The Rights of War and Peace

by Hugo Grotius

• Abandoned property, title to, [107], [111].
  
• Acceptance: Necessity of, in promise to convey a right, [139].
  
• Acceptilation, [111].
  
• Accessories to crimes, [197], [257].
  
• Accomplices, punishment of, [256].
  
• Acquisitions: Of property in war, [334] et seq., [346].
  
  • Of dominion, [379].
• Actions at law: Stipulations as to, in treaties, [390].
  
• Admiralty, [146].
  
• Affirmations, [164], [165].
  
• Agency, [339], [412].
  
• Agents: Acts of, binding on principal, [138], [139], [412].
  
• Agreements: Special and exclusive, [101].
  
  • Between citizens of different countries, [136].
• Alexandrinus, Clemens, [52].
  
• Alienation: Of things by right of war, [353], [389].
  
  • Of public dominion, [386].
• Alliances: Between states, partnerships, [146].
  
  • Unequal, [158], [170].
• Allies: Aid to, [173].
  
  • Word construed, [183].
  • Causes justifying participation of, in war, [285], [287].
  • Rewards to, [341].
• Ambassadors: Promises of, binding, [139].
  
  • Ratification of treaties made by, [167].
  • Inviolability of, [202], [204].
  • Must be duly accredited, [202].
  • Sovereign states may send, [203].
  • Refusal to receive, [204].
  • Exemptions, [205], [209], [210], [211], [313].
  • Punishment of, for crimes, [208].
  • Passage through foreign states, [209].
  • Suite and personal effects of, [211].
  • House of, as asylum, [211].
  • Debts contracted by, [212].
• Ambrose, [54].
  
• Andronicus, [24].
  
• Antoninus, Marcus, [66].
  
• Antoninus, Pius, [112].
  
• Aptitude, [19].
  
• Arbiter, office of, [398].
  
• Arbitration, [84], [276], [397].
  
• Arcifinium, [106].
  
• Aristotle, [19], [20], [22], [24], [61], [62], [64], [76], [118], [120], [190], [218], [251], [268].
  
• Asylum, right of, [260].
  
• Augustine, [58], [74].
  
• Aurelius, Marcus, [52], [68].
  
• Barbeyrac, [173], [392].
  
• Blackstone's Commentaries, [29], [61], [86], [100], [136], [154], [155], [156], [177], [182]—[notes].
  
• Bodies politic, privileges of, [262].
  
• Boundary, rivers as, [107].
  
• Breach of peace, [395].
  
• Burial, right of, [213] et seq.
  
• Burke, Edmund, [282] [note].
  
• Caduceum, use of, [320].
  
• Caesar, Julius, [59].
  
• Captures in war, [334], [369].
  
  • Title to, [335], [336], [338].
  • Things immovable, [339].
  • Things movable, [340].
  • Restoration of, [392].
• Cargo, in enemy's ships, title to, [337].
  
• Cassius, [60], [74].
  
• Cato, [59], [77].
  
• Causes of war, justifiable, [85].
  
• Chirographarii, [173].
  
• Chrysostom, Dio, [25].
  
• Cicero, [18], [23], [24], [31], [34], [35], [60], [68], [78], [86], [89], [92], [137], [191], [208], [214], [215], [268], [283], [317], [379].
  
• Civil law: Relation of, to law of nature, [91].
  
  • And interpretation of treaties, [194].
  • Prizes taken from Pirates, [357].
  • Right of postliminium under, [357].
• Clarigation, [319].
  
• Commerce, treaties of, [169], [170].
  
• Commissions: Special, of ambassador, [167].
  
  • Variations from, [188].
• Common right to actions, [99].
  
• Common right to things, [99].
  
• Community of goods, [86].
  
  • Of lands, [88].
• Compensation, defined, [382].
  
• Compromise: As method of settling national disputes, [276].
  
• Conditional surrender, [400].
  
• Conference: To settle disputes of nations, [276].
  
• Conqueror, rights of, [399].
  
• Conquest, rights resulting from, [348], [399].
  
• Consent to conventions, [415].
  
• Consideration of contracts, [136], [138].
  
• Constantine, [53], [54].
  
• Contracts: Expressed and implied, [100], [145].
  
  • Between citizens of different countries, [136].
  • Consideration for, [136], [137].
  • Of agents, [137].
  • Exchange, [145], [146].
  • Revocation of, [145].
  • Of sale, [146], [151].
  • Mixed, [147].
  • Equality in, [148].
  • Letting and hiring, [153].
  • Fraudulent, [199].
  • Of sovereigns, [387], [413].
• Contributions levied for future security, [373].
  
• Conventions: Public and private, [166].
  
  • Public, division of, [167].
  • Requiring ratification, [167], [174], [412], [414].
  • Power to make, in monarchies, [168].
  • Resting in law of nature, [168].
  • Of commerce and amity, [169].
  • Of peace, [170].
  • Obligations of negotiator, [174].
  • Truces, [403].
  • Made by subordinates, [411].
  • Tacit consent to, [415].
• Corporeal rights, [85].
  
• Countries, names of, [392].
  
• Creditors, personal, [173].
  
• Crimes: Principals and accessories, [197], [198], [257].
  
  • And misdemeanors, [241].
• Damages, [196], [197], [199], [200], [388].
  
• Debts, individual, effect of war upon, [391].
  
• Deception, innocent, [302].
  
• Declaration of war, [318], [321].
  
  • After truce, not necessary, [404].
• Defense: A justifiable cause of war, [75].
  
  • Right of, [395].
• Demand of restitution, [319].
  
• Demosthenes, [74], [81], [170], [240], [310].
  
• Deserters: Not entitled to right of postliminium, [355], [390].
  
• Dictator, sovereign power of, [72].
  
• Dionysius, [61], [74], [98], [163].
  
• Disputes of nations, methods of settlement, [276].
  
• Divided and assigned land, [106].
  
• Dominion, acquisition of, [372].
  
• Duration of truces, [404].
  
• Duties: Right to impose, on goods in transit, [97].
  
• Duty of citizen to prevent war, [286].
  
• Eliminium, [351].
  
• Enemies: Furnishing aid to, [293]-321.
  
  • Public, [314].
  • Killing of, [325], [327], [359].
  • Foreign residents may become, [327].
  • Property of, right to destroy, [332], [365], [366].
  • Forbearance toward, [373].
  • Good faith between, [379].
• Engagements, [167].
  
  • Of sovereigns or states, [387].
• Epictetus, [22].
  
• Equity: A species of justice, [190].
  
  • In interpreting treaties, [191].
  • In matters of arbitration, [398].
• Euripides, [22], [78].
  
• Exchange, contracts of, [145].
  
• Extradition, [258], [259].
  
• Factors: Acts of, bind merchants, when, [139], [412].
  
• Faculty, definition of, [19].
  
• Falsehood, discussed, [299] et seq.
  
• Fecial law of Rome, [319].
  
• Federal Union, [62], [121].
  
• Ferae naturae, [86].
  
  • Rights of sovereign as to, [91].
• Fishing, a common right, [101].
  
• Florentinus, [19], [35].
  
• Foreign residents, rights of, [98], [327].
  
• Free passage through countries, right of, [95], [97].
  
  • Permission first asked, [96].
• Funeral rites, [214].
  
• Galen, [33], [62].
  
• Good faith, foundation of all treaties, [385], [417].
  
• Goods in enemy's ships, title to, [337].
  
• Government: Change of form of, effect upon debts, [121].
  
  • Effects on treaties, [185].
  • Mixed, [349].
• Governments, established for what, [68].
  
• Gregory of Tours, [69].
  
• Guaranty of performance by another, [143].
  
• Heraclitus, [24].
  
• Hermogenianus, [36].
  
• Herodotus, [66], [68].
  
• Hesiod, [23], [24], [68].
  
• Hiring, [153].
  
• Homicide, excusable, [29].
  
• Hostages: Right to kill, [330], [364].
  
  • Appendages to treaties, [400].
• Immunity of Ambassadors, [202].
  
• Incorporeal rights, [85], [309], [346].
  
  • Of a state lost by conquest, [349].
• Indemnity: A justifiable cause for war, [75].
  
• Injunctions, [170].
  
• Injuries to property: Robbery, [81].
  
  • Redress for, [311].
  • Amounting to breach of peace, [397].
• Insurance, contract of, [156], [157].
  
• Interest, lawfulness of, [154], [156].
  
• Interpretation: Of laws, [136].
  
