reduction, [33], [34], [35], [36], [44]
• —— saliva, [33];
• its quantity increased by mastication, [96], [102], [146]
• Alkalinisation, [92]
• Altruism, placed upon a business basis, xxiv
• American Medical Missionary Association, the, [390]
• —— Medical Missionary Cause, the, xxiii
• —— Physiological Society, the, [68]
• Anderson, Dr. William G., [54], [87], [88]
• Anger, causes indigestion, [7]
• Animal economy, [40]
• —— food, necessitates less thorough mastication than vegetable, [67], [99]-100, [173];
• influenced less than vegetable by cooking, [118]
• —— organism, the efficiency of, [58]
• Anthropoid apes, [115], [116]
• Antiperistalsis, [326], [333], [342], [345], [364];
• in the colon, [365]-370;
• the question of, [377]-383, [384], [385], [387], [388]
• Antiperistaltic waves, [365], [367], [373], [374], [376], [381], [383], [387], [388]
• Antrum, the, [307], [308], [311], [315], [322], [323], [326], [327], [333], [334], [336], [340], [341], [360]
• Apepsia, [394]
• Appendicitis, relationship between diet and, [141]
• Appendix, the, cause of catarrh of, [141]
• Appetite, demands proteid when wanted, xxxii;
• knows what to do and when to do it, xxxiii;
• most important factor in digestion, [6];
• a perfect indicator, [6];
• a creature of the mind, [7];
• the caprices of, [7];
• easily comprehended, how to read, [8], [9], [12];
• an indicator of what the body requires, [20];
• will close the valve when enough is eaten, [20];
• striking effect of insalivation upon, [50];
• fully understood, prevents intemperance in eating or drinking, [95];
• sooner satisfied with thorough mastication, [137];
• the first and mightiest exciter of the secretory nerves of the stomach, [210];
• is juice, [213];
• Dr. Pawlow’s experiment showing value of, [226];
• its initial impulse may originate in the stomach, [244];
• in the rich and in the poor, [252]-253;
• care should be taken of, [254];
• physicians most often called on to restore, [254];
• remarkable how little attention is paid to, [255];
• bitters increase, [263], [265];
• the strongest of all stimuli to the digestive glands, [263];
• connection between gastric juice and, [265].
• —— earned, a preliminary necessity of easy digestion, [180]
• ——, false, [6], [9], [29], [75]
• ——, normal, [6]
• “Appetite juice,” the, [213], [228], [258], [259], [260]
• Apples, [169]
• Appreciation, attention necessary to create, [7];
• necessary to stimulate flow of digestive juices, [7], [12]
• Armsby, Dr. H. P., on the heat values and muscular energy values of different food elements, [397]
• Asiatics, the, consume smaller proportion of proteids, [82]
• Asparagus, [93]
• Astrup, E., [126]
• Athletes, reason for training, [22]
• Attention, necessary to create appreciation, [7];
• how to command, [8], [9], [12]
• Atwater, Prof. W. O., [54];
• on the daily proteid requirement, [76]
• —— Respiration Apparatus, the, [57]
• Australians, the, [118], [129], [163]
• B
• Bache Fund, the, [69]
• Bacteria, the action in the intestines of, [39], [117]
• Bacterial digestion, [40]
• —— flora, the, examination of, [26]
• Bacteriology, advances of, [248], [249]
• Bailey, [128]
• Balthazard, experiments of, [314], [315], [327], [328]
• Baltimore, Md., [68]
• Barling, Gilbert, [141]
• Barrett, Robert, [47]
• Bayliss, experiments of, [343], [344], [345], [359]
• Batter pudding, [98]
• Battle Creek, Michigan, [390]
• —— Laboratories, the, [389]-391;
• experimental investigation of the influence of mastication and cooking of food, etc., in, [391]-396
• —— Sanitarium, the, xvii, xxiii, xxvii;
• described, [389]-391
• Bayert, [123]
• Beans, [95], [132]
• Beaumont, experiments of, [305], [309], [310], [313], [326], [327], [329], [330], [334], [336]
• Beef, [100]
• Benedict, Prof. Francis G., [54]
• Berlin, [56], [65]
• Berne, Switzerland, [284]
• Betel, chewing, [103], [128]
• Beverages, mastication in the preparation of, [123]
• Bidder and Schmidt, experiments of, [202], [204], [231];
• conditions for success, [204]-206
• Bile, the, [360]
• Bitters, therapeutic influence of, [262], [265];
• increase the appetite, [263], [264], [265]
• Blondlot, experiments of, [181], [182], [277]
• Blood, the, toxins absorbed into, [40];
• influence of the contraction of the masticatory muscles on local circulation of, [107], [148], [149], [278], [355]
• —— elements, the, [41]
• Blumfield, Dr. Joseph, [26]
• Body, the, considered as an engine, [4], [23];
• derives its necessary energy from food, [72];
• burdened by excess of food, [73]
• Boer War, the, [11]
• Bolting food, [35], [36], [134], [135], [138], [140]
• Bolus, the, [329], [343], [344]
• Boston Society of Medical Sciences, the, [342]
• Bouillon, [266]
• Bowditch, Dr. Prof. Henry Pickering, xxiv, xxv, [67], [68], [70], [284], [285], [287], [306]
• Bowel, the, liable to suffer, [140], [345]
• “Bracer,” a, why required, [20]
• Braun and Grützner, experiments of, [278]
• Bread, [78], [98], [99], [132], [137], [143], [171], [270], [271], [274], [275]
• Brinton, experiments of, [329], [330], [334], [336]
• British Guiana, [124]
• —— Medical Association, the, [27], [48], [91], [92]
• “British Medical Journal,” the, [141]
• Bronchitis, [144], [146]
• Broth, strong, [268]
• Brown bread, [43]
• Brussels, [68]
• Buccal digestion, [8]
• —— nerves, the, [194]
• Bushmen, the, [118], [123]
• Butter, [43], [100]
• C
• Cabbage, why indigestible, [99]
• Cæcum, the, [140], [141], [363], [364], [365], [366], [368], [370], [371], [372], [375], [376], [377], [381], [387]
• Cake, [132]
• California, University of, [90], [397]
• Calm, easy to cultivate, [7]
• Cambridge, England, xxxi, [26], [47], [49]
