Europe in the Middle Ages

by Ierne L. Plunket

• A
• Aachen, [93], [99], [102], [188].
• Abelard, Peter, [208], [209], [211], [347], [349], [354].
• Abu Bakr, [68], [74].
• Abu Talib, [67], [69], [70].
• Adrianople, [38], [332].
• Agincourt, [250].
• Alaric, [40], [41], [45].
• Albert I, [278], [279].
• Albigenses, the, [213], [214], [216], [217], [266].
• Alboin, [51].
• Alcuin, [82], [97], [99].
• Aldine Press, [350].
• Alessandria, [179].
• Alexander II, Pope, [137].
• Alexander III, Pope, [179].
• Alexander VI, Pope, [361].
• Alexius Commenus, [143] et seq.
• Alfonso V of Aragon, [315], [361].
• Alfonso VIII of Castile, [265], [266].
• Alfonso X of Castile, [267], [271].
• Alfred the Great, [105], [106], [107], [131].
• Almohades, the, [265], [266].
• Alsace, [276], [281], [282].
• Ambrose, St., [33], [42].
• Amerigo Vespucci, [345].
• Anagni, [231].
• Andrew of Hungary, [293], [313].
• Andronicus II, [330].
• Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, [105], [113].
• Anjou, Charles of, [229], [230], [312].
• —, second House of, [314], [361].
• Anno, Archbishop, [138].
• Anselm, Archbishop, [142].
• Antioch, [149].
• Aquinas, Thomas, [209], [355].
• Arcadius, the Emperor, [39].
• Aristotle, [208], [210], [261], [355].
• Arius, [30], [31].
• Armagnac, [250], [251].
• Arnold of Brescia, [211], [212], [326], [347].
• Artevelde, Jacob van, [237], [239].
• Assize of Clarendon, [163].
• Athanaric, [39], [143].
• Athaulf, [54].
• Athelney, [106].
• Athens, Duchy of, [329], [330].
• Attila, [44], [45], [145].
• Augustine, St., of Canterbury, [52].
• Augustine, St., of Hippo, [42], [43], [97], [197], [208], [210], [349], [355].
• Augustulus, the Emperor, [46], [363].
• Augustus, the Emperor, [2], [4], [6], [9], [20], [98].
• Averroës, [261].
• Avignon, [232], [316], [317], [318], [321], [322], [323], [356].
• B
• Babylonish Captivity, [232], [316], [322].
• Bacon, Roger, [207], [349].
• Badr, battle of, [71].
• Bagdad, [87], [146], [151].
• Balearic Islands, [268].
• Barcelona, [266], [268], [337].
• Basil, St., [32].
• Bavaria, Duchy of, [89], [91], [133].
• Becket, Thomas, [160], [163–5], [202], [215].
• Bedford, John, Duke of, [253], [257].
• Belisarius, [50].
• Benedict, St., [125].
• Benedict IX, Pope, [135].
• Benedictines, the, [126], [222].
• Berengaria of Navarre, [156].
• Bernard, King of Italy, [101].
• Bernard, St., [126], [128], [129], [152], [153], [154], [209], [212], [214], [219], [347].
• Black Death, the, [240], [241], [242].
• Blanche of Castile, [217], [223].
• Boccaccio, [241], [356].
• Boethius, [48], [107].
• Bohemia, [277], [317].
• Bohemund, [145], [149].
• Bologna, University of, [178], [201], [208].
• Boniface, St., [88], [89], [98].
• Boniface VIII, Pope, [230], [231], [311].
• Bouvines, battle of, [169], [187].
• Brandenburg, [131], [151].
• Breisgau, [281].
• Bretigni, Treaty of, [246].
• Burgos, [264].
• Burgundians, the, [55], [59].
• Burgundy, Charles, Duke of, [280] et seq.
• Burgundy, John, Duke of, [250], [252].
• —, Philip, Duke of, [252], [256], [257].
• C
• Calais, [240], [248], [249], [257].
• Canon Law, [202].
• Canossa, [140], [141], [176], [183].
• Cantacuzenos, John, [331].
• Cape of Good Hope, [341].
• Capet, Hugh, [109].
• Capet, Odo, [109].
