[IV-31] 'In the province of Quezaltenango, there are still to be met with the vestiges and foundations of many large fortresses, among which is the celebrated one of Parrazquin, situated on the confines of Totonicapan and Quezaltenango; and the citadel of Olintepeque, formed with all the intricacies of a labyrinth, and which was the chief defence of the important city of Xelahuh.' Juarros' Hist. Guat., pp. 485, 379. Slight mention also, probably resting on no other authority than the paragraph above quoted, in Wappäus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 247; Hassel, Mex. Guat., p. 341.

[IV-32] Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. ii., pp. 171, 182-8. Mr Stephens gives, besides the engravings I have copied, and one of the other terra-cotta heads mentioned, a view of El Sacrificatorio, a ground plan showing the relative positions of the plateau, the barranca, and the projecting fortress, together with a view of El Resguardo and the other ruins in the distance. I do not reproduce them because they show no details not included in the description, which, moreover, is easily comprehended without the aid of cuts. A thorough exploration of Utatlan was made by Don Miguel Rivera y Maestre, a commissioner sent for the purpose by the Guatemalan government in 1834. His MS. report to the state authorities was seen by Mr Stephens and is described as being very full and accurate, but not containing any details outside of Stephens' account. He does not state that his plans and views were obtained from Rivera y Maestre. Juarros, Hist. Guat., pp. 86-8, 487, follows Fuentes, who described the city chiefly from historical accounts of its original condition, although it seems that he also visited the ruins. Las Casas, Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. lii., speaks of Utatlan's 'maravillosos edificios de cal y canto, de los cuales yo vide muchos.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., pp. 493, 120, tom. i., p. 124, speaks of Rivera y Maestre's plans in Stephens' work as incorrect, but rejoices in the prospect that M. César Daly will publish correct drawings. 'Un des palais des rois de Quiché a 728 pas géométriques de longueur et 376 de largeur.' Humboldt, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1827, tom. xxxv., p. 329. 'En Utlatan habia muchos y muy grandes cues ó templos de sus Idolos, de maravillosos edificios, y yo vi algunos aunque muy arruinados.' Zurita, in Palacio, Carta, pp. 123-4. See also accounts of these ruins made up from Stephens and Juarros, in Wappäus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 286, and Reichardt, Cent. Amer., p. 72; also mention in Malte-Brun, Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 470; Larenaudière, Mex. et Guat., pp. 266, 274; Galindo, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 73-8; Revue Amér., 1826, tom. i., pp. 353-5; Müller, Amerikanische Urreligionen, p. 462.

[IV-33] Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. ii., p. 192.

[IV-34] See [p. 63] of this volume.

[IV-35] Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. ii., pp. 228-32, with figures of two vases found at Huehuetenango in addition to those represented above. 'On trouve un plan des plus incorrects dans le MS. de Fuentes.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., pp. 119, 504. Mention of the ruins in Id., Palenqué, p. 34. Huehuetenango, in Lat. 15° 28´ 15´´, Long. 91° 36´ 50´´. Wappäus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 288. Engravings of four vases copied from Stephens, in Larenaudière, Mex. et Guat., p. 379, pl. 14.

[IV-36] 'J'ai moi-même visité les ruines d'un grande nombre de ces villes et châteaux, dont les positions sont admirablement choisies pour la défense; il en existe sur presque toutes les hauteurs qui environnent la plaine de Rabinal. Elles sont, du reste, très-nombreuses dans toutes les provinces guatémaliennes et sont une preuve de l'étendue de leur antique population.' The chief one is one league west of Rabinal. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., p. 125. Ruins of Cawinal, Id., p. 149. Mention of tumuli, Id., tom. i., p. 15. Mention of ruins of Tzuruya, Tzutum, Nimpokom, Cakyug, Zamaneb, and Salama. Id., tom. ii., pp. 479, 505-6. Mention of Nebah, Uspantan, Rabinal, Cavinal, Xeocok, and Nimpokom. Wappäus, Geog. u. Stat., pp. 288, 291. The ruins located by Sonnenstern, Mapa de Guat., 1859, proceeding from west to east, are as follows: Xolacul, Nebak, Hatzal, Suizul, Balbitz, Cavinal, Pacalay, Xokoc, Beleh Trak, Pikek, Xozintun, Trak Pocoma, Cakyug, Chocotoy, Chotocoy, Talam, Xubabal.

[IV-37] Annual Scien. Discov., 1850, pp. 363-4.

[IV-38] Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. ii., p. 193.

[IV-39] Pontelli's account with some plates was published in the Correo de Ultramar, Paris, 1860. I have not seen the original, but what purports to be a translation of it in the California Farmer, Nov. 7, 1862, is the veriest trash, containing nothing definite respecting the location or description of the pretended discoveries.

[IV-40] Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. ii., pp. 195-7; Id., Yuc., vol. ii., p. 201. 'Quant à l'existence d'une cité mystérieuse, habitué par des indigènes, qui vivraient au centre du Petén dans les mêmes conditions d'autrefois, c'est une croyance qu'il faut reléguer parmi les fantaisies de l'imagination. Ce conte a pris naissance au Yucatan, et les voyageurs en le recueillant, lui ont donné trop d'importance.' Morelet, Voyage, tom. ii., p. 68. Mr Otis, on the authority of a late English explorer, believes the city to be a limestone formation which has misled. Hist. Mag., vol. vi., p. 120. 'We must reject the notion of great cities existing here.' Squier, in Id., vol. iv., p. 67. Its existence not improbable. Mayer's Mex. as it Was, p. 263. Such reports unfounded. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 37.