  • Of promises, [137].
  • Of treaties, [176] et seq.
  • Words, taken in common acceptation, [177].
  • Words of art, [177], [181].
  • Obscure words, [178].
  • Probable consequences, [179].
  • Context, [179].
  • Motive, [180].
  • Allies, construed, [183].
  • Absurd conditions, [188].
  • And law of nations, [194].
  • Of peace, [389], [392], [401].
  • Names of countries, [392].
• Josephus, [35], [50].
  
• Justifiable causes of war, [73], [75], [85], [247], [285].
  
• Justinian, [58].
  
• Kings, accountability of, [69].
  
  • Not all made by the people, [67].
• Lactantius, [23], [74].
  
• Lakes, when property, [90].
  
• Lands: Three-fold division of, [106].
  
  • When considered as taken possession of, in war, [336], [339].
  • Postliminium rights of, [355].
  • Waste, [90], [91].
• Law: Basis of, [136].
  
  • Fecial, of Rome, [319].
• Lawful war, [18], [31], [278], [324].
  
• Law of Nations, [23].
  
  • How proved, [25], [101].
  • Voluntary, [158].
  • And interpretation of treaties, [194].
  • Use of term, [296].
  • Positive, [297].
  • Right to destroy property of enemy under, [332].
  • Respecting captures in war, [334], [336], [338].
• Law of nature, [22], [79],
  
  • Relation to civil law, [91].
  • Civil customs not part of, [248].
  • Ignorance of, excusable, [248].
  • As to things captured in war, [334].
• Laws: Interpretation of, [136].
  
  • Power to repeal, [238].
• Letters of marque and reprisal, [278], [311].
  
• Letting and hiring, [153].
  
• Lie, what is a, [299].
  
• Livy, [64], [73], [78], [114], [167], [170], [206], [317], [332].
  
• Losses of individuals in war, [388].
  
• Lot, as method of settling national disputes, [277].
  
• Marque and reprisal, letters of, [278], [311].
  
• Mediation, [84].
  
• Mediator, office of, [398].
  
• Money, variations in value, [153].
  
• Monopoly, [101], [152].
  
• Moral distinctions, as to acts, [274] et seq.
  
• Mosaic Law, [26]-28.
  
  • Not binding upon Christians, [29].
• Mutius, Quintius, [36].
  
• Nations, law of, [23].
  
  • Voluntary, [158].
  • Union of, rights continue, [121].
  • Restoration of conquered, [354], [355], [390].
• Natural Right, [21].
  
• Nature, law of, unalterable, [22].
  
  • Proof of existence of, [24].
• Naval associations: Apportionment of losses, [158].
  
• Necessity, appropriation of property under, [92], [93].
  
• Negotiation of treaties, true basis for, [385].
  
• Neutral soil: Right of belligerent to, [93].
  
  • Captures on, [344].
  • Goods, [337].
• Neutrals, rights and duties, [377].
  
• Oaths: Sanctity of, [160] et seq.
  
  • Meaning of, [161].
  • Validity and form of, [162].
  • Effect and substance of, [163], [381].
  • Authority of sovereign over, [164].
• Obligations: Arising from property, [123].
  
  • Imperfect, [134].
  • Resulting from injury, [195].
  • Enforcing performance of, [287].
  • Promises, [131], [135].
• Occupancy, title by, [90].
  
• Occupatory lands, [106].
  
• Offenses against society, punishment of, [258].
  
• Origen, [49].
  
• Ovid, [32].
  
• Pardons, lawfulness of, [236], [238].
  
• Parley, sign of, [416].
  
• Partnerships, [146].
  
  • Trading—proportion of profits and losses, [157].
• Paulus, [21].
  
• Peace: The object of wars, [379].
  
  • Treaties of, [385].
  • Who may make, [386].
  • Interpretation of, [389].
  • Breach of, [393].
  • Preservation of, [417].
• Penal statutes, construction of, [181].
  
• Penalties: Remitted, [391].
  
  • Special, [396].
  • Payment of, effect on wars, [408].
• Performance of contract, guaranty for, [143].
  
• Piracy, sovereign answerable for, [200].
  
• Pirates, treatment of, [380].
  
• Plato, [75], [93], [224], [226], [229].
  
• Pledges: Appendages to treaties, [400].
  
  • Redemption of, [401].
• Pliny, [36], [254].
  
• Plutarch, [23], [24], [66], [93], [221], [226], [227], [235].
  
• Polybius, [23], [73], [208].
  
• Pomponius, [159].
  
• Ponds, when property, [90].
  
• Porphyry, [24].
  
• Possession: Uninterrupted, transfers property, [114].
  
  • Of property, at conclusion of war, [390].
  • Right of, [399].
• Posthumous rights to property, [114].
  
• Postliminium: Definition of, [169], [331].
  
  • Right of, [314], [336], [351], [354], [390], [405].
  • Horses, mules, and ships under law of, [352], [405].
  • Deserters, [355], [390].
  • Lands, [355].
  • Movable property, [356].
  • Things useful in war, [356].
• Premium of insurance, [156].
  
• Prescription, law of, as applied to a sovereign, [115].
  
• Price, governed by demand, [151].
  
• Prisoners: Surrender of, [258], [259].
  
  • Killing of, [328], [363].
  • As slaves, [345].
  • Ransom of, [347], [410].
  • Right of postliminium, [352], [390].
  • Rights of, on release, [353].
  • Right of making, [357].
• Privateers, [200].
  
• Private right, [20].
  
• Privileges of bodies politic, [262].
  
• Prizes: By right of war, [337], [343], [346].
  
  • Taken from pirates, [357].
• Prohibitions in treaties, [193].
  
• Promises: Obligation of, [131], [135], [379], [381].
  
  • Perfect, [135], [194].
  • Interpretation of, [137].
  • Obtained by fraud or fear, [137].
  • Erroneous, [137], [142].
  • Valid, [138].
  • Of ambassadors, [139].
  • Revocation of, [140].
  • Acceptance of, [139], [141], [415].
  • With conditions, [142].
• Property: Means of acquiring, [103].
  
  • Obligations arising from possession of, [123] et seq.
  • Alienated by rights of war, [353], [389].
  • Restoration of, taken in unjust war, [375].
  • Possession of, for long time may not give right of, [109],—but see [114].
  • Redress of injuries to, [311], [318].
  • Of enemy, right to destroy, [332], [365], [366].
  • Title to, [335], [90].
  • Possession of, after war, [390].
  • Appropriation of, on ground of necessity, [91], [92].
  • Of subjects, liability of for debts of states, [308], [370], [387].
  • Title to, as between enemies, [338].
  • Use of, [94].
  • Acquisition of, in war, [340].
  • Captured, [369].
  • Idea of how established, [89].
  • When right of, ceases to exist, [117].
  • Movable and immovable, [88], [356].
  • Things not reducible to, [89].
  • In lakes, ponds, and rivers, [90].
  • Abandoned, [107], [111].
• Puffendorf, [193].
  
• Punishment: A justifiable cause of war, [75].
  
  • Defined, [221].
  • Who may inflict, [223], [226], [228].
  • Object of, [224], [226], [229], [232], [240], [247], [370].
  • Under the Gospel, [230].
  • Capital, [233].
  • Wicked acts not subject to, [235].
  • Proportioned to offense, [243] et seq.
  • Of offenses against God, [249] et seq.
  • Communication of, upon accomplices, [256].
  • Offenses affecting society, [258].
  • Of non-participants, [262].
  • Of surety, [264].
  • Of children for parents' sins, [266].
  • Classes exempt from, [362].
  • Of hostages, [364].
  • Right to claim property as, [391].
• Quintilian, [24], [89].
  
• Ratification of treaties and conventions, [167], [175], [414].
  
• Recovery of things alienated by rights of war, [353].
  
• Redemption of pledges, [401].
  
• Redress, method of obtaining, [311], [318].
  
• Religion, based on four truths, [250].
  
• Remedial statutes, construction of, [181].
  
• Reprisal: Letters of Marque and, [278].
  
  • A method of obtaining redress, [311], [312], [327], [370].
• Residents, foreign, rights of, [97].
  
• Restoration: Of subjugated people, [354], [355].
  
  • Of property, [375], [392].
• Right: To movables by occupancy, [104].
  
  • To impose duties on goods in transit, [97].
  • Common-passage through countries, [95], [97], [99].
  • Of burial, [213].
  • Violation of, [301].
  • Of dominion, acquisition of, [379].
  • Of governors and governed, [19].
  • Of prisoners, [353].
  • Definition and signification of, [18], [19], [20].
  • To actions, [99].
  • Private, [20].
  • Superior, [20].
  • Of asylum, [260].
  • Voluntary, [25].
  • Of making war, [386].
  • Of possession, [399].
• Rights: Human and Divine, [25].
  
  • Sources of, [195].
  • Disputed, methods of settling, [276].
  • Of property, [307].
  • Of persons, [19], [307], [391].
  • Resulting from conquest, [348].
  • Arising out of law of nations, [219].
  • Real, [19].
  • Of war, [18], [332], [336], [381].
  • Corporeal and incorporeal, [85], [309], [346].
  • Of temporary residents, [98].
  • Of native, [92].
• River: Effect of change in course of, [106].
  
  • Middle of boundary between territories, [107].
  • When property, [90], [104].
• Robbery, right to kill robber, [81].
  
• Romanus, Clemens, [52].
  
• Sacred things not exempt from destruction by enemy, [332].
  
• Safe conduct, a, [408].
  
  • Expiration of, [409].
• Sales and purchases: Right of restricting, [100].
  
  • When contract complete, [151].
• Sallust, [206].
  
• Salvian, [51].
  
• Sea: Open, not property, [90].
  
  • Portions of, may become property, [104].
• Self-defense, [77].
  
• Seneca, [19], [24], [74], [75], [80], [92], [108], [118], [135], [192].
  
• Services, gratuitous, [144].
  
• Settlement of national disputes, methods of, [276].
  
• Ships. Owners bound by acts of masters of, when, [139].
  
  • Goods found in enemy's, [337].
  • Under law of postliminium, [352].
• Silanian, Decree, [53].
  
• Slavery, [345].
  
• Slaves: Prisoners of war, [345].
  
  • Right of postliminium, [352].
• Smith, Adam, [101] n.
  
• Soldiers, compensation to, [341], [343].
  
• Sovereign power: Not in the people in every case, [63] et seq., [120].
  
  • Ceases, when, [117].
  • To declare war, [316], [386].
• Sovereigns: Elective and hereditary, [71].
  
  • Responsibility for piracy and robbery, [200].
  • For acts of subjects, [257].
  • Bound by acts of commissioner, [412].
• Sovereignty: Its nature and where it resides, [60], [62], [70], [71], [103].
  
  • Not forfeitable by act of delinquency, [80].
• Spies, treatment of, when captured, [331].
  
• Sponsio, [167].
  
• State: Definition of, [25].
  
  • Sovereign, [62].
  • Conquered, privileges allowed to, [374].
  • Division of, into constituent parts, by consent of war, [121].
• States: When immortal, [117].
  
  • May lose political existence by conquest, [348], [349].
• States General: Three divisions of, [70], [71].
  
  • Power of, [71].
  • Of Holland, [337].
• Statutes: Penal construed strictly; remedial liberally, [181].
  
• Strabo, [62], [98].
  
• Stratagem, use of, in war, [294] et seq.
  
• Subjects: Of sovereign, detention of, [311].
  
  • Liability to attack, in time of war, anywhere, [327].
• Superior right, [20].
  
• Supply of a thing affects its price, [151].
  
• Surety: Punishment of, [264].
  
  • Bound by consent, [308].
• Surrender: Of a people, in war, [390].
  
  • Conditional, [400].
• Sylla, Lucius Cornelius, [57].
  
• Tacitus, [64], [68], [87], [106], [110], [213].
  
• Taxes on goods in transit, [97].
  
• Terminus, rites of, [373].
  
• Territory long possessed, title to, [110].
  
• Tertullian, [49], [51], [52].
  
• Thucydides, [60], [174].
  
• Time: As an element of right of property, [109].
  
  • Immemorial, [113].
• Transit, goods in, [97].
  
• Treaties: Public and private, [166].
  
  • Equal, [170].
  • Unequal, [158], [170], [171], [184].
  • Definition of, [167].
  • Requiring ratification, [167].
  • Power to make in monarchies, [168].
  • Resting in law of nature, [168].
  • Of commerce and amity, [169], [170], [185].
  • Of peace, [170], [386], [389], [391].
  • Renewal of, [173].
  • Effect of violation of, [174].
  • Interpretation of, [176] et seq. (See [Interpretation of Treaties].)
  • Personal and real, [184].
  • Where governments change form, [184], [185].
  • Of peace, material part of, [386].
  • Stipulations as to actions at law, [390].
  • Hostages and pledges under, [400].
• Truces: Definition, [403].
  
  • Duration of, [404].
  • Public notice of, [405].
  • Breach of, [406],
  • Granting of, [414]
• Ulpian, [21], [34], [36], [129], [162], [166], [263], [333].
  
• Unlawful acts, [305].
  
• Usucaption, law of, as applied to sovereigns, [115].
  
• Usufruct, [155].
  
• Usufructuary property, [86].
  
• Usury, [155].
  
• Valentinian, [67].
  
• Value of a thing governed by what? [150].
  
  • Of money, [153].
• Vasquez, [80], [239], [286], [388].
  
• Vattel, [101], [158], [167], [169], [177], [203], [297], [387], [388]—[notes].
  
• War: Definition of, [18], [403].
  
  • Derivation of word, [18].
  • Division of, public, private, and mixed, [55].
  • All, not repugnant to law of nature, [34], [36].
  • Private, [55], [56], [83].
  • Justifiable causes, pretexts, and beginning of, [73], [75], [247], [285].
  • Defense, indemnity and punishment, [75], [245].
  • Time of beginning, [284].
  • Object of, [379].
  • Effect upon debts, [391].
  • Lawfulness of, [18], [31], [278], [324].
  • Under divine voluntary law, [36], [40].
  • Aid to parties to, [173].
  • Causes, justifying participation of allies, [285].
  • Lawful means used in, [290], [363].
  • Use of stratagem, [294].
  • Suspicion of hostile intentions, [83].
  • Injury to property, [85].
  • Demand of surrender of citizen, [285].
  • Precautions against, [280] et seq.
  • Right of belligerents to neutral soil, [93].
  • Unjust, causes of, [267] et seq.
  • Avoidance of, [280] et seq., [418].
  • Declaration of, [318], [321], [404], and forms, [319].
  • Right to make, [386].
  • Losses of individuals by, [388].
  • Public, formal and informal, declared by sovereign, [57], [316], [317], [386].
  • Right to avert, and to punish wrongs, [83], [200], [247], [280].
• "Wealth of Nations," [101]n.
  
• Withernam, [311].
  
• Wrongs: Division of, private and public, [61].
  
  • Sovereign power may avert and punish, [83].
• Xenophon, [32], [93].
  

[FOOTNOTES]

[1] The eighth Section is omitted, the greater part of it consisting of verbal criticism upon Aristotle's notions of geometrical and arithmetical justice; a discussion no way conducive to that clearness and simplicity, so necessary to every didactic treatise.—Translator.

[2] The law, by its silence, permits those acts, which it does not prohibit. Thus many acts, if they are not evil in themselves, are no offence, till the law has made them such. Of this kind are many acts, such as exporting gold, or importing certain articles of trade; doing certain actions, or following certain callings, without the requisite qualifications, which are made punishable offences by the Statute-Law. Those actions, before the prohibition was enjoined by the law, came under the class of what Grotius calls permissions.

[3] By moral necessity is meant nothing more than that the Laws of Nature must always bind us.

[4] To explain the meaning of Grotius in this place, recourse must be had to first principles. Thus the law of nature authorizing self-defence in its fullest extent, the laws of nations, which authorize war for the same purpose, cannot be repugnant to it.

[5] The Law of England on homicide excusable by self-defence, will throw light on the sentiments of Grotius in this place. "The law requires, that the person who kills another in his own defence, should have retreated as far as he conveniently or safely can, to avoid the violence of the assault, before he turns upon his assailant; and that, not fictitiously, or in order to watch his opportunity, but from a real tenderness of shedding his brother's blood. And though it may be cowardice, in time of war, between two independent nations, to flee from our enemy; yet between two fellow subjects the law countenances no such point of honour; because the king and his courts are the vindices injuriarum, and will give to the party wronged all the satisfaction he deserves. And this is the doctrine of universal justice, as well as of the municipal law."—Blackstone's Com. vol. 4, chap. 14.

[6] The author here alludes to the defilement or uncleanness which the ancients thought was contracted by touching a man, who had killed another, even innocently and lawfully.—Barbeyrac.

[7] The remainder of this section is omitted, Grotius himself stating it to be only a repetition and enlargement of his arguments immediately preceding it. (Translator.)

[8] Grotius does not vouch for the truth of this assertion, but only quotes the passage to shew there were Christians in the army of Marcus Aurelius.