Protection (Vol. 22, p. 464), by E. J. James, president of the University of Illinois, author of History of American Tariff Legislation, etc.
For the history of tariff legislation in the United States, the articles Alexander Hamilton, Henry Clay, Federalist Party, Anti-Federalist Party, Democratic Party, Whig Party, Republican Party, J. S. Morrill, McKinley, etc., and United States History (Vol. 27) especially § 113 (p. 689), § 151 (p. 694), § 195 (p. 701), § 241 (p. 708), § 297 (p. 716), § 314 (p. 718), § 354 (p. 728), § 370 (p. 728), § 373 (p. 729), etc.
And for the English tariff legislation in the last hundred years, the articles Corn Laws, John Bright, Cobden, Joseph Chamberlain, etc.
The article Trusts (Vol. 27, p. 334), by Prof. J. W. Jenks of New York University should be supplemented by the article Gilds (Vol. 12, p. 14), contributed by the late Professor Charles Gross of Harvard University, and for American Trust Legislation, by the articles Interstate Commerce (Vol. 14, p. 711) and United States, History (Vol. 27), especially pages 725–726, 729, 734. See also under separate state headings.
Labour and Wages
The article on Gilds just referred to will serve as an introduction to the subject of labour and labour organizations. The most important articles on modern conditions are Trade Unions (Vol. 27, p. 140); Strikes and Lockouts (Vol. 25, p. 1024); and Labour Legislation (Vol. 16, p. 7), all with American sections by Carroll D. Wright, late U. S. Commissioner of Labor. On labour legislation see the special article Employers’ Liability (Vol. 9, p. 356) and the sections on legislation and miscellaneous laws in separate state articles.
Statistics, Population, etc.
One of the great branches of economics is the study of statistics. Advisedly we say “study of statistics” and in the Britannica the student will find comparatively few statistical tables, but much analysis both of statistics and of their meaning. For statistics of population see, for instance, the section on population in the article United States or in any one of the state or city articles. Under Population and Social Conditions in the article United States (Vol. 27, pp. 634–638) are treated: growth of the nation geographically and in population, with special consideration of immigration; changes in localities; urban and rural population; interstate migration; sexes; vital statistics—death rate, marriage, families, birth-rate, illiteracy; religious statistics; occupations; national wealth. And the state articles give: total population at each census; foreign-born and of foreign parentage,—often with analysis and historical outlines of immigration and its variation and character and amount; religious statistics; negroes and whites, Indians, Asiatics, etc.; urban population, with list of larger cities and population of each. In articles on American cities and towns population figures are given from the last census; comparisons are made between native and foreign-born and the foreign-born are classified, and, where there is a predominant element, like the Germans in Cincinnati and St. Louis, an estimate of the influence of this element.
One of the problems of population peculiar to the United States, particularly the Southern states, is the negro. See the article Negro (Vol. 19, p. 344), especially the part dealing with the United States, which is by Walter F. Willcox, professor of social science and statistics in Cornell University and chief statistician of the U. S. Census Bureau. This article and that on Divorce (Vol. 8, p. 334)—another urgent American problem—are remarkable examples of the treatment of a social question from the point of view of a statistician in a most interesting and illuminating manner, although based on dry statistics, and in a manner all the more satisfying and accurate because it has carefully analyzed figures at the back of it.
The status of the negro in different states is described in the separate state articles, and there, too, the reader will find a summary of local divorce laws.