| Households (D. of Korotoyak). | Classes. | Total in the district. | Old men above 60. | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strong farmers. I. | Farmers laboring. II. | Proletarians. III. | Total. | Rate to the number of households. | |||||||
| Landless | .. | .. | 11 | } 48 | 2 | } 16 | 1 | } 8 | 9 | ||
| Owning from 1 to 5 dessiatines | 2 | 11 | 37 | 14 | 7 | 7 | |||||
| Owning from 5 to 15 dessiatines | 14 | 60 | 42 | 50 | 41 | 11 | |||||
| Owning from 15 to 25 dessiatines | 56 | } 84 | 22 | } 29 | 9 | } 10 | 25 | } 34 | 31 | } 51 | 17 |
| Owning above 25 dessiatines | 28 | 7 | 1 | 9 | 20 | 28 | |||||
| Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 14 | |||||
The relative number of old men above 60 is four times greater in the uppermost than in the lowest class of landholders (28:7). The absolute number of old householders belonging to the two lowest classes is the half of the average in the district (8:16), while the uppermost class numbers twice as many householders as the average, and in the two upper groups taken together the number of old householders exceeds the average by 50 per cent. (51:34). Now, the bulk of the class of strong farmers is made up of these two groups, and one-half of the old householders range among the very same groups, constituting there a very noticeable minority. On the contrary, one-half of the proletarians range among those groups in which old people cut no figure numerically.
[138] The above statements are based upon the following numerical data:
| District of Zadonsk: Classes. | One part leased. | All cultivated. Dessiatines. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Households. | Land to 1 household (Dessiatines). | ||||
| In all. | Leased. | Cultivated. | |||
| Owning above 25 dessiatines | .. | 20.7 | 9.9 | 10.8 | 17.6 |
| Owning from 15 to 25 dessiatines | .. | 9.7 | 5 | 4.7 | 8.9 |
| Owning from 5 to 15 dessiatines | .. | 5 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 4.9 |
| Owning less than 5 dessiatines | .. | 2.5 | 1.5 | 1 | 2 |
| Total | .. | 6 | 3.2 | 2.8 | 4.9 |
| Having 4 horses or more | 10 | 38.1 | 9 | 29.1 | 10.7 |
| Having from 2 to 3 horses | 226 | 11.8 | 5.6 | 6.2 | 5.9 |
| Having 1 horse | 909 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 3.6 |
| Having no horse | 877 | 4.3 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 2.6 |
| Total | 2022 | 6 | 3.2 | 2.8 | 4.9 |
If we consider the first series specified according to the size of the farms, we notice that the lessors, with their plots somewhat above the average, are falling into the next lower classes with regard to the extent of their farming. On the other hand, given the quantity of live stock, the extent of cultivated land remains constant. The lessors are those whose plots equal the standard of the higher class, while by the quantity of their live stock they are on a par with the lower class. The 10 households with 4 horses to each make an exception, the area cultivated by them considerably exceeding the average. There may be a few more households of the same kind, which are hidden in the average figures; on a whole, however, such households are only an exception to the rule.
As to the extent of the farms leased in toto, the following figures need no comment:
| Average extent of cultured land to 1 household (dessiatines). | ||
|---|---|---|
| Zadonsk. | Korotoyak. | |
| Total plot leased | 2.2 | 2.5 |
| In the region at large | 4.6 | 5.8 |
| Percentage of families to population. | Percentage of leased land to the total communal land. | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ranenburg: | |||
| Leasing their plots— | |||
| 1) Total | 12 | } | 10 |
| 2) Partly | 14 | ||
| Dankoff: | |||
| Leasing their plots— | |||
| 1) Total | 11 | } | 8 |
| 2) Partly | 13 | ||
[139] Cf. Chapter III.
[140] It appears from the following table that among the higher classes of landholders, tenure of peasant plots is represented by a higher percentage than tenure from landlords, while the latter kind of tenure is stronger among the lower groups of landholders: