A History of Mediaeval Jewish Philosophy

by Isaac Husik

Aaron ben Elijah, [xli], [362]-[387];
relation to Maimonides, [363 f.];
to the Muʿtazila, [364];
reason and faith, [364 f.];
physics, [366 ff.];
defends atomic theory, [367 f.];
creation, [ibid.];
existence of God, [368 f.];
unity, [ibid.];
incorporeality, [ibid.];
attributes, [369 f.];
will of God, [372];
problem of evil, [373 f.], [376 f.];
Providence, [375 f.];
reward and punishment, [379], [383];
purpose of the world and of man, [379 f.];
prophecy, [380 f.];
immutability of the Law, [382];
reason of the commandments, [ibid.];
immortality, [384];
resurrection, [385 f.]
Aaron ben Joseph, [363]
Abarbanel, Don Isaac, [304], [312], [328], [430]
Abarbanel, Judah Leo, [431]
Abd Al Rahman III, [59]
Abélard, [305]
Abraham bar Hiyya, [xlvi], [114]-[124];
standpoint, [115];
physics, [116 f.];
matter, [ibid.];
form, [117 ff.];
intellect, soul and nature, [119];
ethics, [119], [122 f.];
reward and punishment, [119], [122 ff.];
immortality, [120 f.];
problem of evil, [123 f.], [128], [139], [175], [309], [435]
Æsculapius, [155]
Afer, Constantinus, [1]
Aher, [197]
Akiba, Rabbi, [xxvi]
Al-Ashari, [xxiii]
Albalag, Isaac, [328], [429], [430], [447, note 403a]
Albalia, Baruh, [151]
Al Basir, Joseph, [xxv], [xlvii], [48]-[55];
priority of reason, [48];
atomic theory, [49];
existence of God, [49 f.];
creation, [ibid.];
attributes, [50];
divine will, [ibid.];
eternity, [51];
incorporeality, unity, simplicity, [ibid, f.];
God's word, [52];
ethics, [ibid, f.];
problem of evil, [54];
freedom, [54 f.];
and foreknowledge, [ibid.];
reward and punishment, [55], [56], [57], [81], [126], [127], [128], [141], [146], [200], [246], [363], [434]
Albertus Magnus, [1], [200], [306], [312], [313], [323]
Albo, Joseph, I, [406]-[427];
standpoint, [406 ff.];
purpose of his work, [408];
principles of religion, [ibid.];
criticism of Maimonides's 13 articles, [409 ff.];
Albo's own view, [410 f.];
divine law distinguished from natural and conventional, [408 ff.];
freedom, a principle, [412];
creation, [413], [415];
existence of God, [419 f.];
attributes, [420];
angels, [ibid.];
revelation, [420 f.];
prophecy, [421];
immutability of the Law, [423];
God's knowledge, [424];
and human freedom, [ibid.];
Providence, [425];
reward and punishment, [425 f.]; [428], [430], [436], [447, note 403a]
Alexander of Aphrodisias, [xviii], [7], [60], [290], [313], [321], [332], [334], [335], [336]
Alexander the Great, [xvii]
Alexander of Hales, [306]

Alfadhil, [239]
Alfarabi, [xx], [xxi], [xxxix], [xlvi], [2], [26], [60], [177], [178], [198], [199], [218], [223], [252], [253], [276], [281], [302], [312], [313], [362], [391], [392]
Alfasi, [151]
Algazali, [xxxix], [80], [152], [153], [389], [392], [420], [443, note 230]
Ali, [86]
Al-Kirkisani, Joseph Ha-Maor, [363]
Almohades, [238]
Alphonso VI, [151]
Al-Mansur, [1]
Almoravid, [151]
Anatoli, Jacob, [302], [309]
Angels, [xlvi];
in Abraham ibn Ezra, [190 f.];
in Ibn Daud, [221 f.];
in Maimonides, [266 f.];
in Albo, [420]
Anthropomorphism, [xxii], [xxvi], [xlv], [35], [95], [186], [260 f.]
Appel, [448, note 442]
Aquinas, Thomas, [1], [61], [63], [200], [207], [306], [307], [312], [313], [323], [331], [332], [406]
Arama, Isaac, [430]
Archimedes, [xviii]
Aristotelians, [xl], [150], [165], [246], [364], [365], [366], [368], [428]
Aristotle, [xvi], [xviii], [xix], [xx], [xxi], [xxix f.], [xxxvii], [xxxix], [xl], [xli], [xlii], [xlv], [xlvi], [7], [8], [9], [13], [20], [26], [60], [62], [64], [72], [89], [92], [107], [111], [126], [132], [138], [139], [155], [157], [173], [175], [177], [178], [179], [181], [182], [184], [185], [199], [200], [206], [207], [210], [213], [216], [217], [218], [236], [240], [247], [252], [253], [254], [256], [258], [266], [267], [268], [269], [270], [271], [273], [274], [275], [276], [290], [291], [299], [300], [303], [305], [306], [307], [309], [312], [313], [315], [316], [321], [329], [331], [332], [333], [334], [338], [346], [347], [350], [352], [353], [354], [366], [367], [375], [378], [388], [389], [390], [395], [402], [408], [412], [425], [429], [430], [431]
"Arugat Habosem," [184]
Ashariya, [xxiii], [xxvii], [xlvii], [23], [246], [251], [291], [362], [365], [372], [378], [379]
Atomic theory, in the Kalam, [xxii], [249 f.];
in Saadia, [25];
in Al Basir, [49];
in Jeshua ben Judah, [56];
in Aaron ben Elijah, [367 f.]
Attributes, doctrine of, in the Kalam, [xxiii], [xxvii], [xl], [xliv];
in Saadia, [xliv], [33 f.];
in Mukammas, [18 ff.];
in Al Basir, [50];
in Bahya, [93 f.];
in Ibn Zaddik, [145 f.];
in Judah Halevi, [161 ff.];
in Ibn Daud, [220 f.];
in Maimonides, [xlv], [262 ff.];
in Levi ben Gerson, [xlv], [344 f.], [351 f.];
in Aaron ben Elijah, [369 f.];
in Crescas, [391 f.];
in Albo, [420]
Auerbach, Heimann, [445, note 331a]
Augustine, [xli], [51], [305], [445, note 307]
Averroes (Ibn Roshd), [xx], [xxi], [xxxix], [xli], [xlvi], [xlvii], [7], [60], [62], [125], [177], [199], [306], [309], [310], [312], [313], [318], [321], [322], [323], [329], [332], [334], [335], [336], [362], [392], [431]
Avicebron, see Gabirol, Solomon Ibn
Avicenna (Ibn Sina), [xx], [xxi], [xxxix], [xlvi], [2], [26], [60], [62], [107], [108], [175], [177], [178], [179], [198], [199], [207], [210], [211], [213], [218], [223], [224], [253], [276], [281], [302], [312], [313], [362], [391], [392], [420]
Bacher, W., [437], [443, notes 212] and [214]; [445, note 312a]
Back, Samuel, [436]
Baeumker, Clemens, [440, note 84]; [441, notes 86] and [89]
Bahya, Ibn Pakuda, [xix], [xxviii], [xxxix], [xlii], [l], [80]-[105];
duties of the limbs and duties of the heart, [82 f.];
sources of knowledge, [83];
creation, [86 ff.];
unity, [89 f.];
attributes, [93 f.];
study of nature, [96 f.];
gratitude to God, [97 f.];
submission to God, [98];
freedom, [ibid.];
the laws, [98 f.];
trust in God, [99 f.];
"unity of conduct," [101 f.];
humility, [ibid.];
repentance, [102];
self-examination, [103];
temperance, [104];
asceticism, [ibid.];
love of God, [105], [106], [126], [128], [146], [147], [162], [167], [168], [195], [200], [201], [217], [241], [246], [252], [309], [362], [428], [434]
Baradæus, Jacob, [34]
Bardenhewer, [439, note 7]
Bardesanes, [375]
Becker, C. H., [xxvi], [xxvii]
Beer, [433]
Bernfeld, Simon, [viii], [433]
Bisliches, M. L., [445, notes 312] and [315]
Bloch, Philipp, [436]
Brahmins, [380]
Brethren of Purity, [xxxix], [60], [107], [125], [126], [128], [139], [187], [199]
Broydé, Isaac, [106], [441, note 131]
Cicero, [431]
Clement VI, Pope, [329]
Clement of Alexandria, [302]
Chazars, [153]
Crawford, J. P. W., [436]
Creation, in Kalam, [xxii], [xlii], [24], [247], [252];
in Saadia, [xlii], [24];
in Israeli, [5 ff.];
in Al Basir, [49 f.];
in Jeshua ben Judah, [56];
in Gabirol, [68];
in Bahya, [xlii], [86 ff.];
in Pseudo Bahya, [110];
in Abraham bar Hiyya, [116 ff.];
in Ibn Zaddik, [xlii], [143];
in Judah Halevi, [157];
in Abraham ibn Ezra, [190];
in Maimonides, [269 ff.];
in Levi ben Gerson, [352 f.];
in Aaron ben Elijah, [367 f.];
in Albo, [413], [415]
Creed, articles of, [l];
in Maimonides, [409 f.];
in Crescas, [392 ff.];
in Albo, [410 f.]
