[XXVII-39] Quiché MS., 10; Juarros, Guat., ii. 311-13. A city which remains to the present day under the same name.
[XXVII-40] Like Utatlan and Mixco, this city was situated on a plateau surrounded by ravines. The plateau was twelve miles in circumference, and on it are still to be seen the ruins of Zakuléu, known by the name of Las Cuevas, the caves, about half a league from Huehuetenango. They are only a confused heap of rubbish, overgrown with brushwood. Two pyramidal structures of stone and mortar can, however, be made out. Juarros calls the place Socoleo, which is the present name of a village and stream in the locality. Guat., ii. 313-14; [Native Races, iv. 128-30].
[XXVII-41] The Spaniards lost in this engagement 40 Indians and three horses, while eight soldiers were severely wounded, among them Gonzalo de Alvarado. They collected from the bodies of the slain a great quantity of gold medals. Alvarado, Gonzalo de, Memoria, MS.; Juarros, Guat. ii. 315-16.
[XXVII-42] The present Socoleo, a tributary of the river Selegua.
[XXVII-43] This guard consisted of 400 Indians and ten picked Spaniards, under command of Antonio de Salazar. Juarros, Guat., ii. 317.
[XXVII-44] During the battle, which was fought in full view of Zakuléu, the Mames attempted a sally in support of the mountaineers but were repelled by Salazar. Juarros, Guat., ii. 317.
[XXVII-45] Juarros adds that Gonzalo did not adopt this plan at first for the reason that he wanted to avail himself of his cavalry in the assault. Guat., ii. 318.
[XXVII-46] Alvarado, Gonzalo de, Memoria, MS.; Juarros, Guat., ii. 319. Gonzalo de Alvarado affirms that 1800 Mames perished in the defence of Zakuléu. Id.
[XXVII-47] Juarros states that a stone slab formed the door of the fort, and that this was broken up.
[XXVII-48] The authorities that have been consulted for the history of the conquest of Guatemala are the following: Cortés, Cartas [ed. Paris, 1866], 289-90, 304-5, containing information down to the departure of Alvarado for Guatemala; Alvarado, Relacion, in Barcia, Hist. Prim., 157-66, and in Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série i., tom. x., 107-50, taken as bases of that portion of the history which includes the entrance into Guatemala territory and succeeding events down to the founding of the city of Santiago; Oviedo, iii. 448, 459-60, 475-87, wherein Cortés and Alvarado are closely followed; Peter Martyr, dec. viii. cap. v., relating mainly to the narrative of the messengers sent to Guatemala, merely mentioning Alvarado's departure; Gomara, Hist. Mex., 229-33; Id., Hist. Ind., 266-8, which affords but little additional information to that supplied by Oviedo; Chimalpain, Hist. Conq., ii. 100-5, 181-2; Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 77, 174-6; Las Casas, Regio. Ind. Devastat., 35-40, and Ixtlilxochitl, Horribles Crueldades, 66-71. The former of these two last authorities is exceptionally severe against Alvarado, and enumerates numbers of atrocities committed by him and his followers, while the latter prominently brings forward the services of the Mexican auxiliaries, and mentions the excessive hardships and cruelties they suffered. Id., Relaciones, 431-3. Herrera, dec. iii. lib. v. cap. viii.-xi., occasionally differs from Alvarado's statements, but is generally reliable. See also Lorenzana, Viage, in Cortés, Hist. N. España, 335-6, 369-70; Pacheco and Cárdenas, Col. Doc., viii. 17; Arévalo, Actas Ayunt. Guat., 7-15; Ramirez, Proceso contra Alvarado, passim—which work throws much light upon the doings of the conqueror, though contradictory evidence renders it ofttimes difficult to decide on the merits of a charge; Ramusio, Viaggi, iii. 296-8; Atitlan, Requête de plusieurs chefs, in Ternaux-Compans, série i., tom. x., 415-25; Suchimilco, Carta de sus caciques, in Pacheco and Cárdenas, Col. Doc., xii., 293-4; Remesal, Hist. Chyapa, 2-7, an author unreliable so far as the conquest of Guatemala goes when not supported by other authorities; Galvano's Discov., 156-7; Voyages, Selection of Curious, Rare, and Early, 31; Fuentes y Guzman, Recordacion Florida, MS., 1-4, 12-19, 25-7, has many errors and is far from reliable; Vazquez, Chronica de Gvat., 1-17, 68, 522-6; Gonzalez Dávila, Teatro Ecles., i. 139; Juarros, Guat., i. 60, 64, 66-7, 79, 253; ii. 240-60, 277-88, 309-20; Id. [ed. London, 1823], 10, 29-30, 124-6, 234-6, 378-404, 419-32, 456-69; Pelaez, Mem. Guat., i. 44-7, 64-5, compiled from various authors, and is inaccurate. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., iv. 612-719; Prescott's Mex., iii. 273-4; Help's Span. Conq., iii. 242-74; Calle, Mem. y Not., 113-5; Salazar y Olarte, Conq. Mex., 124-33; Niebla, Mem. de Zapotitlan, MS., 7-8; Larrainzar, Hist. Soconusco, 1-14, 17-8; Zamacois, Hist. Méj., iv. 167-74, 182; Squier's MSS., xvi.; Squier's States Cent. Am., 323-30; Ogilby's Am., 236; Dunn's Guat., 261-4; Laet, Nov. Orb., 317-46; Astaburuaga, Cent. Am., 9; Larenaudière, Mex. and Guat. [ed. Paris, 1843], 135, 277-85. Minor authorities also consulted are Russell's Hist. Am., i. 389-91; Robert's Narr. Voy., xxi.; Montanus, De Nieuwe Weereld, 273; Crowe's Cent. Am., 28-114; Conder's Mex. and Guat., ii. 178, 183-9, 199, 297; Drie Verscheyde Togten, 18-19, 25-34; Haefkens, Cent. Am., 5-19; Holmes' Annals Am., i. 54; North Am. Rev., xxvi. 132-4; Wagner, Costa Rica, 518-22; Lardner's Hist. Discov., ii. 61; Salvador, Diar. Ofic., April, 1876; Santos, Chronologia Hospitalaria, ii. 478; Findlay's Directory, i. 222; Modern Traveller, Mex. and Guat., ii. 178-90; Gac. Nic., June, 1865, 217; Garcia, Reseña Geog., 6-7; Bussière, L'Empire Hex., 336-7; Montúfar, Mem. Hist. Rev., pp. viii.-x.; Pineda, Descripcion Geog., 10; Gordon's Anc. Mex., ii. 244; Kerr's Col. Voy., 221-34; Vocabulario Geog., in Cartas de Indias, 674.