| CHAPTER I. SPEECH AND SPECULATION. | |
| PAGE. | |
| Difference between Man and Brutes—Mind-Language and Soul-Language—Originof Language: A Gift of the Creator, a Human Invention,or an Evolution—Nature and Value of Myth—Origin ofMyth: The Divine Idea, a Fiction of Sorcery, the Creation of aDesigning Priesthood—Origin of Worship, of Prayer, of Sacrifice—Fetichismand the Origin of Animal-Worship—Religion and Mythology | [1] |
| CHAPTER II. ORIGIN AND END OF THINGS. | |
| Quiché Creation-Myth—Aztec Origin-Myths—The Papagos—Montezumaand the Coyote—The Moquis—The Great Spider's Web of thePimas—Navajo and Pueblo Creations—Origin of Clear Lake andLake Tahoe—Chareya of the Cahrocs—Mount Shasta, the Wigwamof the Great Spirit—Idaho Springs and Water Falls—HowDifferences in Language Occurred—Yehl, the Creator of the Thlinkeets—TheRaven and the Dog | [42] |
| CHAPTER III. PHYSICAL MYTHS. | |
| Sun, Moon, and Stars—Eclipses—The Moon Personified in the Landof the Crescent—Fire—How the Coyote Stole Fire for the Cahrocs—Howthe Frog Lost His Tail—How the Coyote Stole Fire forthe Navajos—Wind and Thunder—The Four Winds and the Cross—Water,the First of Elemental Things—Its Sacred and CleansingPower—Earth and Sky—Earthquakes and Volcanoes—Mountains—Howthe Hawk and Crow Built the Coast Range—The Mountainsof Yosemite | [108] |
| CHAPTER IV. ANIMAL MYTHOLOGY. | |
| Rôles Assigned to Animals—Auguries from their Movements—The Ill-omenedOwl—Tutelary Animals—Metamorphosed Men—TheOgress-Squirrel of Vancouver Island—Monkeys and Beavers—FallenMen—The Sacred Animals—Prominence of the Bird—AnEmblem of the Wind—The Serpent, an Emblem of the Lightning—NotSpecially connected with Evil—The Serpent of the Pueblos—TheWater-Snake—Ophiolatry—Prominence of the Dog, or theCoyote—Generally though not always a Benevolent Power—Howthe Coyote let Salmon up the Klamath—Danse Macabre and SadDeath of the Coyote | [127] |
| CHAPTER V. GODS, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, AND WORSHIP. | |
| Eskimo Witchcraft—The Tinneh and the Koniagas—Kugans of theAleuts—The Thlinkeets, the Haidahs, and the Nootkas—ParadiseLost of the Okanagans—The Salish, the Clallams, the Chinooks,the Cayuses, the Walla Wallas, and the Nez Percés—ShoshoneGhouls—Northern California—The Sun at Monterey—Ouiot andChinigchinich—Antagonistic Gods of Lower California—Comanches,Apaches, and Navajos—Montezuma of the Pueblos—Moquisand Mojaves—Primeval Race of Northern California | [140] |
| CHAPTER VI. GODS, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, AND WORSHIP. | |
| Gods and Religious Rites of Chihuahua, Sonora, Durango, and Sinaloa—TheMexican Religion, received with different degrees ofcredulity by different classes of the people—Opinions of differentWriters as to its Nature—Monotheism of Nezahualcoyotl—Presentcondition of the Study of Mexican Mythology—Tezcatlipoca—Prayersto Him in the time of Pestilence, of War, for those in Authority—Prayerused by an Absolving Priest—Genuineness of theforegoing Prayers—Character and Works of Sahagun | [178] |
| CHAPTER VII. GODS, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, AND WORSHIP. | |
| Image of Tezcatlipoca—His Seats at the Street-corners—VariousLegends about his Life on Earth—Quetzalcoatl—His Dexterity inthe Mechanical Arts—His Religious Observances—The Wealthand Nimbleness of his Adherents—Expulsion from Tula of Quetzalcoatlby Tezcatlipoca and Huitzilopochtli—The Magic Draught—Huemac,or Vemac, King of the Toltecs, and the Misfortunesbrought upon him and his people by Tezcatlipoca in various disguises—Quetzalcoatlin Cholula—Differing Accounts of the Birthand Life of Quetzalcoatl—His Gentle Character—He drew up theMexican Calender—Incidents of his Exile and of his Journey toTlapalla, as related and commented upon by various writers—Brasseur'sideas about the Quetzalcoatl Myths—Quetzalcoatl considereda Sun-God by Tylor, and as a Dawn-Hero by Brinton—Helps—Domenech—TheCodices—Long Discussion of the QuetzalcoatlMyths by J. G. Müller | [237] |
| CHAPTER VIII. GODS, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, AND WORSHIP. | |
| Various accounts of the Birth, Origin, and Derivation of the name ofthe Mexican War God, Huitzilopochtli, of his Temple, Image,Ceremonial, Festivals, and his Deputy, or Page, Paynal—Clavigero—Boturini—Acosta—Solis—Sahagun—Herrera—Torquemada—J.G. Müller's Summary of the Huitzilopochtli Myths, their Origin,Relation, and Signification—Tylor—Codex Vaticanus—Tlaloc,God of Water, especially of Rain, and of Mountains—Clavigero,Gama, and Ixtlilxochitl—Prayer in time of Drought—Camargo,Motolinia, Mendieta, and the Vatican Codex on the Sacrifices toTlaloc—The Decorations of his Victims and the places of theirExecution—Gathering Rushes for the Service of the Water God—HighwayRobberies by the Priests at this time—Decorations andImplements of the Priests—Punishments for Ceremonial Offences—TheWhirlpool of Pantitlan—Images of the Mountains in honorof the Tlaloc Festival—Of the coming Rain and Mutilation of theImages of the Mountains—General Prominence in the cult of Tlaloc,of the Number Four, the Cross, and the Snake | [288] |
| CHAPTER IX. GODS, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, AND WORSHIP. | |
| The Mother or all-nourishing Goddess under various names and invarious aspects—Her Feast in the Eleventh Aztec month Ochpaniztli—Festivalsof the Eighth month, Hueytecuilhuitl, and of theFourth, Hueytozoztli—The deification of women that died inchild-birth—The Goddess of Water under various Names and invarious aspects—Ceremonies of the Baptism or Lustration of children—TheGoddess of Love, her various names and aspects—Ritesof confession and absolution—The God of fire and his variousnames—His festivals in the tenth month Xocotlveti and in theeighteenth month Yzcali; also his quadriennial festival in thelatter month—The great festival of every fifty-two years; lightingthe new fire—The God of Hades, and Teoyaomique, collector of thesouls of the fallen brave—Deification of dead rulers and heroes—Mixcoatl,God of hunting, and his feast in the fourteenth month,Quecholli—Various other Mexican deities—Festival in the secondmonth, Tlacaxipehualiztli, with notice of the gladiatorial sacrifices—CompleteSynopsis of the festivals of the Mexican Calendar, fixedand movable—Temples and Priests | [349] |
| CHAPTER X. GODS, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, AND WORSHIP. | |
| Revenues of the Mexican Temples—Vast number of the Priests—MexicanSacerdotal System—Priestesses—The Orders of Tlamaxcacayotland Telpochtiliztli—Religious Devotees—Baptism—Circumcision—Communion—Fastsand Penance—Blood-drawing—HumanSacrifices—The Gods of the Tarascos—Priests and Temple Serviceof Michoacan—Worship in Jalisco—Oajaca—Votan and Quetzalcoatl—Travelsof Votan—The Apostle Wixepecocha—Cavenear Xustlahuaca—The Princess Pinopiaa—Worship of Costahuntox—TreeWorship | [430] |
| CHAPTER XI. GODS, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, AND WORSHIP. | |
| Maya Pantheon—Zamná—Cukulcan—The Gods of Yucatan—TheSymbol of the Cross in America—Human Sacrifices in Yucatan—Priestsof Yucatan—Guatemalan Pantheon—Tepeu and Hurakan—Avilixand Hacavitz—The Heroes of the Sacred Book—QuichéGods—Worship of the Choles, Manches, Itzas, Lacandones, andothers—Tradition of Comizahual—Fasts—Priests of Guatemala—Gods,Worship, and Priests of Nicaragua—Worship on the MosquitoCoast—Gods and Worship of the Isthmians—Phallic Worshipin America | [461] |
| CHAPTER XII. FUTURE STATE. | |
| Aboriginal Ideas of Future—General Conceptions of Souls—FutureState of the Aleuts, Chepewyans, Natives at Milbank Sound, andOkanagans—Happy Land of the Salish and Chinooks—Conceptionsof Heaven and Hell of the Nez Percés, Flatheads, and Haidahs—TheRealms of Quawteaht and Chayher—Beliefs of the Songhies,Clallams, and Pend d'Oreilles—The Future State of the Californianand Nevada Tribes, Comanches, Pueblos, Navajos, Apaches,Moquis, Maricopas, Yumas, and others—The Sun House of theMexicans—Tlalocan and Mictlan—Condition of the Dead—Journeyof the Dead—Future of the Tlascaltecs and other Nations | [510] |
LANGUAGES.
| CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGES. | |
| Native Languages in Advance of Social Customs—Characteristic Individualityof American Tongues—Frequent Occurrence of LongWords—Reduplications, Frequentatives, and Duals—IntertribalLanguages—Gesture-Language—Slavé and Chinook Jargons—PacificStates Languages—The Tinneh, Aztec, and Maya Tongues—TheLarger Families Inland—Language as a Test of Origin—Similaritiesin Unrelated Languages—Plan of this Investigation | [551] |
| CHAPTER II. HYPERBOREAN LANGUAGES. | |
| Distinction between Eskimo and American—Eskimo Pronunciationand Declension—Dialects of the Koniagas and Aleuts—Languageof the Thlinkeets—Hypothetical Affinities—The Tinneh Familyand its Dialects—Eastern, Western, Central, and Southern Divisions—ChepewyanDeclension—Oratorical Display in the Speechof the Kutchins—Dialects of the Atnahs and Ugalenzes Compared—Specimenof the Koltshane Tongue—Tacully Gutturals—HoopahVocabulary—Apache Dialects—Lipan Lord's Prayer—NavajoWords—Comparative Vocabulary of the Tinneh Family | [574] |
| CHAPTER III. COLUMBIAN LANGUAGES. | |
| The Haidah, its Construction and Conjugation—The Nass Languageand its Dialects—Bellacoola and Chimsyan Comparisons—TheNootka Languages of Vancouver Island—Nanaimo Ten Commandmentsand Lord's Prayer—Aztec Analogies—Fraser and ThompsonRiver Languages—The Neetlakapamuck Grammar and Lord'sPrayer—Sound Languages—The Salish Family—Flathead Grammarand Lord's Prayer—The Kootenai—The Sahaptin Family—NezPercé Grammar—Yakima Lord's Prayer—Sahaptin State andSlave Languages—The Chinook Family—Grammar of the ChinookLanguage—Aztec Affinities—The Chinook Jargon | [604] |
| CHAPTER IV. CALIFORNIAN LANGUAGES. | |
| Multiplicity of Tongues—Yakon, Klamath, and Palaik Comparisons—PittRiver and Wintoon Vocabularies—Weeyot, Wishosk, Weitspek,and Ehnek Comparisons—Languages of Humboldt Bay—PotterValley, Russian and Eel River Languages—Pomo Languages—GallinomeroGrammar—Trans-Pacific Comparisons—ChocuyemLord's Prayer—Languages of the Sacramento, San Joaquin, Napa,and Sonoma Valleys—The Olhone and other Languages of SanFrancisco Bay—Runsien and Eslene of Monterey—Santa ClaraLord's Prayer—Mutsun Grammar—Languages of the Missions SantaCruz, San Antonio de Padua, Soledad, and San Miguel—TatchéGrammar—The Dialects of Santa Cruz and other Islands | [635] |
| CHAPTER V. SHOSHONE LANGUAGES. | |
| Aztec-Sonora Connections with the Shoshone Family—The Utah, Comanche,Moqui, Kizh, Netela, Kechi, Cahuillo, and Chemehuevi—Easternand Western Shoshone, or Wihinasht—The Bannack andDigger, or Shoshokee—The Utah and its Dialects—The Goshute,Washoe, Paiulee, Piute, Sampitche, and Mono—Popular Belief asto the Aztec Element in the North—Grimm's Law—Shoshone, Comanche,and Moqui Comparative Table—Netela Stanza—KizhGrammar—The Lord's Prayer in two Dialects of the Kizh—Chemehueviand Cahuillo Grammar—Comparative Vocabulary | [660] |
| CHAPTER VI. THE PUEBLO, COLORADO RIVER, AND LOWER CALIFORNIA LANGUAGES. | |
| Traces of the Aztec not found among the Pueblos of New Mexico andArizona—The Five Languages of the Pueblos, the Queres, theTegua, the Picoris, Jemez, and Zuñi—Pueblo Comparative Vocabulary—TheYuma and its Dialects, the Maricopa, Cuchan, Mojave,Diegueño, Yampais, and Yavipais—The Cochimí and Pericú, withtheir Dialects of Lower California—Guaicuri Grammar—PaterNoster in Three Cochimí Dialects—The Languages of Lower Californiawholly Isolated | [680] |
