[XXV-52] This affair took place about one month prior to that of the prisoners arrested on the Salvador. Bidwell's Pan. Isth., 206.
[XXV-53] Questions of neutrality with Spain during the Cuban revolution in 1871-2; and in 1880, at the time of the war of Chile against Peru and Bolivia, on the subject of contraband of war passing through for the uses of either belligerent. Gaceta de Pan., Sept. 21, 1871; Apr. 12, 1872; July 4, 15, Sept. 2, 16, Nov. 7, 1880.
[XXV-54] Pan. Star, March 29, 1850; Polynesian, vii. 42, 50; Holinski, La Californie, 83; S. F. Alta, Mar. 22, Apr. 3, 1851; S. F. News, Apr. 3, 1851. The most serious one was on the 22d and 23d of Oct., 1851, at Chagres, among boatmen and passengers, in which several lives were lost, and the town was much damaged. Pan. Star, Oct. 28, 1851; S. F. Alta, Nov. 18, 20, 1851; S. F. Daily Herald, Nov. 18, 1851. The official report of the jefe político on the 3d of Nov. said there were two or three killed and a number wounded. Bogotá, Gaceta Ofic., Dec. 3, 1851. The vigilants of the Isthmus had a thief well flogged at Chagres in 1851. S. F. Courier, Jan. 21, 1851. Another case of lynch law occurred on the island of Tabogá in 1855. The carpenter of the American steamship company was one morning dragged out of bed and murdered. As there was no police on the island, the employés of the company captured the murderers, one of whom made full confession, and their captors without more ado hanged them. The state authorities took no notice of the matter, other than issuing, some time after, a full pardon to the executioners. Bidwell's Isth. of Pan., 216; Pan., Gaceta del Est., Sept. 29, 1855.
[XXV-55] This occurred on the Cruces route. The escort was fired upon, two arrieros were mortally wounded. The banditti endeavored to run off one of the laden mules, but were prevented by the escort and passengers. Holinski, La Californie, 83-4; S. F. Alta, Oct. 18, 1851; S. F. Daily Herald, Oct. 18, 1851.
[XXV-56] A mere alcalde met with no difficulty whatever to have his orders carried out.
[XXV-57] Judges and alcaldes were not only civil officials, but also agents of the ecclesiastical authorities. Their double rôle insured them great influence with a people 'barbarizado por la ignorancia y el fanatismo.' Maldonado, Asuntos Polít. Pan., MS., 3.
[XXV-58] Public documents speak in general terms of outrages committed by the revolutionists. They marched from Veragua against Los Santos in Azuero, and were defeated. Pan. Gobern., in Pinart, Pan. Coll. Doc., MS., no. 43, 5-9. An amnesty was decreed in favor of the revolutionists Sept. 29, 1856, excepting a few leaders, who were finally pardoned in a later one of Sept. 12, 1857. Pan., Gaceta del Est., Sept. 16, 23, 1857. The following authorities appear in pub. docs. July 23, 1852, Gen. Manuel M. Franco, appointed from Bogotá, comandante general, in place of Gen. Antonio Morales, deceased. Aug. 6, 1852, Gov. Manuel M. Diaz summoned the provincial legislature to hold its yearly session. Sept. 1, 1853, Bernardo Arce Mata took possession of the office of gov. Jan. 1, 1854, José María Urrutia Añino, who had been chosen gov. of the prov., assumed his duties. Pan., Crón. Ofic., Aug. 22, 29, 1852; Sept. 4, 1853; Jan. 4, 1854; Pan. Gobern., in Pinart, Coll. Doc., MS., no. 43, 11. This governor seems to have been elected wholly by votes of the interior departments, which greatly displeased the citizens of the capital, who had hitherto controlled affairs. Añino was an honorable and just man, and fairly intelligent; but was made the object of ungenerous hostility and ridicule, and on one occasion, at least, his life was in danger. In 1855, under the pretext of an official visit in the interior, he went to his home and never returned. Maldonado, Asuntos Polít. Pan., MS., 10. The vice-gov., Manuel M. Diaz, took the executive chair on the 19th of May, and occupied it till the 18th of July. Pan., Gaceta del Est., July 28, 1855.
[XXV-59] This arrangement seems to have been against the wishes of the three last named. The national congress having asked the provinces for their opinion, the legislature of Chiriquí, on the 19th of Oct., 1852, approved a report of Nicolás Lopez to the effect that Veragua, Chiriquí, and Azuero should not be harnessed to the car of Panamá. Chiriquí, Ordenanzas, in Pinart, Pan. Coll. Doc., MS., no. 96, p. 64.
[XXV-60] The gen. govt ceded to Panamá the buildings that had been used as custom-houses till 1849 in Portobello and Panamá; also two others in the plazuela de armas and calle de Jirardot in Pan.; and likewise the fortresses of Panamá, Chagres, and Portobello, excepting the esplanades and artillery. Pan., Gaceta del Est., July 20, 1855.
[XXV-61] The governor's salary was fixed at $400 per month. The new order of things was formally communicated to the foreign consuls, all of whom offered their congratulations, etc. Id., July 28, Aug. 4, 1855; Veraguas, Ordenanzas y Resol., in Pinart, Pan. Coll. Docs., MS., no. 68, p. 68; Correoso, B., Statemt, MS., 3; Heraldo de Lima, Oct. 10, 1855. A decree of the assembly of Sept. 12, 1855, divided the state into seven departments: Colon, Panamá, Coclé, Herrera, Los Santos, Fábrega, and Chiriquí. Their respective chief towns were to be Colon, Panamá, Natá, Pesé, Los Santos, Santiago, and David. Governors were appointed by the executive, to enter upon their duties on the 1st of Aug. Pan., Gaceta del Est., Sept. 15, 1855.