The United States

On painting in the United States, see the section in the article Painting, by Prof. J. C. Van Dyke of Rutgers College (Vol. 20, pp. 518–519); and the articles J. S. Copley, Benjamin West, John Trumbull, Gilbert Stuart, John Vanderlyn, Washington Allston, Rembrandt Peale, J. W. Jarvis, Thomas Sully, Thomas Cole, Asher B. Durand, J. F. Kensett, F. E. Church, Chester Harding, Henry Inman, William Page, G. P. A. Healy, Daniel Huntington, W. S. Mount, W. M. Hunt, John La Farge, George Fuller, Eastman Johnson, Elihu Vedder, Leonard Ochtman, Winslow Homer, A. H. Wyant, George Inness, Homer D. Martin, Swain Gifford, the Morans, Jervis McEntee, D. W. Tryon, Albert Bierstadt, W. H. Beard, Blashfield, J. W. Alexander, W. M. Chase, Duveneck, Cecilia Beaux, W. H. Low, H. S. Mowbray, H. O. Tanner, E. C. Tarbell, R. W. Vonnoh,—and the Americans who have made their home and their fame in Europe, like Whistler, Sargent, E. A. Abbey and J. J. Shannon, and those whose work is Continental, or even purely Parisian in tone, like W. T. Dannat, George Hitchcock, Gari Melchers, C. S. Pearce, E. L. Weeks and Walter Gay. On illustrators, see the articles: Howard Pyle, Frederick Remington, C. S. Reinhart, W. T. Smedley, Robert Blum, Charles Dana Gibson, W. Hamilton Gibson, the wood-engraver Timothy Cole, the etcher Joseph Pennell; and for caricature the article Thomas Nast and the section on the United States in M. H. Spielmann’s article Caricature (Vol. 5, pp. 334–335).

For a fuller list of articles on painting, drawing, engraving, etc., with articles on sculpture, see the end of the next chapter Sculpture.

CHAPTER XXXIV
SCULPTURE

The Main Article

The Britannica article Sculpture (Vol. 24, p. 488; equivalent to 90 pages of this Guide) is a complete treatise on the technique and history of this branch of art by J. H. Middleton, late professor of Fine Art, Cambridge, M. H. Spielmann, former editor of the Magazine of Art, P. G. Konody, art critic of the Observer and Daily Mail, and, for French sculpture, Léonce Bénédite, keeper of the Luxembourg Museum and author of Histoire des Beaux Arts. It is illustrated with 10 full page plates as follows: I and II. Medieval, etc., with examples of the work of Jacopo della Quercia, Donatello (2), Andrea Pisano, Michelangelo, Verrocchio and Leopardo, Luca della Robbia, Benvenuto Cellini, Peter Vischer, Bernini, Goujon, Canova, Houdon, Coysevox; III. IV. V. Modern British—Alfred Stevens, Sir George Frampton, Lord Leighton, Harry Bates, H. H. Armstead, G. F. Watts (2), A. Gilbert, F. W. Pomeroy, E. Onslow Ford, W. Hamo Thornycroft (2), Alfred Drury, F. Derwent Wood, Bertram Mackennal, Albert Toft, Havard Thomas, W. Goscombe John, W. R. Colton (2), Sir Charles Lawes-Wittewronge, Sir J. Edgar Boehm, Thomas Brock; VI. American—J. Q. A. Ward, D. C. French and E. C. Potter, Augustus St. Gaudens, Frederick MacMonnies; VII. VIII. and IX. Modern French—Falguière, Barrias, Delaplanche, Idrac, Becquer, L. Gérôme, Marqueste, Longepied, Frémiet, Guillaume, Puech, Saint-Marceaux, Mercié, Rodin, Michel, Dalou, Aubé, Chapu, Bloche, Gardet, Bartholomé; and X. Other Foreign Countries—Sinding, Begas, Ximenes, Querol, Antokolski, Lambeaux, Meunier.

Other General Articles

This article opens with an account of technical methods of sculpture which should be supplemented by other articles, which deal also with history and criticism: Wood-Carving (Vols. 28, p. 791), by Franklyn Arden Crallan, author of Gothic Wood-carving, with four plates and with descriptions not merely of Gothic and Renaissance work in Europe, but of Coptic, Mahommedan, Persian, Indian and Burmese, Chinese and Japanese, and the carving done by savage races; Ivory (Vol. 15, especially pp. 95–98, with 5 illustrations), by A. Maskell, author of Ivories; Chryselephantine; Metal-Work (Vol. 18, p. 205), (with 9 text cuts and 2 full page plates), by Prof. J. H. Middleton, Cambridge, and John Starkie Gardner, author of Armour in England and Iron Work; Gem (Vol. 11, p. 560; with 2 full page plates containing 76 illustrations, mostly of antique gems, besides 10 cuts in the text) by Alexander Stuart Murray, author of History of Greek Sculpture, Terra Cotta Sarcophagi, etc., and Arthur Hamilton Smith, keeper of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum; Cameo; Intaglio; Seals (Vol. 24, p. 539; with 9 illustrations), by Sir E. Maunde Thompson, late director British Museum; Numismatics (Vol. 19, p. 869; equivalent to 120 pages of this Guide; with 6 plates—20 Greek coins, 27 Greek and Roman coins, 23 Roman and Medieval coins, 22 Oriental coins, 8 modern coins and medals, and 4 Italian medals—and 11 cuts illustrating modern coins) by Reginald Stuart Poole, formerly keeper department coins and medals, British Museum, Herbert Appold Grueber, keeper of the same department in 1906–1912, and George Francis Hill, assistant keeper of this department; Medal (Vol. 18, especially pp. 1 and 2, with 2 plates, showing 32 medals), by M. H. Spielmann; Terra Cotta (Vol. 26, p. 652, with 2 plates, 12 illustrations), by William Burton, author of English Stoneware and Earthenware and H. Beauchamp Walters, assistant keeper Greek and Roman antiquities, British Museum; Plate (Vol. 21, p. 789; with 31 illustrations), by H. R. H. Hall, author of The Oldest Civilization of Greece, H. Stuart Jones, author of The Roman Empire, and E. Alfred Jones, author of Old English Gold Plate, etc.; Alto-relievo; Basso-Relievo; Relief and Repoussé, by M. H. Spielmann; Wax Figures; Effigies, Monumental, by the late Charles Boutell, author of A Manual of British Archaeology, and M. H. Spielmann.

History of Sculpture

Early sculpture is separately treated. For “Classical” sculpture see the articles Greek Art by Percy Gardner and Roman Art by H. Stuart Jones, both elaborately illustrated and devoting particular attention to statuary, plate; etc. See also the illustrations in the articles mentioned in the last paragraph,—especially Gem, Numismatics, Terra Cotta; and those in the article Architecture and subsidiary articles mentioned in the chapter of this Guide For the Architect. And on Greek art see the article Pergamum and the sketches of the great sculptors of Greece: