The remainder of the story of Japan’s foreign relations is given in the main article Japan, but the student should read besides the articles Chino-Japanese War, Manchuria, and Russo-Japanese War. The last of these would be equivalent to 40 pages of this Guide; it is accompanied by the following plans: General Dispositions after Nanshan, Liao-Yang, Port Arthur, and Mukden: and it is a remarkable critical summary of the military operations of the war. Read also the biographies of Katsura, Kodama, Kuroki, Nogi, Nozu, Okuma, Oyama, Togo, Yamagata.
Domestic History
As for domestic history, it is important to note that early Japanese history is more purely mythical and legendary, and is chronologically untrustworthy for a longer period than is Chinese history. The conventionally accepted date of the establishment of the Empire is 660 B. C.; and from this year all dates are reckoned; but Japanese annals are self-contradictory and are proved faulty by Chinese and Korean records. Even the famed Japanese invasion of Korea in 200 is possibly apocryphal, and there are few trustworthy recorded facts before 400 A.D. or dates before 500 A.D. In the middle of the 6th century Chinese influence, through Korea, became strong, and in 552 Buddhism was introduced from Korea. A century later legislative government and administrative reform began.
On the Japanese feudal system beginning in the 12th century see: the article Bushido; in the article Japan the account of the earlier army; and the articles Shogun and Mikado. The more important separate articles for the later period are: Tokugawa and Arisugawa for the rival families of the 17th–19th centuries; Mutsu Hito; Sanjo; Okubo Toshimitsu; Saigo; Mutsu; Iwakura Matsukata, the financier; Kato; Komura; Ito; Enomoto; Itagaki, “the first to organize and lead a political party in Japan”; Inouye; Okuma; Yamagata; Hayashi.
CHAPTER XLVIII
ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE
Many topics in the field of economics and social science are treated with some detail in other parts of this Guide. For public finance, for instance, see the chapter For Bankers and Financiers. Tariffs, trusts, labour questions and the problems of population (such as immigration, eugenics, aliens and race-conflict, the liquor traffic, penal and charitable institutions) are among the topics presented in the course on Questions of the Day. In this chapter is a brief outline of the entire subject, including these special topics.
The key article, equivalent to 35 pages in this Guide, is Economics, (Vol. 8, p. 899), by W. A. S. Hewins, formerly director of the London School of Economics, secretary of the tariff commission.
Great Economists
For the history of economic theory in biographies of great economists, see Jean Bodin; Thomas Mun; Hobbes; Sir William Petty; Sir William Temple; Sir Josiah Child; Vauban; Sir Dudley North; Fénelon; Charles Davenant; Pierre Boisguilbert; Montesquieu; François Quesnay; Benjamin Franklin; Antonio Genovesi; Sir James Steuart; Josiah Tucker; Victor Mirabeau; Count of Carli-Rubbi; Justus Möser; Pedro Rodriguez; Adam Smith; Anne Robert Jacques Turgot; Ferdinando Galiani; Beccaria-Bonesana; Du pont de Nemours; Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos; Gaetano Filangieri; Alexander Hamilton; Henry Thornton; Thomas Robert Malthus; Melchiorre Gioja; Jean Baptiste Say; David Ricardo; Jean C. L. de Sismondi; James Mill; Thomas Tooke; Richard Jones; Robert Torrens; Friedrich List; J. R. M’Culloch; Nassau W. Senior; Karl Heinrich Rau; Henry Charles Carey; Auguste Comte; Frederic Bastiat; Harriet Martineau; John Stuart Mill; Bonamy Price; W. T. Thornton; Emile de Laveleye; J. E. Cairnes; J. E. Thorold Rogers; J. K. Ingram; Walter Bagehot; T. E. Cliffe Leslie; David Ames Wells; W. Stanley Jevons; Henry George; Francis Amasa Walker; W. G. Sumner; L. J. Brentano; William Cunningham; Eugen Boehm von Bawerk; Arnold Toynbee; R. T. Ely; A. T. Hadley; D. R. Dewey; F. W. Taussig; W. J. Ashley; E. W. Bemis; and E. R. A. Seligman.
For the chief branches of economic theory read: