Profile in black and white

by Howard H. Quint

Whatever may have been the extent of psychological knowledge at the time of Plessy v. Ferguson, this finding is amply supported by modern authority. Any language in Plessy v. Ferguson contrary to this finding is rejected.

We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of “separate but equal” has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. This disposition makes unnecessary any discussion whether such segregation also violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Because these are class actions, because of the wide applicability of this decision and because of the great variety of local conditions, the formulation of decrees in these cases presents problems of considerable complexity. On reargument, the consideration of appropriate relief was necessarily subordinated to the primary question—the constitutionality of segregation in public education. We have now announced that such segregation is a denial of the equal protection of the laws. In order that we may have the full assistance of the parties in formulating decrees, the cases will be restored to the docket, and the parties are requested to present further argument on Questions 4 and 5 previously propounded by the Court for reargument this Term. The Attorney General of the United States is again invited to participate. The Attorneys General of the states requiring or permitting segregaion in public education will also be permitted to appear as amici curiae upon request to do so by September 15, 1954, and submission of briefs by October 1, 1954.

INDEX

• A
• Adams, Sherman, [159]
• AFL-CIO, [51], [185], [187], [189], [141], [168], [164], [166]
• Agnew, E. H., [27], [84], [96]
• Allen University, [116-124]
• American Association of University Professors, [119-120]
• American Civil Liberties Union, [165]
• American Council of Education, [101]
• American Dilemma, [22], [27]
• American Educators, Incorporated, [88], [45]
• Americans For Democratic Action, [136], [138], [141]
• Anti-Defamation League, [89]
• Anti-Semitism, [40], [43], [86]
• Armstrong, Ben J., [74]
• Ashmore, Robert J., [26-27], [49], [101]
• Association for Preservation of Southern Traditions, [88]
• Association of School Administrators, [99]
• Atkins, Alford, [79]
• Atlantic Monthly, [80], [181]
• Atomic Energy Commission, [102]
• B
• Bacoats, J. A., [124], [125]
• Ball, W. W., [2]
• Ballard, L. B., [179]
• Baptist Church, [60-61]
• Baruch, Bernard, [39]
• Bass, Jack, [177]
• Bates, Lester, [129-130]
• Bates, W. T. C., [53]
• Batista, Fulgencio, [149]
• Bellinger, G. Duncan, [37]
• Benedict College, [122], [124-125]
• Bethune, Mary McLeod, [110]
• Bickley, J. H., [39], [40], [41], [192]
• Blackman, Mrs. S. L., [182]
• Blake, C. E., [160]
• Blatt, Solomon, [95]
• Blease, Cole, [9], [189]
• Blease, Eugene S., [27]
• Boas, Franz, [182]
• Bob Jones University, [65]
• Bonner, I. H., [118], [119], [120], [121], [123]
• Booker, Harold, [139]
• Bostwick, Margaret, [67]
• Bowles, Bryant, [12], [42-43]
• Bowling, H. L., [193]
• Boyette, Luther E., [178]
• Boyle, Gaston, [64]
• Brabham, A. McKay, Jr., [57]
• Brabham, P. Eugene, [100]
• Bragg, W. W., [34]
• Brailsford, James M., [41]
• Brameld, Theodore, [27]
• Breeland, Richard, [103]
• Brown, Edgar, [128]
• Brown, Gary, [196]
• Brown, Giles G., [76]
• Brown, Millie Lewis, [41]
• Brown vs. Baskin, [4], [5-6]
• Brownell, Herbert, [19], [22], [25], [129], [142], [158], [159], [161]
• Bryant, Herbert, [177]
• Buchanan, George, [28]
• Bulganin, Nikolai A., [140]
• Bunche, Ralph J., [110]
• Byrd, E. L., [44], [56], [64]
• Byrd, Harry F., [187], [189]
• Byrnes, James F., [4], [8], [15-16], [17], [22], [27], [31], [33], [50], [83], [93], [96], [100], [101-102], [140], [141], [147], [161], [167], [170]
• C
• Calhoun, John C., [1], [21], [38], [63-64], [79], [105], [109], [137], [143], [150], [184]
• Callison, T. C., [18], [19], [22], [25-26], [42], [86], [117], [126], [168]
• Cardozo, Benjamin N., [12]
• Carr, Robert K., [119-120]
• Carroll, David D., [128-129]
• Catholic Church, [52]
• Central High School (Little Rock), [159], [160]
• Chalmers, Allen Knight, [110]
• Cheraw Chronicle, [172], [208]
• Chicago Daily News, [148-149]
• Chicago Sun-Times, [180]
• Childs, Margaretta P., [48]
• Christian Advocate, [169]
• Christian Council on Human Relations, [169]
• Citadel, The, [125], [178]
• Citizens Council, [32], [37], [38], [41], [45-53], [54], [55], [57], [58], [63], [64], [65], [75], [83], [84], [86], [89], [92], [98], [105], [132], [187], [188], [189], [164], [169], [170], [171], [192-193]
• Citizens Council, The, [48]
• Civil Rights Act (1957), [154-158], [163]
• Civil Rights Bill (1956), [154]
• Clarendon County Case (Briggs et al vs Elliott, et al), [10], [12-20], [21], [28], [76-77], [81], [82], [90], [94], [95], [189]
• Clarendon County Civic League, [74]
• Clark, H. B., [29], [68]
• Clark, Mark, [125-126], [137]
• Clement, A. J., Jr., [71], [81], [90], [96]
• Clemson College, [11], [102-103]
• Cleveland, Grover, [137]
• Coker, Robert R., [27]
• Colvin, E. E., [38], [66], [79]
• Committee of 52, [27-28]
• Communism (including Communist Party), [24], [28], [39], [40], [43], [44], [45], [57], [62], [65], [67], [102], [111], [121], [122], [123], [124], [131], [132], [138], [140], [147], [168], [196], [200]
• “Concerned South Carolinians”, [170-173]
• Cook, Eugene, [112]
• Cook, Pierce E., [57-58]
• Corbit. Lynn. 62
• Cousins. Norman, [110]
• Cousins, Ralph, [170]
• Crawford, Leon, [143]
• Criswell, W. A., [60-61]
• Crosswell, W. M., [193]
• Crow, E. Ryan, [93], [185]
• Cruell, Claude and Fannie, [40-41]
• Culbertson, John Bolt, [174]
• D
• Dabbs, James M., [173-174]
• Dabbs, Mrs. James M., [170], [173]
• Daniels, G. G., [76]
• Davies, Ronald N., [109-110], [158], [161]
• Davis, Henry E., [86], [98]
• Davis, James B., [66]
• Davis, John W., [18]
• Debnam, W. E., [152]
• DeLaine, J. A., [86]
• Democratic National Convention (1936), [6], [7];
• (1956) 113
• Democratic Party, [1], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [15], [22], [24], [80], [128], [130], [131], [132], [133], [134], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [161], [165]
• Dewey, Thomas, [25], [142]
• Dixiecrats, [131], [133], [134], [138]
• Dobie, Armisted M., [17], [20]
• Dorn, William Jennings Bryan, [6], [27], [49], [142], [146], [155], [156]
• Douglas, W. Ernest, [174]
• Dulles, John Foster, [25]
• E
• Eastland, James O., [27], [50]
• Edisto Beach State Park, [88], [104], [127]
• Education and Race Relations, [34]
• Edwards, B. M., [124]
• Edwards, E. L., [26], [39]
• Eisenhower, Dwight D., [8], [23], [26], [39], [95], [105], [131], [138], [140], [142], [143], [154], [157], [158], [161], [164], [208], [204]
• Ellis, R. Archie, [124]
• Elmore, George, [5], [82]
• Episcopal Church, [61-62]
• Evans, J. Claude, [169], [170]
• Evans, J. Walker, [85]
• F
• Faubus, Orval, [109], [158], [160], [161], [203]
• Federal aid to education, [99-100], [102-103], [198]
• Federal Bureau of Investigation, [121]
• Federation for Constitutional Government, [38], [45], [137]
• F.E.P.C., [134], [135], [139]
• Fielding-Reid, Francis, [185]
• Figg, Robert McC., [13], [14], [20]
• Fitzhugh, George, [79]
• Flemming, Sarah Mae, [126]
• For America, [45]
• Ford Foundation, [13]
• Ford, Henry, II, [40]
• Fort Jackson, [102], [157]
• Frazier, E. Franklin, [27]
• Fugitive Slave Law, [105]
• Fund for the Republic, [169]
• G
• Gallup Poll, [72-73]
• Gamecock, The, [176-177]
• Garrett, Charles G., [89]
• Gaud, Henry, [143]
• Gentry, John T., [114]
• George, Walter, [136]
• Goebbels, Joseph., [186]
• Golden, Harry, [91]
• Grant, Ulysses S., [25]
• Grass Roots League, [24], [38], [44-45], [137]
• Graydon, Clint T., [155]
• Gressette, L. Marion, [17], [77], [79], [95], [107], [109], [122], [161-162]
• Gressette School Segregation Committee, [17], [93], [96-97], [103], [105], [115], [147], [161]
• Grimball, William H., Jr., [114]
• Grossman, Fred, [150]
• Guerry, Edward B., [27], [65]
• Guess, Dorothy Moore, [168], [180]
• H
• Haigh, Charles D., [81]
• Hammerstein, Oscar, II, [110]
• Hammond, James H., [26]
• Hampton, Wade, [129], [143]
• Handlin, Oscar, [30]
• Harlan, John Marshall, [26]
• Harman, H. Odelle, [63]
• Harmon, Nolan B., [59]
• Harper’s, [29-30], [72]
• Harrell, George S., [26], [108], [115]
• Harrelson, D. M., [174]
• Harrigan, Anthony, [172]
• Harriman, Averill, [136], [149]
• Hart, John Calhoun, [103], [112], [113], [115], [116], [164]
• Hartford Convention, [92], [105]
• Hastie, William, [110]
• Hemphill, Robert, [157]
• Herbert, R. Beverley, [27], [124], [172]
• Hilton, Henrietta, [73]
• Hilton, Leroy, [73]
• Hilton, Morgan, [73]
• Hilton, William, [73]
• Hinton, James M., [6], [22], [74], [76], [77], [80], [81], [82], [87], [110], [129], [180]
• Hitler, Adolf, [62], [150], [181], [183], [186]
• Hoffman, Edwin, [117-128]
• Holler, J. C., [59]
• Hollings, Ernest F., [31], [77], [86], [95], [97-98], [163]
• Holmes, J. Arthur, [76]
• Horlbeck, John M., [108], [114]
• Horn, Joseph, [170]
• Hughes, Jerry M., [58]
• Hutchins, Guy, [86-87]
• I
• Independent (Anderson), [23-24], [25], [26], [35], [42], [50], [66], [75], [77], [85], [101-102], [103], [107], [109], [111], [128], [133], [135], [136], [139], [140], [152], [154], [158], [160], [168], [203]
• Interdenominational Ministerial Alliance (Columbia), [76], [124]
• Interposition, [105-110]
• Island in the Sun, [115]
• Ivey, G. L., [43], [86], [88], [96]
• J
• Jackson, Larry, [170]
• James, F. C., [121]
• James, William, [77]
• Jefferson, Thomas, [136], [137], [145]
• Jenkins, Micah, [44], [45], [47], [48], [137], [138]
• Jerome, Emmette, [169]
• Johnson, Lyndon, [136], [155], [157]
• Johnston, Olin D., [4], [6], [22], [50], [136], [143], [154], [156], [157], [160], [203], [204]
• Jones, Bob, [65]
• Jones, E. S., [58]
• K
• Keels, Thomas D., [193]
• Kefauver, Estes, [40], [135], [136], [139], [140]
• Kennard, J. Spencer, [124], [125]
• Kilpatrick, James J., [105]
• King, Arthur Locke, [172]
• Knights of Columbus, [89]
• Knowland, William, [157]
• Ku Klux Klan, [7], [12], [26], [38-42], [46], [51], [87-88], [111], [112], [165], [178], [174], [179], [192]
• L
• Lamb, J. Harold, [162]
• Lane, J. M., [64]
• Latimer, Samuel, [110], [149-150], [158]
• Lawrence, David, [147], [153], [202]
• Le Clerq, Fred, [177]
• Lee, J. Bracken, [137]
• Lee, Robert E., [92], [148]
• Life, [147]
• Lighthouse and Informer, [129], [180]
• Lincoln, Abraham, [142]
• Lines, Stiles B., [86-87]
• Little Rock Affair, [109-110], [148], [158-162], [178], [208]
• Living Church, The, [62]
• Long, John D., [162]
• Look, [147]
• Lutheran Church, [68]
• Lyles, John, [170]
• M
• Mance, R. A., [120]
• Mann, Woodrow Wilson, [159], [160]
• Manning, Wyndham, [27]
• Mansfield, Mrs. E. R., [182-183]
• Marshall, Thurgood, [13-14], [15], [18], [51], [83], [88], [90]
• Martin, E. M., [174]
• Martin, Robert P., [178]
• Mason, E. R., [65], [86]
• Maybank, Burnet R., Jr., [50]
• Maybank, Burnet R., Sr., [4], [9], [22], [180]
• Mays, Benjamin E., [71], [110]
• Mdodana, P. B., [82]
• Meany, George, [164]
• Mein Kampf, [181]
• Mellette, Billy, [177]
• Mencken, H. L., [49]
• Methodist Church, [50-51], [55], [56-59]
• Methodist Church, Southeastern Jurisdiction, [55]
• Miller, Thomas R., [181]
• Mitchell, Clarence, [113], [183]
• Moore, Charles, [179]
• Moore, Fred, [54]
• Morehouse College, [71]
• Morning News (Florence), [24], [25], [30-31], [33], [41-42], [43], [50], [56], [58], [67], [68], [71], [77], [84], [85], [88], [92], [96], [99], [101], [102], [106], [111], [113], [119], [133], [134], [135], [136], [139], [141], [145], [155], [158], [160], [167], [177], [178], [179], [180], [203]
• Morris, John B., [170], [178]
• Morris, W. A., [182]
• Morse, Stanley F., [24], [41], [86], [137], [182]
• Morse, Wayne, [157]
• Murray J. B., [57]
• Myrdal, Gunnar, [22], [26], [27], [89]
• Mc
• “McCarthyism”, [111], [121]
• McClary, Webster, [75]
• McClung, Carolyn, [176]
• McCord, L. B., [24], [47], [57], [64]
• McCray, John, [6], [80], [124]
• McFaddin, James H., [54], [203-204]
• McFaddin, T. H., [98]
• McKinley, Carlyle, [2]
• McLaughlin, Mr. and Mrs. Carl B., [172]
• McMaster, J. G., [33]
• McMillan, John L., [50]
• McMillan, Lewis K., [11]
• McNair, Robert E., [155]
• McQueen, Cleveland M., [11]
• N
• Nation, The, [12]
• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, [3], [5], [9], [10], [12], [13], [14], [17], [19], [22], [28], [30], [32], [36], [39], [40], [43], [45], [46], [50], [51], [52], [53], [58], [64], [65], [67], [68], [71], [74], [75], [77], [79], [80], [81-91], [96], [104], [110-111], [113], [116], [129], [130], [135], [137], [141], [142], [149], [150], [152], [159], [160], [163], [170], [171], [174], [179], [182], [183], [196]
• National Association for the Advancement of White People, [12], [38], [42-43], [96]
• National Council of Churches, [40], [52], [69]
• National Education Association, [101]
• Neff, Lawrence, [67]
• Negro Baptist State Convention, [76]
• Negro Citizens Committee of South Carolina, [187]
• New York Herald Tribune, [147], [148]
• New York Times, [32], [73], [147], [148], [149]
• News and Courier (Charleston), [2], [7], [22-23], [24], [25], [26], [27-28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33-34], [35], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [49], [50], [54], [56], [57], [63], [64], [67], [68-69], [72], [75], [77-78], [79], [84], [86], [87], [88], [92], [93], [96], [98], [99-100], [101], [102-103], [107], [108], [109], [112], [114], [116], [126], [128], [130-131], [132], [134], [135], [136-137], [139], [140], [141], [143], [145], [146], [147], [148], [149], [150], [151], [152], [153], [154], [155], [158], [159], [163-164], [167], [168], [169], [172], [177], [180], [182], [183], [184], [185], [186], [187]
• Niebuhr, Reinhold, [65]
• Nixon, Richard M., [112], [138], [142], [158], [159]
• O
• O’Dowd, Jack H., [24], [30-31], [56], [58], [77], [85], [96], [99], [111], [136], [155], [167], [177], [178-180]
• Orangeburg boycotts, [51-54]
• Ott, E. Mitchell. 153-154
• Oxnam, G. Bromley, [40]
• P
• Palmetto Education Association, [73-74], [96], [199]
• Palmetto State Voters Association, [80-81], [148]
• Parker, Barrington, [142-143]
• Parker, John J., [13], [14], [20], [126]
• Patrick, J. J., [64-65]
• Peale, Norman Vincent, [68]
• Petit, Harold A., [186]
• Pierce, Bob, [149]
• Pitts, Oscar, [142]
• Plessy vs. Ferguson, [3], [22], [26], [126]
• Poag, Fred V., [64]
• Pollock, William, [164]
• Poole, Robert E., [102]
• Pope, Thomas H., [27], [155]
• Powell, Adam Clayton, [139], [142]
• Powell, Joe B., [180]