| CHAPTER VII. THE PIMA, ÓPATA, AND CERI LANGUAGES. | |
| Pima Alto and Bajo—Pápago—Pima Grammar—Formation of Plurals—PersonalPronoun—Conjugation—Classification of Verbs—Adverbs—Prepositions,Conjunctions, and Interjections—Syntax ofthe Pima—Prayers in different dialects—The Ópata and Eudeve—EudeveGrammar—Conjugation of Active and Passive Verbs—Lord'sPrayer—Ópata Grammar—Declension—Possessive Pronoun—Conjugation—CeriLanguage with its Dialects, Guaymi and Tepoca—CeriVocabulary | [694] |
| CHAPTER VIII. NEW MEXICAN LANGUAGES. | |
| The Cahita and its Dialects—Cahita Grammar—Dialectic Differencesof the Mayo, Yaqui, and Tehueco—Comparative Vocabulary—CahitaLord's Prayer—The Tarahumara and its Dialects—TheTarahumara Grammar—Tarahumara Lord's Prayer in two Dialects—TheConcho, the Toboso, the Julime, the Piro, the Suma, theChinarra, the Tubar, the Irritila—Tejano—Tejano Grammar—Specimenof the Tejano—The Tepehuana—Tepehuana Grammarand Lord's Prayer—Acaxée and its Dialects, the Topia, Sabaiboand Xixime—The Zacatec, Cazcane, Mazapile, Huitcole, Guachichile,Colotlan, Tlaxomultec, Tecuexe, and Tepecano—The Coraand its Dialects, the Muutzicat, Teacuaeitzca, and Ateacari—CoraGrammar | [706] |
| CHAPTER IX. THE AZTEC AND OTOMÍ LANGUAGES. | |
| Nahua or Aztec, Chichimec, and Toltec languages identical—Anáhuacthe aboriginal seat of the Aztec Tongue—The Aztec the oldestlanguage in Anáhuac—Beauty and Richness of the Aztec—Testimonyof the Missionaries and early writers in its favor—Specimenfrom Paredes' Manual—Grammar of the Aztec Language—AztecLord's Prayer—The Otomí a Monosyllabic Language of Anáhuac—Relationshipclaimed with the Chinese and Cherokee—OtomíGrammar—Otomí Lord's Prayer in Different Dialects | [723] |
| CHAPTER X. LANGUAGES OF CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN MEXICO. | |
| The Pame and its Dialects—The Meco of Guanajuato and the SierraGordo—The Tarasco of Michoacan and its Grammar—The Matlaltzincaand its Grammar—The Ocuiltec—The Miztec and its Dialects—MiztecGrammar—The Amusgo, Chocho, Mazatec, Cuicatec, Chatino,Tlapanec, Chinantec, and Popoluca—The Zapotec and itsGrammar—The Mije—Mije Grammar and Lord's Prayer—TheHuave of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec—Huave Numerals | [742] |
| CHAPTER XI. THE MAYA-QUICHÉ LANGUAGES. | |
| The Maya-Quiché, the Languages of the Civilized Nations of CentralAmerica—Enumeration of the Members of this Family—HypotheticalAnalogies with Languages of the Old World—Lord's Prayersin the Chañabal, Chiapanec, Chol, Tzendal, Zoque, and Zotzil—PokonchiGrammar—The Mame or Zaklopahkap—Quiché Grammar—CakchiquelLord's Prayer—Maya Grammar—Totonac Grammar—TotonacDialects—Huastec Grammar | [759] |
| CHAPTER XII. LANGUAGES OF HONDURAS, NICARAGUA, COSTA RICA, AND THE ISTHMUSOF DARIEN. | |
| The Carib an Imported Language—The Mosquito Language—The Poya,Towka, Seco, Valiente, Rama, Cookra, Woolwa, and other Languagesin Honduras—The Chontal—Mosquito Grammar—LoveSong in the Mosquito Language—Comparative Vocabulary ofHonduras Tongues—The Coribici, Chorotega, Chontal, and Orotiñain Nicaragua—Grammar of the Orotiña or Nagrandan—Comparisonbetween the Orotiña and Chorotega—The Chiriquí, Guatuso, Tiribi,and others in Costa Rica—Talamanca Vocabulary—Diversityof Speech on the Isthmus of Darien—Enumeration of Languages—ComparativeVocabulary | [782] |
THE NATIVE RACES
OF THE
PACIFIC STATES.
MYTHOLOGY, LANGUAGES.