The Economics of the Russian Village

by Isaac A. Hourwich

TABLE II.—Taxation of the Peasantry.

Classes of peasants and titles of possession.	District of Ranenburg.						District of Dankoff.
	Land in dessiatines.		Cattle.	Taxes in rubles.			Land in dessiatines.		Cattle.	Taxes in rubles.
	To 1 male, 1858.	To 1 household.		To 1 dessiatine.	To 1 male, 1858.	To 1 male worker.	To 1 male, 1858.	To 1 household.		To 1 dessiatine.	To 1 male, 1858.	To 1 male worker.
I. Former serfs:
1. Corvée or taille	2.4	6.2	2.7	5.2	11.9	19.9	2.6	6.9	2.7	5.1	12.6	21.9
2. Redemption	2.4	6.1	2.5	4.5	10.8	17.9	2.5	7.0	2.5	4.3	11.1	18.7
3. Donation	0.5	1.9	1.8	6.8	3.6	6.2	0.8	2.7	1.6	4.6	4.0	8.1
4. Absolute property	5.3	16.1	4.2	0.8	4.6	5.1	4.8	14.1	4.3	1.1	5.8	8.9
II. Former serfs, subsequently state peasants	2.3	6.5	2.4	3.1	7.0	14.2	4.0	9.1	3.0	2.5	7.9	15.8
Total	2.4	6.1	2.6	4.6	11.0	18.2	2.7	6.8	2.5	4.4	11.2	19.1
III. Former state peasants:
1. Agrarian communism	4.1	11.1	2.9	2.4	10.1	16.2	4.1	10.4	2.6	2.2	9.4	15.6
2. Quarterly possession	6.7	15.0	4.0	1.9	13.2	18.0	5.4	15.9	3.3	1.9	10.8	18.1
3. Mixed	4.5	12.4	3.1	2.4	11.1	18.6	5.1	12.9	2.9	2.6	10.5	17.9
Total	4.3	11.5	3.0	2.4	10.4	16.7	4.6	12.4	2.9	2.6	10.0	16.7

TABLE III.—Arrears in Taxes.

Degree of indebtedness.	Former serfs.						Former state peasants.
	Communities.	Households.		Arrears in Rubles.			Communities.	Households.		Arrears in Rubles.
		Number.	Per cent.	Amount.	Per cent.	To 1 household.		Number.	Per cent.	Amount.	Per cent.	To 1 household.
District of Dankoff:
Without arrears	175	6107	61.2				17	2125	40.4
In arrears:
For not more than the land tax[197]	88	3541	35.4	6602	53.4	1.9	21	3119	59.3	4668	94.7	1.5
For not more than 1 year’s taxes	8	162	1.6	2432	19.7	15.0	1	18	0.3	263	5.3	14.6
For from 1 to 2 years’ taxes	3	179	1.8	3322	26.9	18.6
Total in arrears	99	3882	38.8	12356	100		22	3137	59.6	4931	100
Total in the district	274	9989	100				39	5262	100
District of Ranenburg:
Without arrears	41	1254	9.6				6	169	2.1
In arrears:
For not more than the land tax	138	6776	52.1	52891	30.1	7.8	34	5063	64.3	33869	47.9	6.7
For not more than 1 year’s taxes	76	3529	27.1	70814	40.3	20.1	13	2644	33.6	36857	52.1	13.9
For from 1 to 2 year’s taxes	29	1367	10.6	47392	26.9	34.7
For from 2 to 3 years’ taxes	3	73	0.6	4768	2.7	65.3
Total in arrears	246	11745	90.4	175865	100		47	7107	97.9	70726	100
Total in the district	287	12999	100				53	7876	100

TABLE IV.—Distribution of Rented Land.

A.—Classification with regard to ownership of land.

Households.	D. of Korotoyak.					D. of Nizhnedevitsk.					In all.
	Tenants, per cent.		Rented land.			Tenants, per cent.		Rented land.			Rented for money rental, per cent.	Rented for share in crops, per cent.
			Per cent.		To one tenant (dessiatines).			Per cent.		To one tenant (dessiatines).
Landless	0.2	} 13.4	0.3	} 9.2	5.4	0.3	} 19.4	0.3	} 14.9	3.4	0.3	0.2
Owning under 5 dessiatines	13.2		8.9		2.8	19.1		14.6		3.0	11.6	12.8
” from 5 to 15 dessiatines	49.0		38.9		3.3	49.7		41.7		3.3	39.8	50.0
” from 15 to 25 dessiatines	26.1	} 37.6	27.5	} 51.9	4.5	22.0	} 30.9	24.6	} 43.4	4.4	26.1	26.4
” over 25 dessiatines	11.5		24.4		9.0	8.9		18.8		8.2	22.2	10.6
Total	100		100		4.2	100		100		3.9	100	100