How to Live: Rules for Healthful Living Based on Modern Science

by Irving Fisher; Eugene Lyman Fisk

ENGLAND AND WALES
Annual Standardized Death Rates, Death Rates at Twelve Groups of Ages, and Infant Mortality, 1841–1910.[T]

Year	All Ages (Stand- ard- ized)	Deaths per 1,000 Persons at Subjoined Ages
		0–5	5–10	10–15	15–20	20–25	25–30	35–45	45–55	55–65	65–75	75–85	85 and up- wards	Deaths of Infants under 1 yr. of Age per 1,000 Births
1841–45	20.6	63.7	8.7	5.0	7.2	8.8	9.7	12.1	16.1	28.7	62.0	137.1	295.3	148
1846–50	22.4	68.7	9.4	5.6	7.7	9.8	10.9	13.6	18.1	31.4	65.9	145.8	306.6	157
1851–55	21.7	68.9	8.6	5.2	7.4	9.0	10.1	12.7	17.2	29.6	62.9	143.2	299.5	156
1856–60	20.7	66.9	8.3	4.7	6.7	8.3	9.4	12.0	16.1	28.4	60.9	136.6	293.4	152
1861–65	21.4	69.1	8.4	4.7	6.6	8.4	9.8	12.6	17.1	30.2	62.4	139.1	298.8	151
1866–70	21.2	68.1	7.6	4.3	6.2	8.0	9.9	12.9	17.6	30.6	63.2	141.7	294.3	157
1871–75	20.9	64.9	6.9	4.0	5.8	7.7	9.6	13.1	18.0	31.6	65.3	141.6	305.2	153
1876–80	19.8	61.9	6.1	3.5	4.9	6.5	8.4	12.3	17.5	31.6	64.7	142.9	311.5	145
1881–85	18.7	56.6	5.7	3.2	4.6	6.0	8.0	11.8	17.2	31.0	63.5	136.1	277.7	139
1886–90	18.5	56.9	4.9	2.8	4.1	5.3	7.2	11.1	17.1	31.8	66.3	139.0	290.3	143
1891–95	18.5	57.8	4.6	2.6	4.0	5.0	6.8	11.0	17.3	32.5	67.3	140.8	274.1	151
1896–1900	17.6	57.6	4.1	2.4	3.5	4.5	6.0	10.1	16.2	30.5	64.1	133.6	267.5	156
1901–05	16.0	50.2	3.7	2.2	3.1	4.0	5.4	8.9	14.9	28.7	59.4	127.3	258.6	138
1906–10	14.4	41.7	3.4	2.0	2.9	3.6	4.8	7.8	13.7	27.5	58.1	127.0	262.4	117

Note improvement since 1890 in death rate at every age period of life.

[T] Seventy-fifth Annual Report of the Registrar General of the Births, Deaths, and Marriages in England and Wales, 1912, p. 28.

DEATH RATES CLASSIFIED BY SEX, AGE, AND GENERAL NATIVITY, NEW YORK STATE: 1900 AND 1910[U]

[U] Willcox, Walter F., Special Report on Vital Statistics, 33d annual report, State Department of Health, State of New York, 1912.

MALE

Age Period.	Native White.		Foreign Born White.		Coloured.
	1900 Death Rate.	1910 Death Rate.	1900 Death Rate.	1910 Death Rate.	1900 Death Rate.	1910 Death Rate.
All ages	18.6	17.3	20.6	17.0	27.9	26.5
Under 1	180.3	154.9	166.6	104.6	410.5	313.2
1–4	23.0	17.5	31.6	21.7	57.0	46.6
5–9	5.0	4.0	5.3	3.4	11.0	7.4
10–14	3.0	2.3	2.5	2.5	8.1	7.1
15–19	4.6	3.9	4.9	4.3	10.2	11.3
20–24	7.4	5.9	6.8	5.2	13.8	11.2
25–29	9.4	7.5	7.9	5.6	14.0	11.8
30–34	11.3	9.6	9.3	6.9	15.5	19.6
35–39	12.4	12.3	12.2	9.8	15.1	19.8
40–44	13.6	13.7	15.0	13.2	19.3	23.9
45–49	14.7	16.6	19.8	17.7	30.9	28.7
50–54	17.2	19.6	26.0	23.6	32.0	32.4
55–59	22.3	27.0	34.3	35.4	43.8	45.3
60–64	31.0	37.4	43.4	46.9	40.5	57.4
65–69	46.3	53.5	61.9	65.6	72.4	76.5
70–74	67.5	72.3	82.2	85.2	90.2	77.5
75–79	109.4	118.1	119.4	115.7	125.0	130.6
80–84	156.1	163.9	182.4	190.7	163.1	163.5
85–89	243.8	246.0	239.0	243.3	122.8	183.7
90 &over	366.7	394.9	351.0	367.6	280.0	263.2

FEMALE

Age Period.	Native White.		Foreign Born White.		Coloured.
	1900 Death Rate.	1910 Death Rate.	1900 Death Rate.	1910 Death Rate.	1900 Death Rate.	1910 Death Rate.
All ages	16.1	14.4	19.7	16.2	24.7	21.7
Under 1	149.7	128.7	160.1	92.0	335.6	265.0
1–4	21.0	16.3	30.5	18.6	49.6	40.1
5–9	4.8	3.8	5.0	3.9	10.1	8.6
10–14	2.9	2.3	2.7	2.4	12.3	7.2
15–19	4.5	3.2	3.6	3.2	8.8	9.7
20–24	6.8	4.9	5.8	4.0	8.8	10.9
25–29	8.1	6.1	7.6	5.3	10.1	10.4
30–34	8.9	7.0	9.3	6.6	12.4	11.4
35–39	9.3	7.7	11.0	7.9	15.1	14.3
40–44	10.1	9.6	13.3	9.9	19.7	20.2
45–49	12.4	11.3	16.9	13.5	19.1	20.8
50–54	14.9	15.0	22.2	19.1	25.4	29.8
55–59	19.4	19.8	31.3	28.8	39.3	36.4
60–64	25.4	27.5	41.7	41.0	52.2	49.8
65–69	38.2	42.7	57.0	59.4	62.0	69.6
70–74	58.7	64.5	83.1	85.2	86.3	49.7
75–79	93.4	96.0	117.5	115.0	110.7	96.0
80–84	148.7	152.7	167.5	170.2	136.8	131.7
85–89	224.2	223.9	246.9	242.1	117.6	175.8
90 & over	326.4	339.0	355.0	348.5	183.3	222.2

The tables on this and the opposite page show the same general trend of mortality in New York State that is exhibited in the Registration States generally and wherever reliable statistics are obtainable. It will be noted, however, that there is little change in the mortality rate among women until age sixty, when a decidedly increased mortality rate is shown comparing 1910 with 1900. It will also be noted that this unfavorable trend in mortality in later life is manifested among native whites, foreign born and colored citizens alike.

COMPARISON OF EXPECTATIONS OF LIFE, NEW YORK CITY, ENGLAND AND WALES, AND LONDON

Ages	New York City[V] 1909–1911.		England and Wales[W] 1910–1912.		London[W] 1911–1912.
	Males	Females	Males	Females	Males	Females
At birth	44.55	48.8	51.50	55.35	...	...
10	46.95	50.4	53.08	55.91	...	...
20	38.26	41.7	44.21	47.10	42.35	46.71
30	30.34	33.6	35.81	38.54	33.87	37.94
40	23.34	26.2	27.74	30.30	26.03	29.67
50	17.11	19.1	20.29	22.51	19.09	22.17
60	11.71	12.9	13.78	15.48	13.09	15.39
70	7.66	8.2	8.53	9.58	8.17	9.57
80	4.66	4.9	4.90	5.49	4.79	5.39
90	2.24	2.8	2.87	3.16	2.75	3.10

The above tables show, both among males and females, that the expectation of life is greater at every ago period in England and Wales and in London than in New York.