• —— tests, the, [47], [69]
• —— University, England, xxv, [26], [53], [68], [91]
• Campbell, Dr. Harry, [8], [12];
• on the importance of mastication, [92]-179, [389]
• Cancer, produced by inefficient mastication, [138]
• Cane-sugar, changed to grape-sugar, [21], [169]
• Cannon, Dr. W. B., [7], [12];
• on “Swallowing and Movements of the Stomach and Intestines,” [284]-300;
• on the “Movements of the Stomach Studied by means of the Röntgen Rays,” [301]-341;
• on the “Movements of the Intestines Studied by Means of the Röntgen Rays,” [342]-388
• Carbohydrate foods, [78], [79], [80], [85], [86], [89]
• Cardia, the, ideas of early writers concerning, [303], [304], [325], [326], [328], [329]
• Cardiac sphincter, the, [307]
• Carelessness, the sin of, xvii
• Carnegie, Andrew, xxxv
• —— Institution, the, [53]
• Carnivora, the, do not masticate, [97], [161]
• Cassava root, [124]
• Cat, the, experiments upon, [289]-293, [299], [303], [307], [311], [312], [315], [320], [322], [325], [333], [335], [337]-339, [341], [344], [353], [359], [361], [365], [366], [372], [382], [383]-386, [388]
• Catarrh of the appendix, caused by inefficient mastication, [141]
• Cauliflower, [99]
• “Cause and Prevention of Decay in Teeth, the,” Wallace’s, [161]
• Cavendish lecture, Sir Frederick Treves’s, [140]
• Cell, a, determination of the metabolism of, [40]
• Cellulose, [117], [170]
• Cereals, [78], [84], [146]
• Ceylon, [128]
• Cheese, [43], [95];
• when indigestible, [100], [137]
• Chemical excitants, the, [268]
• —— secretion, [259]
• Chemistry, organic, [62]
• ——, physical, [62]
• Chewing, length of time necessary for, xxxii
• Chicken bone, [166]
• Chigin, Dr., experiments by, [214], [216], [282]
• Children, early feeding of, [130]-132, [143];
• defective mastication in, [148];
• feeding of, [262]
• Children’s Aid Society, the, xxv, [68]
• Chimpanzee, the, [115]
• China, [82]
• Chittenden, Prof. R. H., conducting the experiments at Yale, xvii, [5];
• emphasises the want of exact knowledge of nutrition, [53], [67], [68];
• the Yale test, [69]-91.
• Chop bone, [166]
• Chyme, the, [346], [360], [362]
• Circulation, the, stimulated by mastication, [96], [103], [157]
• Cocoa-nut, [137]
• Coffee, [132]
• Cole, Sidney W., [47];
• his paper upon the isolation of the tryptophane element of the proteid molecule, [47]
• Colon, the, [363], [364];
• antiperistalsis in, [365]-370;
• changes when food enters, [370], [371], [372];
• process of clearing, [373]-377, [381], [382], [384], [387], [388]
• Comminution, [98], [100], [101]
• Commonwealth, the S. S., [69]
• Condiments, influence of, [261], [265]
• Constipation, cannot exist, [43]
• Constriction, waves of, [323], [340], [341]
• Cooked flesh, requires mastication, [97], [174]
• Cooking, influences vegetable more than mineral food, [118];
• effect of, [389], [391]-396
• Cornaro, Luigi, reformed manner of living of, ix;
• his autobiography, x, xvi, xvii;
• Dr. Van Someren’s paper upon his theory of living, [26]-46;
• his treatise on the “Sure and Certain Method of Attaining a Long and Healthful Life,” [28];
• Addison’s comments upon his work, [28], [92]
• Craving for food, [256]
• Cream, experiments with, [38]-39, [43]
• Cuba, xiv, [70]
• Curr, E. M., [125], [129]
• D
• Dastre, Dr. Prof. A., [67], [68]
• Day, experiments of, [337]
• Defecation, [373]-377
• Deglutition, Magendie’s theory of, [284], [285];
• movements of, [285];
• divided into three parts, [285];
• Falk’s and Kronecker’s theory of, [286];
• the X-ray method in the study of, [287]-295;
• phenomena of œsophageal, [298]-300
• —— reflex, the, [287]
• Dental caries, causation of, [161]
• Dewey, Dr. Edward Hooker, and the “No Breakfast Plan,” [396], [397]
• De Witt, Assistant Surgeon, Lieut. Wallace, in command of soldiers in the Yale investigation, xiii, [70]
• Dextrine, [170], [171], [392], [393], [395]
• Diaphragm, the, [324], [326]
• Diet, best manner and system of, xiii;
• the optimum, xxxi;
• minimum, [74];
• the anthropoid stage, [116];
• the pre-cooking human stage, [117];
• the pre-agricultural cooking period, [118];
• the early agricultural age, [119];
• the late agricultural period, [120];
• for children, [130]-132;
• relationship between appendicitis and, [141]
• Dietary Ten Commandments, [5]
• Dietetics, precepts of, [272]
• Digestion, appetite the most important factor in, [6];
• the true chemical end-point of, [10]-11;
• effect of the mental state upon, [74], [145];
• psychic influence in, [180];
• the phenomena in, [251];
• thorough mouth-work as an aid to, [389]
• Digestion-ash, the, what it should be like, [10]-11, [14];
• should not be unclean, [24];
• in experiments, [38]-39, [42], [43], [47], [51], [79], [83], [84], [85], [94]
• Digestive activity, stopped by anger and worry, [7]
• —— canal, the. See Alimentary canal, the
• —— glands, the, analogy between the innervation mechanism of the salivary glands and, [188]-190;
• appetite the strongest of all stimuli to, [263], [280], [282]
• —— juices, the, [7];
• appreciation necessary to stimulate flow of, [7], [12], [96];
• mastication brings the food into intimate contact with, [98];
• quantity of, [267];
• relation of milk to the secretion of, [274], [383], [386]
• Digitalis, [281]
• Diphtheria, [149]
• Disease, caused by indiscretions in eating, x, xxxi;
• follows disobedience, [29]
• Disobedience, disease follows, [29]
• Distention, [144]
• Distress, effect of, [388]
• Dog, the experiments upon, [181], [194]-211, [212]-246, [249], [254], [258], [263], [279], [280], [285], [292], [293], [297], [298], [299], [303], [310], [311], [313], [314], [315], [336], [344]
• Dolomites, the, [26]
• Drinking, too much, xix, [95]
• Dry food, [97]
• Dunn, Miss Eva, [122]
• Duodenum, the, [303], [315], [356], [360]
• Dyspepsia, dangers of, xv;
• might cease to exist, [35]
• E
• Eat, how to, [19]
• Eating, too much, ix;
• indiscretions of, x, xix, xxix, [29], [95], [135];
• too fast, [20];
• systematic inattention to, [259], [260];
• English have made a cult of, [261]
• Economic nutrition. See Nutrition, economic
• Efferent nerves, [184], [185]
• Efficiency, human, the measure of, xxx;
• research into causes for, [54]
• Eggs, experiments with, [38], [43], [78], [95], [100], [137], [277]
• “Encyclopædia Britannica,” the, [27]
• Enemata, the, [367], [379], [380], [388]
• Energy, the minimum transformation of, [59]
• ——, potential, [59]
• Engine, an, the body considered as, [4], [23]
• English, the, have made a cult of the art of eating, [261]
• Emetic, an, [325]
• Emotion, inhibition of stomach movements during, [337];
• effect of, [383]-384, [388]
• Empiricism, medical practice largely based upon, [52]
• Esquimaux, the, [118], [123], [125], [126]
• Esselmont, experiments of, [383]
• Evolution, Nature’s plan of, xi
• Ewald, experiments of, [313], [314]
• Excess, habitual, confirmed by experiments, ix
• Excrements. See Digestion-ash, the
• Excretia. See Digestion-ash, the
• Exercise, necessity of, xxix
• F
• Fæces, the, [374]. See also Digestion-ash
• Falk, Dr., [284];
• theory of deglutition of, [286]
• Fallopius, on the functions of the stomach, [302]
• Farinaceous food, [395]
• Fasola, experiments of, [378]
• Fat, potatoes need not produce, [21], [78], [79], [80], [85], [86], [95], [98], [100];
• experiments upon, [271], [272], [274]
• Faucial tonsils, the, influence of mastication upon, [148]
• Fear, effect of, [388]
• Fearthought, [404]
• Featherman, [123]
• Fibrin, [276]
• Flesh food, reduction of craving for, [50]
• Fletcher, Horace, Dr. Van Someren’s comments upon the case of, [30]-31;
• his experiments confirmed by Marckwald, [46];
• Sir Michael Foster’s comments, [48];
• the Cambridge tests, [49]-52;
• the Middletown test, [54]-55, [60];
• the Yale test, [75]-91
• Flour, [132], [392], [393], [395]
• Food, mal-assimilation of, x;
• length of time for chewing, xxxii;
• Dr. Kellogg’s estimate of amount habitually used, xxxiv;
• mouth-treatment of, [5];
• how to masticate and swallow, [8], [9], [31], [32];
• actual process of mastication described, [32]-34;
• important bearing upon the economy of the body of its treatment in the mouth, [48]-49;
• its function to supply material from which the body derives necessary energy, [72];
• any excess an incubus, [72]-73;
• classified under three heads, [78];
• in excess,produces a large amount of unnecessary work, [80];
• its nutritive value determined by the thoroughness of its digestion, [79];
• softness of, [129];
• mastication tends to reduce amount of, [136];
• should be eaten with interest and enjoyment, [252];
• passionate craving for, [256];
• its nutritive value should be considered rather than taste, [261];
• the acid reaction of, [269];
• relative nutritive values of different, [275], [276];
• experiments upon the utilisation of, [275];
• effect of the movements of the stomach upon, [328];
• circulation of, [329];
• experimental investigation of the influence of mastication and cooking of, [389]-396
• Foster, Sir Michael, xxiv, xxv, [26];
• his note upon Dr. Van Someren’s paper, [48]-52;
• emphasises the want of exact knowledge of nutrition, [52], [53], [67], [68], [91]
• Fowls, experiments upon, [299]
• Fruitarians, the, [90], [397]
• Fruit sugar, [169]
• Fruits, [43];
• under-ripe and over-ripe, [141], [395], [396];
• usefulness of, [397]
• Fubini, experiments of, [383]
• Fundus, the, [317], [322], [323], [324], [325], [330], [333], [334], [335], [336], [337], [340]
• G
• Galen, on the functions of the stomach, [302]
• Gastric catarrh, [249]
• —— digestion, [309], [316]
• —— glands, the, [182];
• the vagus and the sympathetic nerves exciters of, [183], [198];
• mechanical and chemical stimulation of the cavity of the mouth has no effect on, [201];
• psychic excitation of, [205];
• sleep exercises no restraining influence upon, [206];
• the simultaneous excitation of the different sense organs the first and strongest impulse toward activity of, [210];
• psychic secretion the normal commencement of secretory activity on the part of, [214];
• conditions upon which depends the secretory work of, [227];
• mechanical stimulation of, [237], [245], [249], [271], [272], [274], [280]
• Gastric juice, the, appreciation necessary to stimulate flow of, [7];
• destroys micro-organisms, [41];
• its flow increased by mastication, [102], [146];
• secretion of, [181], [206], [208], [211], [213], [262];
• connection between the appetite and, [265], [266];
• experiments for, [267];
• too little, [270], [272], [273];
• salts of sodium promote a flow of, [277], [279], [280], [329], [334], [335], [337], [340], [341]
• —— mechanism, the, [385]
• —— movements, the, [301];
• early writings on subject of, [302];
• later experiments upon, [303], [327], [329], [338]
• —— mucous membrane, the, excitability of, [181], [231], [241], [249], [258], [259], [264]
• —— muscular fibres, the, [307]
• “Gastric tonics,” [255]
• Gastritis, inefficient mastication may produce, [138]
• Gastro-intestinal catarrh, [144]
• Gastronomic enjoyment, increased by proper mastication and insalivation, [22]
• Germany, food in, [267]
• Ginger, preserved, [141]
• Gladstone, William E., his theory of mastication, [92]
• Gland metabolism, [277]
• Glinski, Dr., [190], [194], [196], [197]
• Gluten, raw, [395]
• “Glutton or Epicure,” [26], [31], [92], [389], [396].