Creizenach, M., [443, note 214]
Crescas, Hasdai, [xv], [xix], [xxvii], [xxxix], [xl], [xlii], [xlix], [l], [173], [200], [312], [388]-[405];

standpoint, [389];
existence of God, [389 f.];
unity, [391 f.];
attributes, [ibid.];
fundamental dogmas of Judaism, [392 ff.];
God's knowledge, [392 f.];
Providence, [393 f.];
problem of evil, [394];
prophecy, [395];
freedom, [396 f.];
influence on Spinoza, [398 f.];
purpose of the Law, [399 f.];
immortality, [400];
creation, [402];
criticism of Maimonides's 13 articles of the creed, [402], [404];
reward and punishment, [403 f.];
resurrection, [404 f.], [406], [407], [408], [409], [414], [416], [419], [420], [421], [424], [426], [428], [430], [436], [447, notes 403a] and [409]
"Cusari," see "Kusari"
Daud, Abraham Ibn, [xix], [xx], [xxvii], [xxxix], [xlii], [xliii], [xlv], [xlvi], [xlvii], [xlviii], [xlix], [61], [62], [63], [71], [79], [125], [166], [197]-[235];
standpoint, [197 f.];
Ibn Daud neglected, [201];
purpose of his book, [201 f.];
duty to study philosophy, [202];
relative value of the sciences, [203 f.];
categories, [205];
physics, [205 ff.];
matter and form, [ibid.];
motion, [207];
infinity, [208];
psychology, [209 ff.];
rational soul, [212 ff.];
the three kinds of intellect, [214];
immortality, [215];
metempsychosis, [215 f.];
the heavenly spheres, [216];
existence of God, [217 ff.];
incorporeality, [217];
unity, [219 f.];
attributes, [220 f.];
angels, [221 f.];
active intellect, [222];
emanation of Intelligences, [223];
tradition, [223 f.];
prophecy, [224 f.];
abrogation of the Law, [226 f.];
freedom, [201 f.], [229 ff.];
problem of evil, [228 f.];
and foreknowledge, [229 f.];
ethics, [231 ff.];
virtues, [232];
reason of commandments, [233 f.] [237], [240], [241], [246], [248], [253], [254], [257], [266], [267], [276], [281], [302], [307], [309], [317], [332], [350], [362], [366], [388], [428], [435]
De Boer, [439, note 5]
"Definitions, Book of," [2], [4], [60]
Deinard, E., [447, note 404]
Delitzsch, [446, note 360]
Delmedigo, Elijah, [431]
Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon, [431]
Democritus, [xxii], [3]
Dieterici, [439, note 6]
Doctor, Max, [435], [442, note 162]
Dominicus Gundissalinus, [61], [63]
Dukes, [443, note 213]
Dunash ben Labrat, [59]
Duns Scotus, [61], [63], [200], [307]
Duran, Simon, [406], [447, note 403a]
"Duties of the Hearts," [80], [81]
Duval, [439, note 5]
"Eight Chapters," [239]
Eisler, Moritz, [433]
"Elements, Book of," [2], [3], [4], [10], [60]
Elias of Nisibis, [34]
Elisha ben Abuya, [197]
Empedocles, [60], [61], [64], [126], [127], [145], [179], [184]
"Emunah Ramah," [198]
"Emunot ve-Deot," [24]
Engelkemper, D. J., [434]
Entelechy, [xxxv], [209]
Ephodi, [328]
Epicurus, [290], [367]
Eriugena, [200]
Ethics, in Jewish Philosophy, [xlvii f.];
in Saadia, [46 f.];
in Al Basir, [52 f.];
in Jeshua ben Judah, [57];
in Gabirol, [71 ff.];
in Abraham bar Hiyya, [119 ff.];
in Ibn Zaddik, [148];
in Judah Halevi, [168];
in Abraham ibn Ezra, [195];
in Ibn Daud, [228 ff.], [231 ff.];
in Maimonides, [281 ff.];
in Hillel ben Samuel, [325].
See also "Virtue."
Euclid, [xviii], [90]
Evil, Problem of, in Al Basir, [54];
in Abraham bar Hiyya, [123 f.];
in Ibn Zaddik, [148];
in Abraham ibn Ezra, [195];
in Ibn Daud, [228 f.];
in Maimonides, [288 f.];
in Aaron ben Elijah, [373 f.];
in Crescas, [394]
Exegesis, Biblical, [xvi], [xxxvii];
in Saadia, [35];
in Gabirol, [78 f.];
in Abraham ibn Ezra, [187 f.];
in Maimonides, [302 ff.];
in Levi ben Gerson, [357 f.], [437]
"Ez Hayim," [363]
Ezekiel, Vision of divine chariot, [xvii], [303]
Falaquera, Shem Tob, [61], [63], [64], [309], [328], [441, note 86]
"Fons Vitæ," [60], [61], [72], [80], etc.
"Fountain of Life," see "Fons Vitæ"
Frankl, P. F., [434], [440, note 80]
Frankl-Grün, Ad., [435]
Freedom of the Will, [xiv], [xlvii];
in Saadia, [41 f.];
in Al Basir, [54 f.];
in Bahya, [98];
in Judah Halevi, [xlviii], [171 ff.];
in Abraham ibn Ezra, [193];
in Ibn Daud, [xlviii], [229 f.];
in Maimonides, [xlviii], [285 ff.];
in Crescas, [xlviii], [396 ff.];
in Albo, [412], [424]
Freimann, [442, note 148]
Fried, S., [439, note 30]; [440, note 34]
Friedländer, M., [444, note 250]
Gabirol, Solomon Ibn, [xix], [xxxix], [xlvi], [59]-[79];
fate of G. in Jewish Literature, [60 f.];
tendency of his work, [63 f.];
G. a Neo-Platonist, [64];
his doctrine, [64 ff.];
emanation, [65];
matter in spiritual substances, [65], [67];
man typical of the universe, [65];
Intelligence, Soul, Nature, [66];
matter, [66 f.];
creation, [68];
will, [68 f.], [70];
mystic knowledge, [69 f.];
ethics, [71 ff.];
the virtues, [72 f.];
the "Royal Crown" (Keter Malkut), [75 f.];
Biblical exegesis, [78 f.];
influence on Jewish Philosophy, [79];
on Kabbala, ibid., [80], [81], [89], [91], [107], [126], [127], [131], [151], [184], [185], [187], [188], [198], [200], [206], [237], [246], [307], [309], [328], [428], [434]
Galen, [xviii], [2], [3], [72], [209], [252]
Genesis, creation story, [xvii], [xxix], [303]
Gersonides, see Levi ben Gerson
Ginzberg, L., [439, note 13]
God, in Aristotle, [xxxiii];
existence of G. in Kalam, [xlii], [24], [247];
in Saadia, [xlii], [28 ff.];
in Al Basir, [49 f.];
in Jeshua ben Judah, [57];
in Bahya, [xlii], [86 ff.];
in Ibn Zaddik, [xlii], [143];
in Ibn Daud, [xlii f.], [217 ff.];
in Maimonides, [xliii], [248], [257 ff.];
in Levi ben Gerson, [350 f.];
in Aaron ben Elijah, [368 f.];
in Crescas, [389 ff.];
in Albo, [419 f.]