• Capitularies, the, [96].
• Carinthia, [277].
• Carniola, [277].
• Carthage, [45], [77], [228].
• Carthusians, the, [127], [128].
• Castile, [269], [270].
• Catalan Company, the, [330].
• Catherine, St., of Siena, [320] et seq.
• Catherine of Valois, [251].
• Caxton, William, [350].
• Celestine V, Pope, [310].
• Chalons, battle of, [44], [54].
• Chambre des Comptes, [233].
• Chanson de Roland, [80], [81], [82].
• Charlemagne, [78] et seq., [101], [104], [107], [109], [142], [170], [200], [291], [349], [353].
• Charles ‘Martel’, [62], [78], [88], [98].
• Charles ‘the Bald’, [102], [103], [109].
• Charles ‘the Fat’, [103].
• Charles ‘the Simple’, [110].
• Charles V of France, [245], [247], [248], [249].
• Charles VI of France, [250].
• Charles VII of France, [251], [252], [254], [256], [257], [258].
• Charles VIII of France, [361], [362], [363].
• Charles of Durazzo, [314].
• Charles IV, the Emperor, [289], [293], [294] et seq., [324], [333], [346].
• Chioggia, battle of, [306].
• Chloderic, [58].
• Chosroes, King, [73], [74].
• Cid, the, [263] et seq.
• Cimabue, [357].
• Cistercians, the, [128], [215].
• Civitas Dei, the, [43], [97], [222], [311].
• Civitate, battle of, [115].
• Clement V, Pope, [232].
• Clement VII, Pope, [323].
• Clericis Laicos, the Bull, [230].
• Clermont, Council of, [147], [148].
• Clovis, [57] et seq.
• Cluni, [127], [133], [135].
• Cnut, King, [108], [287].
• Colonna, Stephen, [318].
• Columbus, Christopher, [342] et seq., [349], [358], [360].
• Comitatus, the, [16], [119].
• Commines, Philip de, [280], [351], [362].
• Commune, the French, [173], [284].
• —, the Italian, [176], [177], [178], [180], [284].
• Compostella, [265].
• Condottieri, the, [301].
• Conrad I, [131].
• Conrad III, [152].
• Conrad (son of Frederick II), [192].
• Conradin, [194], [229], [269], [312].
• Conseil du Roi, [233].
• Consolations of Philosophy, the, [48], [107].
• Constance of Naples, [181], [182], [183].
• Constance, Perpetual Peace of, [180].
• —, Council of, [324], [325], [326].
• Constans II, Emperor, [75].
• Constantine ‘the Great’, [27] et seq., [34] et seq.
• Constantine ‘Pogonatus’, [75].
• Constantine XI, [334] et seq.
• Constantinople, [34] et seq., [40], [49], [74], [86], [87], [143], [306], [327], [328], [329], [335], [336], [338], [363].
• —, Latin Empire of, [184], [329].
• Constitutions of Clarendon, [164].
• Cordova, Caliphate of, [260] et seq.
• Corpus Juris Civilis, the, [49].
• Cortenuova, battle of, [193].
• Council of Ten, [304].
• Courtrai, battle of, [234].
• Creci, battle of, [239], [240].
• Crema, [178], [179].
• Crusade, the First, [147–50].
• —, the Second, [129], [152], [158].
• —, the Third, [154–8].
• —, the Fourth, [184], [306].
• —, the Seventh, [226–7].
• —, the Children’s, [226].
• Curia, the, [13], [14].
• Curia Regis, the, [162].
• Curiales, the, [13], [14], [19], [117].
• Cyprus, [156], [226].
• D
• Dagobert, King, [60].
• Danegeld, [108].
• Danelaw, the, [106].
• Dante, [294], [309] et seq., [356].
• Danzig, [285], [292].
• Decameron, the, [241].
• Decretum, the, [202], [209].
• Denmark, [108], [287].
• Diaz, Bartholomew, [340].
• Didier, King, [82–4].
• Divina Commedia, [199], [311], [356].
• Domesday Book, [113].
• Dominic, St., [215], [216], [219].
• Donation of Constantine, [85].
• Du Guesclin, [247], [272].
• Duns Scotus, [355].
• E
• Eccelin de Romano, [192].