• Pridgen, Paul M., [68]
• Pritchett, Carl, [64]
• Progressive Democratic Party, [6-7], [73], [75], [80], [124]
• R
• Randolph, A. Philip, [110]
• Rankin, Henry, [63]
• Ravenel, Arthur, Jr., [153]
• Rayburn, Sam, [136]
• Rea, C. A., [42]
• Record, (Columbia), [23], [25], [26], [28], [30], [31], [32], [34-35], [50], [54], [72], [76], [77], [81], [85], [86], [87], [88], [89], [90], [101], [106], [109], [111-112], [114], [126], [131], [134], [135], [141], [160], [184], [185]
• Record, Wilson, [196]
• Reid, Frank Madison, [75-76]
• Reporter, The, [52]
• Republican Party, [8], [24], [128], [130], [131], [134], [137], [138], [141], [142], [143], [163]
• Reuther, Walter, [139], [165]
• Rice vs. Elmore, [4]
• Richards, James P., [106], [161], [171], [172]
• Richmond News Leader, [105]
• Rideout, John G., [117-123]
• Riley, E. P., [142]
• Riley, John J., [49], [50], [121]
• Rivers, L. Mendel, [45], [49], [50], [106], [131], [154], [157]
• Rochester, A. Marshall, [41]
• Rockefeller, Winthrop, [203]
• Rogers, James A., [31], [33], [77], [135], [136], [139], [140]
• Rogers, S. Emory, [13], [20], [46], [48], [55], [89], [106], [138]
• Roosevelt, Eleanor, [39], [139]
• Roosevelt, Franklin D., [8], [39], [130], [131], [135], [188]
• Rowell, Robert, [67]
• Ruppert, C. H., [151]
• Russell, Donald S., [100], [151-152], [175], [176]
• Russell, Richard B., [142], [203]
• Rutledge, Archibald, [69]
• S
• Sanders, Claudia Thomas, [172], [173]
• Sanders, Dr. James H., [172]
• Sass, Herbert Ravenel, [27], [30], [181]
• Sass, M. H., [144]
• Saturday Evening Post, [147]
• School Boards Association, [99]
• Secrest, Andrew McDowd, [172]
• Shean, Maurice, [169]
• Siceloff, Courtney, [169]
• Simkins, Francis B., [9], [181]
• Simkins, Mojeska, [129]
• Sinkler, Huger, [25]
• Smith, Edna M., [68]
• Smith, Ellison D. (“Cotton Ed”), [6], [46], [138], [187]
• Smith, Ellison D., Jr., [27]
• Smith, Farley, [27], [46], [138], [144], [161]
• Smith, Lewis, [124], [125]
• Smith vs. Allwright, [4]
• Somersett, W. A., [165-166]
• South Carolina Citizens Committee, [74]
• South Carolina Conference of Education, [100]
• South Carolina Council on Human Relations, [169]
• South Carolina Education Association, [99], [175]
• South Carolina Electric and Gas Co., [126], [186]
• South Carolina Farm Bureau Federation, [34], [96]
• South Carolina Federation of Women’s Clubs, [99], [169]
• South Carolinians for Independent Electors (South Carolina Independent Democrats), [80], [138-144], [161], [165]
• Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, [10]
• Southern Baptist Convention, [55], [60], [61]
• Southern Historical Association, [181]
• Southern Manifesto, [40], [169]
• Southern Methodist Church, [62-63]
• Southern Presbyterian Assembly, [55]
• Southern Regional Council, [169], [173]
• Spearman, Alice N., [169]
• Spingarn, Arthur B., [110]
• Spruill, James A., [155]
• Stafford, G. Jackson, [60], [174]
• Stalin, Joseph, [8]
• Star (Marion), [130]
• State (Columbia), [26], [102], [109-110], [127], [147-148], [149], [158], [160], [184]
• State Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes, [11], [53], [82], [95], [104], [111], [118], [128]
• State Board of Education, [116], [117-118], [120], [121], [123]
• State Law Enforcement Division, [53], [172-173]
• State Library Board, [104], [113], [114]
• States Rights League, [38], [43-44], [45]
• Stevens, Thaddeus, [25]
• Stevenson, Adlai, [131], [135], [139], [140], [143], [159]
• Stoney, Thomas P., [139]
• Strobel, Hydrick, [76]
• Stuckey, J. Henry, [114]
• Summers, S. J., Jr., [63]