• See also “New Glutton or Epicure, The”
• Goose, the, experiments upon, [288]
• Goose-fat, [100]
• Gorilla, the, [115]
• Gran Chaco Indians, the, [123]
• Grape-sugar, chemically made from cane-sugar, [21], [169]
• Greens, [132]
• Grey, Sir George, [128]
• Griddle-cakes, need not be hurtful, [21]
• Griffin, Charles & Company, [180], [181]
• Grützner, experiments of, [278], [346], [363], [377], [378], [381]
• Gscheidlen, [235]
• Guinea-pigs, experiments upon, [39]
• Gum arabic, chewing, [103]
• Gustatory indifference, [263]
• —— nerves, the, [263], [269]
• Gut, the, [344], [345], [355], [360], [364], [365], [374]
• H
• Hæmorrhoids, cannot exist, [43]
• Haller, experiments of, [304];
• his summary of the motor functions of the stomach, [304]-305, [309]
• Harvard Medical School, [68]
• —— Physiological Laboratory, the, [284]
• Haste, danger of, [134]-135
• Headache, produced by inefficient mastication, [138]
• Health, the optimum, xxxi
• Hearing, the sense of, [210]
• Heart, the, stimulated by mastication, [96], [103], [281]
• Heartburn, [144]
• Heat values, [397]
• Heger, Dr. Prof. Paul, [67], [68]
• Heidenhain, [181], [182], [183], [235]
• Herbivora, the, practice thorough mastication, [97]
• Higgins, Dr. Hubert, letter from, xxvii-xxxiii, [47]
• Hirsch, experiments of, [305], [315]
• Hofmeister, experiments of, [305], [308], [309], [310], [311], [313], [314], [326], [327], [332]
• Hopkins, Dr. F. Gowland, [26];
• his paper upon the isolation of the tryptophane element of the proteid molecule, [47]
• Hors d’œuvre, [266]
• Horse, the, experiments upon, [293], [294], [300]
• Hospital Corps, the, at New Haven, xiii, [70]
• Hunger, [241];
• “the best sauce,” [254]
• Hyperacidity, [145]
• Hyperæmia, [345]
• Hyperchlorhydria, [144], [147]
• I
• “Igniting juice,” [260]
• Ignorance, dietic, sin of, xvii
• Ileocæcal valve, the, [355], [362];
• the competence of, [362]-364, [367], [370], [376], [381], [387], [388]
• Ileum, the, [363], [364], [367], [370], [382], [387]
• India, [82], [128]
• Indians of Honduras, the, [124]
• —— of Nicaragua, the, [124]
• —— of North California, the, [122], [126]
• Indigestion, x;
• dangers of, xv;
• caused by anger and worry, [7];
• “bunching hits” to oppose, [13]-16
• Indol, the odourous, [47]
• Industries, the, mastication in, [124]
• Infant life, action of saliva in, [36]
• Innervation mechanism, an, constituent parts of, [184]
• Insalivation, defined, [8], [22];
• increases gastronomic enjoyment, [22], [46], [48];
• its striking effect upon appetite, [50], [60];
• effects of, [74], [89], [92], [93], [96];
• mastication promotes, [101]
• Insane, the, forced feeding of, [268]
• Instinct, human, the outcome of every-day experience, [251];
• physiology merely confirms the precepts of, [251];
• provisions for digestion made by, [267];
• demands of, [272]
• Intemperance, [95]
• International Congress of Physiologists, the, [26], [48], [56], [68], [91]
• —— Laboratory of Research, the, proposal to found, [55]-69;
• suggestions as to staff and personnel, [62];
• estimate of initial outlay, [63];
• suggestions as to location, [63];
• suggestions as to management, [66]
• Intestinal anæmia, [345]
• —— canal, the, [39], [346]
• —— contents, the, rhythmic segmentation of, [347]-355, [386]
• —— digestive juices, the, [361]
• —— mechanism, the, [385]
• —— movements, difficulties of investigating, [342];
• the best known of, [343]
• —— secretion, [61]
• —— wall, the, [344], [381], [386]
• Intestine, the large, activity of, [343];
• movements of, [364]-377, [379], [386], [387], [388]
• ——, the small, [343], [346];
• the movements of, [347]-362, [366];
• course of food in, [360]-362, [365], [367], [369], [378], [381], [383], [385], [386], [387], [388]
• ——, the, action of the bacteria in, [39];
• micro-organic action in, [40], [80], [92];
• much more sensitive than the stomach, [139], [301], [317], [328], [337], [341];
• studied by means of the Röntgen rays, [342]-388, [395]
• J
• Jaffa, Professor, [90];
• and the fruitarians, [397]
• Japan, [82]
• Jaws, the, mastication stimulates the nutrition of, [96], [103], [155];
• influence of mastication upon, [109], [148];
• changes during man’s evolution in, [115]-121;
• instances of vigorous use, [122]
• Johns Hopkins University, [68]
• “Journal of Physiology, The” (American), [284], [301], [342]
• —— (English), [47]
• K
• Kais Root, [123]
• Kane, Dr., [125]
• Kara, [124]
• Katabolic action, [41]
• Katabolism, [95]
• Kellogg, Dr. J. H., xxvii;
• letter from, xxxiii-xxxv;
• his estimate of amount of food habitually used, xxxiv;
• tribute to, [391];
• his experimental investigation of the influence of mastication and cooking of food, [391]-396
• —— Mrs. J. H., [389];
• tribute to, [391]
• Kelp, [122]
• Kotljar, experiment by, [217]
• Kreuznach, [46]
• Kronecker, Dr. Prof. Hugo, [67], [68], [284], [285];
• theory of deglutition of, [286]
• Kumagawa, experiments of, [81]
• Kwas, [267], [269], [270]
• L
• Lactic acid, prepared in the stomach, [269], [393], [394]
• “Lancet, The,” [8], [26], [31];
• Dr. Campbell’s articles from, [92]-179, [145]
• Lard, [272]
• Laws of Nature, health, strength, and moral tone dependent upon proper fulfilment of, [73]
• Leonardi, Dr. Professor, [26]
• Life, right conduct of, xiii;
• the essentials and sequence in, [399]
• Lippincott, J. B. & Company, [180], [181]
• Liqueurs, [266]
• Liquids, how to treat, [9], [34], [93], [94], [95]
• Lobassoff, Dr., experiments by, [217], [218], [220], [222], [226]
• Lobster, [137], [141]
• London, [65]
• Lower Californians, the, [123]
• Ludwig, experiments of, [342]
• Lumen, the, [374]
• Lymph, influence of the contraction of the masticatory muscles on local circulation of, [107], [148], [149], [355]
• M
• Macaroni, [132]
• —— cheese, [100]
• Mackerel, [141]
• Madrid, [69]
• Magendie, theory of deglutition of, [284]
• Maize, chewed, [124]
• Mal-assimilation, of nutriment, x, xxi;
• “bunching bits” to oppose, [13]-16;
• dangers of, [24], [35]
• Malay, [128]
• Mall, experiments of, [343], [345], [354], [378]
• Mal-nutrition, causes of, xxi, [35]
• “Malt extracts,” [102]
• Maltose, starch turned into, [101], [170], [392], [393]
• Man, the First Assistant of Nature, xi;
• his disparity due to ignorance, xii;
• absurdity of his ignorance, [4], [23];
• experiments upon, [300];
• by nature a frugivorous animal, [395]
• Maple sugar, [84]
• Marckwald, Max, paper “On Digestion of Milk in the Stomach of Full-grown Dogs,” [46]
• Masticate, how to, [19]
• Mastication, inefficient, causation of, [129];
• must lead to many evils, [129];
• evils resulting from, [135];
• conduces to excessive eating, [135];
• may cause suffocation, [137];
• may produce gastritis, [138];
• excess of starch may pass into stomach because of, [141];
• prevents a sufficient amount of alkali to pass into the stomach, [146];
• causes evils with the jaws and their appendages and the adjacent structures, [148];
• responsible for adenoids, [148]-152;
• a potent cause of Rigg’s disease, [159];
• secondary evils of, [164], [394]
• ——, proper, increases gastronomic enjoyment, [22], [46], [48], [60];
• effects of, [74], [89];
• Dr. Campbell’s observations upon, [96]-173;
• the effects of, [96];
• primary object of, [96];
• promotes flow of saliva, [96], [101];
• stimulates the heart and circulation, [96], [103];
• influences the nutrition of the jaws, [96], [103];
• facilitates swallowing, [97];
• brings the food into intimate contact with the digestive juices, [98];
• increases amount of alkaline saliva passing into the stomach, [96], [102];
• acts reflexly upon the stomach, [102];
• the muscles of, [104];
• its influence upon the jaw-bones, [109];
• its influence upon the teeth, [110];
• in the preparation of beverages, [123];
• in the industries, [124];
• the instinct of, [126];
• the causation of inefficient, [129];
• less opportunity than formerly for, [130]-133;
• defective apparatus for, [133];
• affected by individual differences, [134];
• tends to diminish amount of food consumed, [136];
• most effective way to secure starch digestion, [145];
• effect upon the nasal passages, naso-pharynx, and faucial tonsils, [148];
• fast becoming a lost art, [157];
• means of insuring adequate, [164], [389];
• experimental investigation of the influence of, [391]
• Masticatory instinct, the, [126]-129
• —— muscles, the, [104];
• influence of their contraction on local circulation of blood and lymph, [107], [148]
• Matri, [128]
• Meadville, Penn., [396]
• Measles, [149]
• Meat, [78]
• —— broth, [266];
• an important chemical excitant of gastric secretion, [266], [267]
• —— extract, [268]
• —— juice, [268]
• Mechanical stimulus, great importance assigned to, [257]
• Medical practice, largely based upon empiricism, [52]
• —— science, not possessed of final information concerning questions of nutrition, [52]
• Medicine, ideal only when it can take its proper position, [249];
• physiology can make no pretence to guide the field of, [251];
• to what it will at length grow, [251];
• treats too lightly the loss of appetite, [256]
• Melanesia, [128]
• Melanesians, the, [120]
• Meltzer, Dr., [284];
• experiments of, [294], [296], [297], [298]
• Mendel, Dr. Lafayette B., [69]
• Mendel Pass, bei Bozen, Süd Tirol, Austria, experiments at, [26]
• Mental energy, [41]
• —— state, [12];
• its effect upon digestion and nutrition, [74]
• Menticulture, physical and mental equipments necessary to promote, [7]
• “Menticulture,” xxi, xxiv
• Metabolism, [37];
• determination of, [40];
• calorimetric trial-balance measurement of, [54]
• Micro-organisms, [40];
• destroyed by acid gastric juices, [41]
• Middletown, Conn., experiments at, [54]
• Milk, how to drink, [9];
• experiments in drinking, [36], [38]-39, [78], [84], [93], [94], [268];
• takes a special position among foods, [272];
• the three properties of, [273];
• its relation to the secretion of the digestive juices, [274], [275], [276], [277]
• —— pudding, [97], [143], [172]
• “Modern Medicine,” [389], [391]
• Modoc Indians, the, [123]
• Moist foods, [97]
• Moritz, experiments of, [324], [328], [332]
• Mosso, Dr. Prof. Angelo, [67], [68], [284], [285]
• Mouth, the, should do all it can, [93], [180];
• examination of, [174]-179;
• rinsing, [179];
• mechanical and chemical stimulation of the cavity of, [201], [285], [286]
• —— breathing, evils of, [151]-153
• —— discrimination, [94]
• —— thoroughness, [8]
• —— treatment, of food, [5], [12], [92];
• a preliminary necessity of easy digestion, [180], [389]
• Mucosa, the, [343], [355]
• Mucous membrane, the, [346]
• Munich, [56], [76], [81]
• Muster, [128]
• Mutton, [100]
• N
• Nansen, J. F., [123]
• [36]
• Napoleon, died from fast eating, [138]
• Nasal passages, the, effect of mastication upon, [148]
• Naso-pharyngitis, [144], [148], [149]
• Naso-pharynx, the, influence of mastication upon, [148]
• National Academy of Sciences, the, contribute to fund for research, [69]
• Natural Automatic Processes, [3], [180]
• Nature, plan of evolution of, xi;
• Man the First Assistant of, xi;
• her reward for conformity with her requirements, xii;
• her generous assumption of forty-seven forty-eighths of labour, [5], [12];
• given an opportunity by economic nutrition, [22];
• her plans perfect if her laws are obeyed, [29];
• never intended a special diet or bottle of medicine, [30];
• endeavours to prepare lactic acid in the stomach, [269]
• Negritos, the, [118]
• Negroes, the African, [120]
• Nerve cells, the, specific qualities of, [187]
• —— fibres, [184]
• Nervous system, the, influence upon the glands of, [183]
• Neutralisation, [92]
• “New Glutton or Epicure,” the, xxviii, [47].
• See also “Glutton or Epicure”
• New Guinea, [124]
• New Haven (Conn.), scientific experiments at, xiii, [54], [71].
• See Yale investigation, the, and Yale test, the
• Nitrogen, [85], [86]
• Nitrogenous equilibrium, [86]
• —— measurements, tests of, [26]
• “No Breakfast Plan,” the, [396]
• Nothnagel, experiments of, [343], [345]
• Northwest London Hospital, the, [8], [92]
• Nutarians, [90]
• Nutrient enemata, [367], [379], [380], [382], [388]
• —— fluid, [381]
• Nutriment, selection of, [7]
• Nutrition, economic, experiments upon problem of, ix, x, [48]-52;
• active interest now taken in, x;
• the financial saving the least of the profits in, xi;
• the key to England’s welfare, xxv;
• attitude of the scientific mind towards, xxvii;
• little accurate knowledge concerning, xxx;
• psychology of, [6]-7;
• appetite the most important factor in, [6];
• mechanical and chemical physiology of, [8];
• its entire principle simple and practical, [19];
• does not advise avoiding starchy foods for stout people, [21];
• assures that the same food will add or decrease weight, [21];
• keeps one in perfect condition, [22];
• its requirements not hardships but pleasures, [22];
• not a joke or fad, [24];
• an appeal to self-examination and self-instruction, [25];
• first scientific recognition of principles of, [26];
• medical science not possessed of final information concerning questions of, [52];
• plan for institution of an international inquiry into the subject of, [53]-55;
• proposed to found an international laboratory of research for the study of, [55]-68;
• no question of greater importance, [72];
• poverty and vice traced to perversion of, [73];
• great need of thorough physiological study of, [74];
• effect of the mental state upon, [74]
• Nutrition, animal, [56], [57], [58]
• Nutritive equilibrium, [37];
• experiments in, [37]-39
• Nuts, [141], [173];
• usefulness of, [397]
• Nuttall, Dr. George H. F., [26], [39], [47]
• O
• Œsophagus, the, may protect the stomach, [139], [192], [285], [286], [289], [291], [292], [297], [299], [300], [303], [304], [307], [316], [325], [326], [336], [341]
• Openchowski, experiments of, [305], [325]
• Orang, the, [115]
• Oranges, [169]
• O’Reilly, Surgeon-General, xvii, [69], [70]
• Ozawa, Professor, [55]
• P
• Pabulum, the, derivation of, [40], [41]
• Pacific Islands, the, [124]
• Padua, Italy, [28]
• Palate, the, “the dietetic conscience,” [75]
• Pancreas, the, excited by the vagus and the sympathetic nerves, [183],
• 270;
• special relations of acids to, [270], [271], [273], [274], [279]
• Pancreatic digestion, [395]
• —— gland, the, [269], [270], [271], [280]
• —— juice, the, experiments for, [267], [270], [273], [279], [360], [395]
• Paris, [56], [65]
• Pastry, [132], [172]
• Patagonians, the, [128]
• Pathology, [249]
• Pavia, University of, [26]
• Pawlow, Dr. Prof. J. P., [6], [7], [12];
• researches of, [61], [67], [68];
• his demonstrations of psychic influence in digestion, [180]-283
• Peas, [132]
• Pendelbewegung, the, [342]
• Pendulum movement, the, [358]-360
• Penegal, xxxiii
• Peptic digestion, [318], [335]
• Peristalsis, [327], [330], [333], [337], [340], [343], [344], [346], [348], [355]-357, [361], [365], [377], [378], [383], [384], [386], [388]
• Peristaltic wave, the, [343], [353], [365]
• Pflüger’s Archives, [182]
• Pharynx, the, [285], [286], [290], [298]
• Philippines, the, [69]
• Physicians, most of them called on to restore appetite, [254];
• their indifference to appetite, [257];
• in Russia, [260];
• should bear in mind the question of psychic secretion, [261]
• Physiology, applied, [251]
• Pine-apple, [141]
• Pitcherie, chewing, [129]
• Polynesia, [128]
• Poorer classes, the, appetite stronger among, [253];
• food of, [266], [267]
• “Popular Science Monthly, The,” xxxiii, [53];
• Professor Chittenden’s article in, [69]-91
• Pork, [100], [141]
• Porridge, [97], [143], [172], [270]
• Potato, made digestible by saliva, [20];
• if masticated, need not produce fat, [21];
• experiments with, [38], [102];
• yields abundant sugar by long-continued mastication, [142], [146]
• Potatoes, boiled, [143], [172]
• Poverty, traced to perversion of nutrition, [73]
• Proteid, demanded by the appetite, xxxii;
• the putrid decomposition of, [47];
• minimum amount of, [74], [78], [79];
• Asiatics consume smaller proportion of, [82], [83], [85], [98], [100], [272], [394]
• ——, the high, xxxii, xxxiii
• ——, the low, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii
• —— digestion, perfect, [394], [395]
• —— molecule, the, isolation of the tryptophane element of, [47]
• Physiology, experimental, [249];
• can make no pretence to guide the field of medicine, [251];
• merely confirms the precepts of instinct, [251]
• Psychic environment, [12]
• —— excitation, [259]
• —— influence, in digestion, [180]-283
• —— juice, the, [213], [257], [267]
• —— secretion, [261]
• —— stimulation, [249]
• Pultaceous foods, [95], [97]
• Pyloric sphincter, the, movements of, [314]
• Pylorus, the, stands guard over the intestines, [139], [141];
• observations of Fallopius upon, [302];
• ideas of early writers concerning, [303];
• later experiments, [304], [307], [308], [315], [316], [317], [325], [326], [328], [330], [331], [332], [333], [340], [341], [360]
• R
• Rabbit, the, experiments upon, [344], [359], [371]
• Rage, effect of, [388]
• Raiser, experiments of, [359], [371]
• Rectal injections, stimulating effect on movements of small intestine of, [367]
• Rectum, the, [374], [379], [382]
• Reed, Dr. Major Walter (martyr to science), [70]
• Regina Margherita Laboratory, the, summit Monte Rosa, [64], [68]
• Regurgitation, [35]
• Rhinitis, [144], [148], [149]
• Rhythmic segmentation, of the intestinal contents, [347]-355, [358], [360], [362], [383], [386]
• Rice, [82], [132]
• Rickets, [144]
• Rigg’s disease, [159], [163]
• Rjasanzew, Professor, experiments of, [275]
• Roberts, Sir William, [75], [147]
• Rockefeller, John D., xxxv
• —— Institute of Preventive Medicine, the, [68]
• Rollbewegung, [345]
• Röntgen rays, the, Dr. Cannon’s studies with, [180], [284], [287]-300, [301]-341, [342]-388
• Roosevelt, President Theodore, [70]
• Root, Secretary of War, Elihu, [70]
• Rosa, Monte, [64], [68]
• Rossbach, experiments of, [305], [309], [311], [313], [314]
• Roux, experiments of, [314], [315], [327], [328]
• Royal Society, the, [68]
• Rumination, [35], [98]
• Russell, Dr. William, [145]
• Russia, physicians in, [260];
• food in, [267], [272]
• Russian Imperial Military School of Medicine, the, [68]
• —— peasant, the, [270]
• S
• Sabbatani, experiments of, [378]
• St. Martin, Alexis, investigations on, [305], [309]
• Saliva, its chemical effect upon potato, [20];
• upon syrup, [21], [33], [34], [35];
• its action in infant life, [36];
• an important therapeutic agent, [45], [93], [94], [95];
• mastication promotes flow of, [96], [101];
• dry food produces greater flow than moist, [97], [147];
• complicated physiological functions of, [191]-192, [337], [392], [393], [395], [396]
• Salivary digestion, in the stomach, [335], [341];
• effect of mastication and cooking of food upon, [391];
• imperfect, [394]
• —— glands, the, [155];
• analogy between the innervation mechanism and the glands of digestion, [188]-190;
• the exciting agencies of the nervous mechanism of, [191];
• their particular properties, [191]-194;
• differences between the exciting agencies of the different, [194]-198;
• Professor Pawlow’s sham-feeding experiment, [198]-211, [280]
• —— secretion, excitants of, [191]
• Sapidity, [44]
• Sauces, [269]
• Schäfer, [40], [82]
• Schmidt, experiments of, [202], [204], [231];
• conditions for success, [204]-206
• Schütz, experiments of, [305], [308], [309], [310], [311], [313], [314], [327], [332]
• Schwartz, experiments of, [303], [304]
• Scientific Assessors, Board of, [67], [68], [181]
• Secretions, digestive, [180]
• Secretory fibres, [183]
• —— nerves, [266]
• Segmentation, [386], [388]
• Selection, of nutriment, [7]
• Self-nutrition, secret of, xii
• Sensory nerves, [187]
• Sham feeding, experiments in, [198]-211, [214]-246;
• psychic effect may become an absolute and independent factor in, [209], [279]
• Sheffield Scientific School, the, experiments at, [53], [68]
• Sight, the sense of, [210]
• Sivén, experiments of, [81]
• Skatol, the odourous, [47]
• Sleep, exercises no restraining influence upon the gastric glands, [206];
• effect of, [383]-386
• Smell, the sense of, [210]
• Snyder, Dr., experiment in nutritive equilibrium, [37]-38
• Société de Biologie, the, [46]
• Sodium, salts of, [277];
• promote a flow of gastric juice, [277], [278], [279], [281], [282]
• Soft foods, [97], [129], [136], [142], [160], [162]
• Solid foods, [94], [268]
• Solray Sociological Institute, the, [68]
• Sorbonne, Universitie de la, [68]
• Soups, [266], [267]
• South Africa, [11]
• —— America, [124]
• “Spectator,” the, [28]
• Sphincter, the, [315], [316], [317], [331], [333], [341]
• Spinach, [99]
• Spirits, [93], [94]
• Ssanozki, Professor, experiments of, [203], [228]
• Starch, needed by body, [20], [21], [78], [98];
• changed into maltose, [101], [102];
• danger to the stomach in receiving an excess of, [141]-146;
• the last constituent to leave the stomach, [145], [170], [171], [172], [270], [337], [393], [395], [396];
• Starling, experiments of, [343], [344], [345], [346], [359]
• Stews, [266]
• Stomach, the, struggles bravely to overcome abuse, [19];
• man’s ignorance concerning requirements of, [23];
• mastication acts reflexly upon, [102];
• a long-suffering organ, [138];
• its danger of receiving an excess of starch, [141];
• starch the last constituent to leave, [145];
• necessity of alkali in, [146];
• secretory work of, [182], [183], [229];
• secretory nerves of, [210], [227];
• the seat of certain definite sensations, [241];
• the initial impulse towards awakening an appetite may originate in, [244], [246];
• no material progress in the physiology of, [250];
• Nature endeavours to prepare lactic acid in, [269];
• acids supplement weak action in, [270], [279];
• catarrhal affections of, [280];
• gives no obvious external sign of its workings, [301];
• studied by means of the Röntgen rays, [301]-341;
• Galen’s observations on the functions of, [302];
• Fallopius’s views upon, [302];
• the motor functions of, [304];
• the anatomy of, [306];
• its relations to the shadow, [306];
• the musculature of, [308];
• normal movements of, [309];
• the peptonising function of, [314];
• its appearance at various stages of digestion, [319];
• composed of two physiologically distinct portions, [324], [340];
• its movements in vomiting, [325];
• effect of its movements upon the food, [328];
• attempts to perform function of teeth, [333];
• salivary digestion in, [335];
• inhibition of its movements during emotion, [337]
• —— fluids, [393], [394]
• Suffocation, caused by inefficient mastication, [137]
• Sugar, [21], [78], [89], [95], [169], [337], [393], [395]
• Sugar-cane, [123], [124], [169]
• “Sure and Certain Method of Attaining a Long and Healthful Life,” Luigi Cornaro’s treatise upon, [28]
• Swallowing, facilitated by mastication, [97];
• mechanism of, [284].
• See also Swallowing Impulse, the
• —— Impulse, the, xxxii, [8], [9], [93], [94]
• —— reflex, Dr. Van Someren’s, [26], [44]
• Sweet potato, [124]
• Sweets, why pleasant, [268], [269]
• Sympathetic nerve, the, an undoubted exciter of the gastric glands and of the pancreas, [183]
• Syrup, chemical effect of saliva upon, [21]
• T
• Tapioca, [132]
• Taplin, [125]
• Tasmanians, the, [122]
• Taste, delicacy of the sense of, [22], [23];
• should be dissipated in the mouth, [93], [210];
• necessary to give an impulse to the organs of, [253];
• the nutritive value of food should be considered rather than, [261]
• —— gratification, [93]
• Tea, [132]
• Tea-taster, the professional, methods of, [23], [93]
• Teeth, the, influence of mastication upon, [110];
• changes during man’s evolution, [115]-121;
• instances of vigorous use, [122]-126;
• irregularity in, [156];
• evils of imperfect use of, [157];
• examination of, [174]-179;
• the stomach attempts to perform function of, [333]
• “Text-Book of Physiology,” Schäfer’s, [40]
• “That Last Waif: or Social Quarantine,” xxv
• Therapeutic experiments, pathological, [249]
• Therapeutics, precepts of, [272]
• Thierfelder, [39]
• Thirst, [95]
• Thompson, Dr., [142]
• —— Prof. W. H., [180], [181]
• Thorax, the, [290]
• Tobacco-chewing, [103], [129]
• Tokio, University of, [55]
• Tongue, the, needs exercise, [154]
• Tonic constrictions, the, [344];
• the appearance of, [370]-373, [385], [387]
• —— rings, the, [373]
• Tonsillitis, [144], [148]
• Tooth-brush, the, [177]
• Tooth-powder, [178]
• Toxins, absorbed into the blood, [40], [41], [44], [143]
• Training, for athletes, why necessary, [22]
• “Traité Analytique de la Digestion,” Blondlot’s, [181]
• Treves, Sir Frederick, on bolting of food, [140], [141]
• Trinity College, Dublin, [180]
• Trophic fibres, [183]
• Tryptophane, [47]
• Tuberculosis, [144]
• Turin, Italy, Congress of Physiologists at, [26], [48], [56], [91]
• ——, University of, [68], [284]
• U
• Urine, should be inoffensive, [42], [93], [274]
• V
• Vagus nerve, the, an undoubted exciter of the gastric glands and of the pancreas, [183];
• its functions almost interminable, [183], [249]
• Van Someren, Dr. Ernest, xxv, [7], [12];
• his paper “Was Luigi Cornaro Right?” [26]-46;
• his swallowing reflex, [26], [44];
• his experiments confirmed by Marckwald, [46];
• Sir Michael Foster’s Note upon his paper, [48]-52;
• the Cambridge tests, [49]-52, [53], [60], [91], [92], [98]
• Van Valzah, [146]
• Veal, [100]
• Veddahs, the, [128]
• Vegetable food, experiments with, [40];
• necessitates more thorough mastication than animal, [97], [98], [173];
• influenced more by cooking than animal, [118], [132], [170]
• Vegetables, [43], [78]
• Venice, Italy, [30], [63], [64], [91]
• Vermicelli, [132]
• Vermicular contraction, [343]
• —— wave, the, [345]
• Vermiform appendix, the, [140]
• Vice, traced to perversion of nutrition, [73]
• Vienna, [65]
• —— bread, [131]
• Vinegar, [269]
• Vivisection, [303], [305]
• Voice, the, requires lusty exercise in youth, [149]
• Voit diet, the, [76], [81], [84], [86]
• Vomiting, the act of, [193], [303];
• movements of the stomach in, [325], [341]
• W
• Wallace, Dr. G. Sim, [110], [113], [130], [154], [158], [161], [169], [174], [177]
• Walther, Dr., experiments of, [267], [276]
• Washington, D. C., [70]
• Water, how to drink, [9], [34], [95], [268], [391], [392]
• —— biscuit, [391]
• Weight, must become normal, [43]
• Welch, Dr. Prof. William H., [67], [68]
• Wepfer, experiments of, [303], [304]
• Wheat, unground pearl, [392], [393], [394]
• —— flour, [392]
• Wine, how to take, [9], [22], [23]
• Wine-tasters, the professional, methods of, [23], [93]
• Wolves, experiments upon, [303]
• Wood, Maj. Gen. Leonard, [69], [70]
• Worry, causes indigestion, [7]
• Wulfson, Dr., [197]
• X
• X-ray. See Röntgen ray
• Y
• Yale investigation, the, x, xi, xiii-xv, xvii, xviii, xix, xxxiii
• —— Gymnasium, the, [87]
• —— test, the, [5], [69], [75]-91
• —— University, [68]
• Z
• Z, in the nutrition alphabet, [10], [12];
• Zuntz, Dr. Prof. N., [67], [68]

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Appetite alone can judge accurately of the former, and the true Swallowing Impulse is the limitation of the latter. If we study the natural instincts, the rest will take care of itself.

[2] This is very strong evidence that appetite knows what to do and when to do it, if you study and consult it and give it a chance to prescribe.

[3] The Yale test reported herein by Professor Chittenden showed the possibility of full alimentation according to the requirements of Economic Nutrition in from 24 to 26 minutes daily, which is less than 1/48 of a day. Beginners of the practice of careful mouth-treatment of their food may require more time, but, whatever it may be, it is worth it. A little care for a short period will establish a right habit, and then no further tedious attention nor unusual time will be necessary to accomplish a perfectly healthy nutrition.

[4] Physiological Economy in Nutrition: The Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York.