• Edessa, [150], [152].
• Edward ‘the Confessor’, [111].
• Edward ‘the Elder’, [106].
• Edward I, [228], [230], [234], [235], [247].
• Edward II, [236].
• Edward III, [236], [237], [242], [246], [247], [317].
• Edward ‘the Black Prince’, [242], [247], [248].
• Eginhard, [90], [98].
• Eleanor of Aquitaine, [152], [159], [166].
• Epicurus, [22].
• Erasmus, [351].
• Ethelred, ‘the Rede-less’, [107], [108], [109], [111], [286].
• F
• Faust, Legend of, [350].
• Ferdinand I of Aragon, [273].
• Ferdinand II of Aragon, [274], [343], [345].
• Ferrante of Naples, [361].
• Feudalism, [117] et seq.
• Flanders, [234], [237], [238], [250], [305], [345].
• Florence, [290], [297], [302], [303], [307], [308] et seq., [348], [352], [360], [361].
• Francis, St., of Assisi, [217] et seq., [357].
• Franks, the, [55] et seq., [83].
• Frederick I, ‘Barbarossa’, [154], [178] et seq., [191], [202], [296].
• Frederick II, [183], [185], [186] et seq., [203], [210], [224], [226], [276], [296], [308], [315].
• Friars, the, [216], [220], [221].
• Froissart, [239], [243], [244].
• G
• Genoa, [145], [187], [284], [305], [306], [307], [329], [337], [338].
• Genseric, [43], [45].
• Germania, the, [15–17].
• Gessler, [278], [279].
• Ghibellines, the, [176], [178], [179], [193], [194], [206], [229], [294], [296].
• Giotto, [357], [358].
• Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, [253].
• Godfrey de Bouillon, [149], [150].
• Godwin, House of, [111].
• Golden Bull, the, [295].
• Goths, the, [31], [104].
• Granada, [274].
• Grand Council, Venetian, [304].
• Granson, battle of, [282].
• Gratian, [202].
• Greenland, [105].
• Gregory, St., [32].
• Gregory, St., of Tours, [59].
• Gregory I, ‘the Great’, Pope, [52], [53], [107].
• Gregory VII, Pope (Hildebrand), [111], [115], [136] et seq., [147], [177], [183], [202], [229].
• Gregory IX, Pope, [190], [191], [193], [216].
• Gregory XI, Pope, [321], [322].
• Grosstete, Bishop, [205].
• Guadalete, battle of, [62], [259].
• Guelfs, the, [176], [178], [179], [185], [193], [194], [206], [229], [296], [308].
• Guienne, Duchy of, [225], [235], [236], [242], [246], [248], [258].
• Guiscard, Robert, [116], [141], [145].
• Guthrum, King, [106].
• Gutenburg, John, [363], [350].
• Guy de Lusignan, [153].
• H
• Hako, King, [206].
• Hansa, the, [285] et seq., [348].
• Harold ‘the Saxon’, [111], [144].
• Haroun al-Raschid, [87], [146].
• Hattin, battle of, [153].
• Hauteville, House of, [115], [116].
• Hawkwood, Sir John, [302], [321], [362].
• Henry II of Castile, [247], [271], [272].
• Henry IV of Castile, [273].
• Henry I of England, [142], [160].
• Henry II of England, [159] et seq., [181], [202], [215], [270].
• Henry III of England, [204], [205], [221], [225].
• Henry IV of England, [249].
• Henry V of England, [249], [250], [251], [252].
• Henry VI of England, [258].
• Henry VII of England, [343].
• Henry ‘the Fowler’, [120], [131], [132].
• Henry III, the Emperor, [135], [137].
• Henry IV, the Emperor, [138] et seq., [176], [177].
• Henry VI, the Emperor, [156], [168], [181], [182], [183], [185], [191].
• Henry VII, the Emperor, [294], [311], [312], [319].
• Henry ‘the Lion’, [178], [179], [181].
• Henry ‘the Navigator’, [339], [340].
• Heraclius, the Emperor, [73], [75].
• Hijrah, the, [69].
• Hildebrand. See [Gregory VII].
• Hohenstaufen, the, [176], [177], [183], [185], [188], [191], [192], [194], [269], [312], [317].