Goldenthal, [445, note 318]
Goldziher, Ignaz, [106], [433], [439, notes 10] and [23]; [442, note 132]
Gorfinkle, Joseph I., [444, note 251]
Graetz, H., [445, note 311]
Graf, [440, note 64]
Gugenheimer, [435]
"Guide of the Perplexed," [239]
Guttmann, Jacob, [434], [435], [436], [439, note 27]; [440, notes 33], [41] and [83]; [442, note 133]; [443, notes 230] and [245]; [445, notes 310] and [331a]; [447, notes 403a], [436] and [437]
Guttmann, Julius, [435]
Halevi, Judah, [xix], [xxxix], [xl], [xlv], [xlvi], [xlviii], [xlix], [125], [150]-[183];
his standpoint, [150], [152], [157 f.];
his life, [151 f.];
philosophy and religion, [152];
influence of Algazali, [152 f.];
the "Kusari," [153 ff.];
the "philosopher's" creed, [154 f.];
the Christian's, [155 f.];
the Mohammedan's, [156];
the Jew's, [156 ff.];
creation, [157];
existence of God, [158];
will, [159];
motives of philosopher and believer, [159 f.];
meaning of the name of "Jhvh," [159 f.], [165];
of "Elohim," [160], [165];
mysticism in H., [160];
attributes, [161 ff.];
incorporeality, [162];
superiority of Israel, [162 f.];
need of revelation, [163];
superiority of Palestine, [164];
Israel the heart among the nations, [164];
superiority of the Hebrew language, [164 f.];
prophecy, [165 f.];
the active Intellect, [165 f.];
the ceremonial law, [167 f.];
ethics, [168 f.];
immortality, [169 f.], [181 f.];
future world and reward and punishment, [170];
freedom, [171 ff.];
and foreknowledge, [172 f.];
interpretation of "Sefer Yezirah," [173 f.];
the Rabbis knew the sciences, [174];
exposition of the current philosophy, [174 ff.];
H. understands Aristotle's definition of the soul, [175];
physics, [175 ff.];
matter, [175];
criticism, [176 f.];
emanation of Intelligences, [178];
criticism, [178 f.];
psychology, [179 f.];
criticism, [181 f.], [197], [198], [200], [201], [210], [211], [216], [223], [224], [226], [230], [231], [246], [248], [281], [309], [332], [362], [389], [392], [396], [414], [420], [421], [426], [429], [435]
Harizi, Judah, [125], [184]
Harkavy, Abraham, [17], [433]
Hasdai Ibn Shaprut, [59], [153], [308]
Hayyuj, [187], [309]
Hefez ben Yazliah, [84]
"Hegyon ha-Nefesh," [114]
Hermes, [60], [155], [184]
Hertz, J. H., [434]
Hillel ben Samuel, [xlvi], [312]-[327];
standpoint, [314];
the soul, [314 ff.];
definition of soul, [317];
active intellect, [317 ff.];
reward and punishment, [323 ff.];
prophecy, [325];
ethics, [ibid.];
resurrection, [326];
interpretation of Rabbinic writings, [326 f.], [332]
Hippocrates, [xviii], [2], [3], [72], [209]
Hirschfeld, [440, note 31]; [442, note 178]
"Hobot ha-Lebabot," see "Duties of the Hearts"
Homonym, [240], [351], [371]
Horovitz, S., [433], [442, notes 162], [163] and [165]; [443, note 226]
Husik, Isaac, [436], [439, note 9]; [445, note 308]; [446, note 334]; [448, note 443]
Hypostasis, [xxxviii], [6], [91], [115]
Ibn Aknin, Joseph, [302]
Ibn Badja, [60]
Ibn Caspi, Joseph, [302], [310], [329]
Ibn Daud (Aven Death), [61]
Ibn Daud, Abraham, see Daud, Abraham Ibn
Ibn Ezra, Abraham, [xxxix], [79], [80], [81], [114], [184], [187]-[196];
Biblical exegesis, [187 f.];
unity of God, [189];
incorporeality, [ibid.];
creation, [190];
matter, [ibid.];
the universe, [190 f.];
Intelligences, [ibid.];
angels, [ibid.];
soul, [191 f.];
reward and punishment, [192];
transmigration, [192];
freedom, [193];
and foreknowledge, [ibid.];
knowledge of God, [193 f.];
prophecy, [194];