• Supreme Court (United States), [3], [17-20], [21], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [31], [32], [33], [35], [37], [38], [43], [44], [58], [60], [61], [62], [65], [72], [74], [76], [85], [86], [92], [93], [95], [96], [97], [98], [103], [104], [108], [111], [116], [123], [124], [125], [126], [128], [129], [131], [132], [134], [139], [144], [167], [169], [170], [171], [173], [175], [178], [183], [184], [185], [199]
• Surles, Flora Bell, [186]
• Swimming Hole, The, [113-114]
• Swinton, Sylvia, [117]
• Syracuse Post-Standard, [149]
• T
• Taft, Robert A., [137]
• Taft-Hartley Act, [140], [188]
• Talmadge, Herman, [142]
• Textile Workers Union of America, [164]
• Then My Old Kentucky Home Good Night, [152]
• Thomas, Albert S., [27], [67]
• Thompson, Eldridge. 88, [192]
• Thurmond, J. Strom, [7], [8], [22], [26], [35], [50], [128], [134], [154], [155], [156], [157], [158], [203]
• Till, Emmett, [86]
• Tillman, Ben, [137]
• Time, [147], [148], [180]
• Timmerman, George Bell, Jr., [4], [31], [36], [42], [53-54], [60], [77], [80], [89], [90], [93-95], [100], [102], [106], [107], [108], [116-125], [129-130], [132], [133], [134], [147], [156-167], [158], [161], [171], [175]
• Timmerman, George Bell, Sr., [13], [14], [20], [60], [93], [126]
• Tobias, Channing, [83], [110]
• Toth, André, [117], [119]
• Travelstead, Chester C., [167], [175-177]
• Truax, Carlton, [25]
• Trujillo, Rafael Leonidas, [149]
• Truman, Harry S., [7], [8], [15], [29], [131], [139], [188]
• Turner, Benner C., [54], [95], [118]
• Turner, Sherwood, [40-41]
• Turnipseed, Barnwell Rhett, [59]
• U
• Un-American Activities Committee, [27], [40], [110], [117], [124]
• United Church Women, [170]
• United Southern Employees Association, [165-166]
• University of Chicago, [180]
• University of South Carolina, [2], [11], [100], [118], [122], [123], [167], [174], [175], [176], [177], [202]
• U. S. News and World Report, [147], [158]
• V
• Vanwright, James, [76]
• Veal, Frank, [117-118], [120], [121], [123]
• Victory Savings Bank, [52]
• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, [105]
• W
• Wallace, David Duncan, [7]
• Wallace, Lewis, [103]
• Walterboro Press and Standard, [111]
• Waring, George W., [45]
• Waring, J. Waties, [5-6], [7], [13], [15], [17], [188]
• Waring, Thomas R., [7], [23], [29-30], [46], [72], [126], [132], [148], [168], [183]
• Warr, O. L., [98]
• Warren, Earl, [19], [22], [23], [26], [142]
• Washington, Booker T., [77], [79]
• Washington Post and Times-Herald, [147], [204]
• Watson, Albert W., [114]
• Waugh, Alec, [115]
• We The People, [43]
• Wheeler, Paul, [124]
• Weep No More My Lady, [152]
• White, Walter, [14]
• Wiggins, Forrest O., [117-123]
• Williams, Norton, [28-29]
• Wilkes, Gilbert, [31-32], [79], [186]
• Wilkins, Roy, [84], [89]
• Williams, Ashton H., [88]
• Williams, G. Mennen, [136]
• Williams, John Bell, [139]
• Williams, Marshall, [79]
• Williams, Ransome J., [27]
• Wilson, Woodrow, [137]
• Woodson, M. A., [65]
• Workman, W. D., Jr., [24], [27], [28], [32], [35], [72], [77], [88], [93], [98], [108-109], [152-153]
• Wrighten, John, [11]

Transcriber’s Note:

This book was written in a period when many words had not become standardized in their spelling. Words may have multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in the text. These have been left unchanged unless indicated below. Misspelled words were not corrected.

Footnotes were renumbered sequentially. Obvious printing errors, such as backwards, upside down, or partially printed letters and punctuation were corrected. Final stops missing at the end of sentences and abbreviations were added. Duplicate letters at line endings were removed.

The following was changed:   “as” to [“is”]:
... is, in itself, unconstitutional,...