• Holy Roman Empire, the, [134], [185], [194], [285].
• Holy Roman Republic, the, [318], [320].
• Honorius, the Emperor, [39], [40], [41], [54].
• Honorius III, Pope, [189], [190].
• Hospitallers. See [John, Knights of St.]
• Hundred Years’ War, [236] et seq., [287], [316], [324].
• Hungarians, the, [132].
• Huns, the, [37], [44], [104].
• Huss, John, [324], [325], [326].
• Hussite Wars, the, [326].
• I
• Iceland, [105].
• Ingeborg, Queen, [170], [171], [184].
• Innocent III, Pope, [168], [170], [171], [183] et seq., [187], [188], [214], [216], [221], [226], [265], [266], [317], [346].
• Innocent IV, Pope, [193], [204], [205], [224], [317].
• Interregnum, the Great, [229], [271], [284].
• Investiture Question, the, [138] et seq.
• Irene, the Empress, [86].
• Irminsul, the, [88], [90].
• Isabel I of Castile, [274], [343], [345].
• Isabel, Queen of England, [236].
• J
• Jacquerie, the, [244].
• Jagello of Lithuania. See [Ladislas V].
• James ‘the Conqueror’, [266–8].
• Janissaries, the, [332], [336].
• Jeanne d’Arc, [253] et seq., [320].
• Jerome, St., [33], [41], [208].
• Jerusalem, [75], [114], [147], [150], [153], [157], [190].
• —, Latin Kingdom of, [151], [153].
• Joanna I of Naples, [293], [313], [314], [333].
• Joanna II of Naples, [315].
• John II of Castile, [273].
• John V, the Emperor, [331], [335].
• John II of France, [243].
• John, King of England, [167], [168], [169], [170].
• John I of Portugal, [339].
• John Ducas, [327].
• John Hunyadi, [336].
• John, Knights of St., [150], [153], [232], [265].
• John of Gaunt, [248], [249], [339].
• Joinville, [226].
• Julian, Count, [77].
• Justinian I, [49] et seq., [178].
• Justinian II, [76].
• K
• Ka’bah, the, [66], [67], [72].
• Kalmar, Union of, [290].
• Khubla Khan, [337].
• Koran, the, [68].
• Kossovo, battle of, [333], [334].
• L
• Ladislas of Naples, [315].
• Ladislas V of Poland, [292].
• Lateran Council, Fourth, [188].
• Lazar of Serbia, [333].
• Legnano, battle of, [179], [235], [296].
• Leo ‘the Isaurian’, [77], [144].
• Leo I, Pope, [45], [52].
• Leo III, Pope, [85], [86], [97].
• Leo IX, Pope, [115], [135], [136].
• Leonardo da Vinci, [357] et seq.
• Leopold, the Archduke, [156], [167].
• Leopold, Duke, [279], [280].
• Lex Visigothorum, the, [78].
• Limoges, [255].
• Lombard League, the, [179], [192], [193], [202].
• Lombards, the, [50] et seq., [75], [82], [85].
• Lothair, Count, [133].
• Lothar, Emperor, [102], [103].
• Lotharingia, [103], [133].
• Louis ‘the German’, [103].
• Louis ‘the Good for Nothing’, [109].
• Louis ‘the Pious’, [101].
• Louis III of Anjou, [315].
• Louis VII of France, [152], [159], [165], [166].
• Louis VIII of France, [217], [223], [250].
• Louis IX of France, [172], [217], [223] et seq., [233], [312].
• Louis XI of France, [258], [274], [281], [302], [361].
• Louis XII of France, [300].
• Louis ‘the Great’ (of Hungary,) [291], [293] et seq., [313], [314], [324], [332], [333].
• Lübeck, [285], [286], [293].
• Ludovico ‘Il Moro’, [351], [359], [360] et seq.
• Luna, Alvaro de, [273].
• M
• Machiavelli, [308], [354], [362].
• Madeira, [340].
• Magna Charta, [158], [168].
• Magnum Concilium, [162].
• Mahomet, [66] et seq.
• Mainz, [89].
• Mandeville, Sir John, [338].
• Maniaces, [115].
• Marcel, Étienne, [245].
