[XXVII-83] The Isthmus seems to have been spared on its first visit to Am. in 1832-4. Pan., Doc. Ofic., in Pinart, Col. Doc., MS., no. 31, 41-4.

[XXVII-84] The havoc, however, was greater among transient foreigners and the native colored population. Maldonado, Asuntos Polít. Pan., MS., 7-8. It was most virulent from Jan. to July 1849. There were cases nearly to the end of 1850. Williams' Statem., MS., 2; Willey's Pers. Mem., MS., 48-53; Roach's Statem., MS., 1; Cannon's Statem., MS., 1; S. F. News, Nov. 8, 1850. Chiriquí escaped the infliction by the timely establishment of a rigorous quarantine against Pan. Chiriquí, Dec. Gobern., in Pinart, Pan. Col. Doc., MS., 89, 2-5, 25; Veraguas, Dec., in Id., MS., nos. 70-2.

[XXVII-85] If we except Colon, Chagres, and Portobello, the climate is healthy. Men abstaining from the abuse of alcoholic drinks, and observing the common rules of hygiene, need not be apprehensive of the climate.

[XXVII-86] The symptoms were cramps, severe pain in the spine, vomiting, and fever, followed by loss of consciousness. The attack generally lasted several days.

[XXVII-87] Pan., Gaceta, Oct. 11, 1877; Apr. 29, 1880.

[XXVII-88] There was, however, a private hospital, mainly supported by the French and Italians, where sick foreigners found good attendance. Many a life has been saved in it.

[XXVII-89] Four disastrous conflagrations visited the present city of Panamá prior to 1825; namely, in 1737, 1756, 1781, and 1821, the first being the work of incendiaries from Guat. Seemann's Voy., 288. Chagres was nearly all burned down Dec. 9, 1847. Polynesian, in S. F. Californian, iii. no. 4, Aug. 14, 1848. Gorgona was ruined in 1851. Panamá had property destroyed in 1856 valued at half a million dollars. Colon was afflicted in 1863 and 1868, and finally ruined by the incendiaries Prestan and others in 1885. Panamá had three great conflagrations; viz., June 5, 1870, Feb. 19, 1874, and March 6, 1878. The loss of property in the three probably exceeded four million dollars. Pan., Merc. Chronicle, March 29, 1868; Nic., Gaceta, Feb. 7, 1863; Apr. 25, 1868; June, 1870; Id., Boletin Ofic., June 18, Dec. 25, 1870; Jülfs, Die Seehäfen, 3; S. F. Chronicle, June 21, 30, 1870; March 10, 1878; S. F. Alta, July 1, 1870; Feb. 28, March 9, 1874; S. F. Call, June 9, 1870; March 9, 1874; Apr. 2, 1878; Pan. Star and Herald, Feb. 21, 24, 1874; Pan., Gaceta, July 10, 1874; March 17 to July 1, Dec. 15, 1878; Colombia, Diario Ofic., May 30, 1874, p. 1749; S. F. Post, Feb. 28, 1874; March 8, 1878.

[XXVIII-1] Being an estimated increase since 1877 of 245,847. Salv., Gaceta Ofic., Dec. 4, 1877. The population was computed in 1810 at different figures, none reliable. The one deemed most accurate was as follows: 646,666 Indians, 313,334 mulattoes and some negroes, 40,000 whites, making a total of 1,000,000, probably including 100,000 for Chiapas. Guat., Apuntam., 105, 110; Salv., Diario Ofic., July 2, 1879; Lastarría, in La América, 445; Baily's Cent. Am., 28, 32; Nouv. Annales des Voy., iv. 1820, 36; Ocios de Esp. Emig., v. 2. In 1823 the whole was set down at 1,600,000. Humboldt's Pers. Narr., vi. pt 1, 127, 131. Marure computed it in 1824, giving Costa R. 70,000, Nic. 207,269, Salv. 212,573, Hond. 137,069, and Guat. 660,580; total, 1,287,491. Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am., 148, and app. no. 6. G. A. Thompson, Brit. commissioner to Cent. Am., in 1823 estimated 2,000,000 in the following proportions: one fifth of whites, two fifths of mixed classes, and two fifths of Indians. Narr. Official Visit, 451. Galindo, an intelligent officer of the Cent. Am. govt, about 1837 set the population at 685,000 Ind., 740,000 ladinos or mestizos, and 475,000 whites; total, 1,900,000. He evidently overestimated the number of whites. Crowe, Gospel, 40, referring specifically to Guat., estimated the number of pure whites at not over 5,000, which seems to be short of the truth. The proportions he gave were: Indians, three fifths; ladinos or mestizos, one fourth; whites, one fortieth; mulattoes, one eighty-third; negroes, one fiftieth; zambos, one hundredth. It is unnecessary to burden this note with figures for each year after 1837. I will merely append those for 1866, given by a writer who must have got his data from reliable sources: Costa R., 150,000, mostly white, and including from 5,000 to 10,000 Talamanca Indians. According to a Costa Rica census, there were in the republic in 1864 112 persons of 90 years and upwards; of whom 14 were of 100, 4 of 102, one of 103, one of 104, one of 111, one of 117, one of 118, and one of 122. The majority of cases of great longevity were of women. Costa R., Censo, 100-3. Nic., 380,000, of whom 80,000 pure Indians, 30,000 whites, 30,000 negroes, and the rest of mixed breeds, the mestizos of white and Indian predominating on the Pac. coast, and the zambos, or mixture of negro and Indian, on the Atlantic; there were probably 30,000 in Mosquitia; Salv., 750,000; Hond., 300,000; Guat., 1,219,500. Laferrière, De Paris á Guatém., 47, 71, 93, 189, 251; Pim's Gate of the Pac., 37, 75. Other publications treating of the subject from time to time: Costa R., Boletin Ofic., Feb. 9, March 30, 1854; Id., Gaceta, July 15, 1854; Id., Mem. Sec. Interior, 1860 and 1861; Id., Informe Gobern., 1868 and 1874; Id., Censo, 1864; Id., Col. Ley., xxxii. 250-2; Squier's Cent. Am., 21, 45-57, 279, 348, 449, 465, 648-9; Id., Travels, i. 32-3; Molina, Bosq. Costa R., 28-9; Belly, Nic., i. 138-42, 249-54; Rocha, Cód. Nic., i. 185-6; Nic., Registro Ofic., 270, 312, 316, 382; Id., Boletin Ofic., March to Aug. 1862, pass.; Id., Gaceta, Jan. 1863 to Apr. 11, 1874, pass.; Lévy, Nic., 234 et seq.; Salv., Gaceta, Jan. 26 to Nov. 18, 1850; Feb. 3, March 3, 1854; Apr. 1, 1876; May 28 to Nov. 28, 1878; May 18 to Nov. 29, 1879; Crosby's Statem., MS., 93; Wells' Hond., 554-7; Guat., Recop. Ley., i. 473; Guat., Mem. Sec. Fomento, 1880-5, with tables; and numerous others.

[XXVIII-2] The departments of Guat. having the largest numbers were Totomicapam, 144,312; Guat., 130,581; Huehuetenango, 121,123; Alta Verapaz, 93,407. The rest range from 76,103 in Lalolá and 75,553 in Quiché, to 31,637 in Jalapa. Peten is put down with 8,297, Izabal with 3,761, and Livingston with 1,471. Costa R., Gaceta, July 11, Aug. 13, 1885; Guat., Mem. Sec. Fomento, 1884, 40, annex 6; 1885, 43-4, annex 12; El Guatemalteco, Jan. 1 to Dec. 5, 1884, pass.; Pan. Star and Herald, Feb. 9, 1884; Sept. 30, 1885.

[XXVIII-3] The proportions in 1880 were, white and mixed, men, 183,536, females, 196,292; pure Indians, men, 421,518, females, 423,256. Grand total, 1,224,602. Guat., Mem. Sec. Fomento, 1885, annex 12, table 16.