• Margaret of Denmark, [290].
• Martin V, Pope, [326].
• Matthew Paris, [205].
• Maxentius, Emperor, [27].
• Mayfield, the, [83].
• Mayor of the Palace, the, [56], [61].
• Mecca, [67].
• Medici, Cosimo de, [352], [353], [354].
• Medici, Lorenzo de, [354], [356], [358], [360].
• Medici, Piero de, [360], [361].
• Medinah, [70].
• Mercia, [106].
• Merovingians, the, [55], [60], [62], [64], [95], [103], [109].
• Milan, [297], [298] et seq., [303], [308], [315], [351], [352].
• —, Edict of, [29].
• Minnesingers, the, [200].
• Missi, the, [95], [96], [97], [107], [121].
• Mohammed II, [334], [336], [338].
• Monasticism, [31], [123] et seq., [348].
• Montereau, bridge of, [251].
• Morat, battle of, [283].
• Morgarten, battle of, [280].
• Morkere, House of, [111].
• Murcia, [267], [268].
• N
• Narses, [50], [51].
• Nanci, battle of, [283].
• Naples, [297], [303], [312] et seq., [352], [357], [361].
• Navarette, battle of, [247].
• Navarre, [266].
• Navarre, ‘Charles the Bad’ of, [245].
• Navas de Tolosa, battle of, [265].
• Nero, Emperor, [9], [25].
• Nicholas I, Pope, [144].
• Nicholas II, Pope, [115], [136].
• Nicholas V, Pope, [352].
• Nineveh, battle of, [74].
• Nogaret, [231].
• Normandy, Duchy of, [108], [110], [169].
• Northmen, the, [104] et seq., [109], [114].
• Norway, [108].
• O
• Odo of Bayeux, [113], [149].
• Odoacer, [46], [47].
• Orkhan, Sultan, [331], [332].
• Orleans, [256].
• Ostrogoths, the, [46], [47].
• Othman, Caliph, [75].
• Otto I, the Great, [132] et seq., [142].
• Otto IV, [169], [185], [186], [187], [188], [193].
• Ottocar of Bohemia, [277], [278].
• P
• Paleologus, Michael, [306], [327], [328], [329], [330], [331].
• Paris, [174], [201], [208].
• —, University of, [257].
• Parlamento, the, [309].
• Parlement de Paris, [233].
• Pavia, [82], [84], [85].
• Pedro ‘the Cruel’, [247], [248], [271], [272].
• Pedro II of Aragon, [266].
• Pedro III of Aragon, [268], [269].
• Pepin ‘the Short’, [63] et seq., [79], [86].
• Perpetual League, the, [277].
• Peter III of Aragon, [230].
• Peter ‘the Hermit’, [147], [154].
• Peter Lombard, [209], [211].
• Petrarch, [356].
• Philip II ‘Augustus’, [154], [156], [165], [168] et seq., [181], [184], [185], [197], [201], [217], [223], [224].
• Philip III of France, [228].
• Philip IV of France, [228], [230], [232] et seq., [236].
• Philip V of France, [236].
• Philip VI of France, [237], [239].
• Philip II, the Emperor, [185], [186].
• Pisa, [145], [290], [300], [337].
• Pisani, [306].
• Platonic Academy, the, [354], [356].
• Poitiers, [62], [243].
• Poland, [291].
• Polo, Marco, [337], [338].
• Portugal, [266], [339], [343].
• Praetorian Guard, the, [18].
• Praguerie, the, [258].
• Provence, [268], [314], [316], [317].
• R
• Ravenna, [93], [95], [312].
• Ravenna, Exarchate of, [51], [53], [64], [75], [115], [144].
• Raymond VI, [213], [215].
• Raymond VII, [217].
• Remi, St., [57].
• Renaissance, the, [346] et seq.
• Rhodes, [232].
• Richard I, [154–8], [167].
• Richard II, [238], [249].
• Rienzi, Cola di, [318], [320], [356].
• Robert of Naples, [312], [357].
• Robert of Normandy, [114], [149].
• Roderic, King, [62], [259].
• Roger II, [116].
• Roger de Flor, [330].
• Rollo of Normandy, [110].
• Rome, [41], [46], [290], [303], [316] et seq., [352].
• Roncesvalles, [81].
• Rudolf I, [229], [276], [277], [295].
• S
• Sacred Months, the, [66], [123].
• Saladin, [153] et seq.
• Salic Law, the, [56], [96], [236].
• Salisbury, Gemot of, [121].
• San Germano, Treaty of, [191].
• Santa Hermandad, [274].
• Santiago, Order of, [265].
• Saxons, the, [88] et seq., [130].
• Scala, Mastino della, [307].
• Schism, the Great, [323].
• Scholasticism, [209], [355].
• Scutage, [162].
• Senlac, battle of, [112].
• Sententiae, the, [209].
• Serbia, [293], [332], [333], [334].
• Sforza, Francesco, [351].
• Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, [351].
• Sforza, Gian Galeazzo, [361].
• Sicilian Vespers, the, [229], [269], [330].
• Siena, [320].
• Siete Partidas, the, [271].
• Sigismund, the Emperor, [294], [324] et seq.
• Sigismund of the Tyrol, [281].
• Simon de Montfort, [215], [266].
• ‘Sluggard Kings’, the, [60].
• Sluys, battle of, [238].
• Spoletum, Duchy of, [83].
• Stamford Bridge, battle of, [111].
• ‘Staple’ Towns, [237].
• States-General, [233].
• Stephen II, Pope, [64].
• Stephen Dushan, [332].
• Stephen of England, [122], [160].
• Stilicho, [39], [40].
• Stralsund, Treaty of, [289].
• Strasbourg, the Oath of, [103], [130].
• Styria, [277].
• Summa Theologiae, the, [210].
• Sutri, Synod of, [135].
• Swiss Cantons, the, [277], [279], [282] et seq., [296].
• T
• Tacitus, [4], [15], [17], [25], [54], [119].
• Tancred of Sicily, [156], [182].
• Tannenberg, battle of, [292].
• Tell, William, [279].
• Templars, the, [151], [153], [190], [232], [265].
• Teutonic Knights, [151], [291] et seq.
• Theodora, the Empress, [49].
• Theodoric, King, [47], [48].
• Theodosius, the Emperor, [33], [39].
• Thorn, Treaty of, [292].
• Titus, the Emperor, [11], [46].
• Toulouse, Counts of, [199], [212].
• Trajan, the Emperor, [25].
• Troubadours, the, [200].
• Troyes, Treaty of, [252].
• Truce of God, [123].
• Tunis, [227].
• Turks, the, [146] et seq., [331] et seq., [338].
• U
• Urban II, Pope, [145], [147].
• Urban VI, Pope, [322].
• V
• Valdemar III, [287], [288], [289].
• Valencia, [261], [264].
• Valens, the Emperor, [37], [38].
• Valentian, the Emperor, [37].
• Vandals, the, [43], [50], [77], [104].
• Vasco da Gama, [341], [342], [344], [363].
• Venice, [45], [95], [145], [158], [284], [290], [293], [297], [300], [303] et seq., [329], [337], [338], [350], [352].
• Verdun, the Partition of, [103].
• Vespasian, the Emperor, [9].
• Visconti, Bernabò, [299].
• Visconti, Filippo Maria, [302], [308], [315], [351].
• Visconti, Gian Galeazzo, [299], [300], [302].
• Visconti, Valentina, [300].
• Visigoths, the, [37], [40], [41], [54], [59], [77].
• W
• Waldensians, the, [213], [214], [219].
• Wedmore, Treaty of, [106].
• Wenzel, Emperor, [324].
• Wessex, [105], [106].
• William I of England, [111], [112] et seq., [121], [137].
• William II of England, [114].
• Wisby, [288].
• Witikind, [90].
• Worms, Concordat of, [142].
• Wycliffe, [317], [324].
• X
• Ximenez, Rodrigo, [266].
• Y
• Yermuk, battle of, [75].
• Z
• Zeno, Emperor, [47].
• Zeno, philosopher, [22].

PRINTED IN ENGLAND
AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

The Sidenotes in this eBook originally were page headers. Some of them may be a paragraph or two away from their ideal placement, and in some versions of this eBook are left-justified on lines of their own.

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Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.