classification of the laws, [194];
problem of evil, [195];
ethics, [ibid.], [200], [246], [309], [310], [429], [435]
Ibn Ezra, Moses, [xxxix], [xlvi],

[79], [125], [184]-[187];
man a microcosm, [185];
definition of philosophy, [185];
unity of God, [ibid.];
active intellect, [186], [200], [246]
Ibn Migash, Joseph, [151]
Ibn Janah, [84], [309]
Ibn Roshd, see Averroes
Ibn Sina, see Avicenna
Ibn Zaddik, Joseph, [xix], [xxxix], [xlii], [xlv], [xlvi], [xlix], [60], [79], [125]-[149];
standpoint, [125 f.];
division of his book, [128];
purpose, [129];
definition of philosophy, [129];
process and sources of knowledge, [129 f.];
physics, [130 ff.];
matter and form, [ibid.];
substance, [131];
the sphere, [131 f.];
the four elements, [132 f.];
the human body, [133 f.];
the soul, [134 f.];
the three souls, [ibid.];
the emotions, [ibid.];
life, [136];
death, [ibid.];
sleep and waking, [ibid.];
the rational soul, [137];
definition of soul, [138];
intellect, [139];
world soul, [140];
duty to use the reason, [ibid.];
criticism of the Kalam, [141 f.];
creation, [143];
existence of God, [ibid.];
unity, [ibid.];
self-sufficiency, [144];
will of God, [ibid.];
attributes, [145 f.];
commandments, [147];
rational and traditional, [ibid.];
the virtues, [148];
reward and punishment, [148];
evil, [148 f.];
Messiah, [149], [162], [175], [184], [200], [206], [209]; [211], [237], [246], [309], [317], [362], [435]
"Ikkarim," [406]
Immortality, in Pseudo-Bahya, [112 f.];
in Abraham bar Hiyya, [120 f.];
in Judah Halevi, [169 f.], [181 f.];
in Ibn Daud, [215];
in Levi ben Gerson, [339 ff.];
in Aaron ben Elijah, [384];
in Crescas, [400]
Incorporeality, in Kalam, [xliv], [253];
in Saadia, [32];
in Al Basir, [51];
in Jeshua ben Judah, [57];
in Judah Halevi, [162];
in Abraham ibn Ezra, [189 f.];
in Ibn Daud, [217];
in Maimonides, [xliv], [257 ff.], [260 ff.];
in Aaron ben Elijah, [368 f.]
Infinity, in Kalam, [251 f.];
in Saadia, [25], [30];
in Bahya, [86], [87];
in Ibn Daud, [208];
in Maimonides, [251 f.], [254], [256 f.];
in Crescas, [390]
Intellect, active, [xli];
in Jewish Philosophy, [xlvi f.];
acquired i., [xlvii];
active i. in prophecy, [xlix], [109];
in Ibn Zaddik, [139];
in Judah Halevi, [155], [162], [165], [181];
in Moses ibn Ezra, [186];
in Ibn Daud, [222];
in Maimonides, [268], [277];
in Hillel ben Samuel, [317 ff.];
in Levi ben Gerson, [337 ff.;]
See also "Intelligence," "Soul"
Intelligence, [xlvi];
in Israeli, [6 f.];
in Gabirol, [65], [66];
in Pseudo-Bahya, [109];
in Abraham bar Hiyya, [119];
in Abraham ibn Ezra, [190 f.];
in Maimonides, [266 f.]
Israeli, Isaac, [xix], [xlvi], [xlix], [1]-[16];
Maimonides on I., [1 f.];
his works, [2];
his sources, [ibid.];
theory of the elements, [3], [12];
definition of philosophy, [4];
creation, [5 ff.];
Intelligence, [6 f.];
Soul, [8 ff.];
three kinds of soul, [10 ff.];
element and principle, [12 f.];
prophecy, [15], [17], [24], [31], [60], [72], [91], [127], [175], [224], [434]
Jabariya, [xxi], [xlvii]
Jacob ben Machir, [309], [310]
Jacobites, [xviii], [34]
Jaulus, [437]
Jeshua ben Judah, [xxv], [xlvii], [55]-[58];
priority of reason, [56];
atomic theory, [ibid.];
creation, [ibid.];
existence of God, [57];
incorporeality, [ibid.];
good and evil, [ibid.], [200], [246], [363], [434]
Jesus, [xxvii], [86], [91]
Job, [xv], [xxvi], [304], [346], [377 f.]
Joel, M., [398], [435], [436], [445, note 310]; [446, notes 335] and [398]; [447, note 398 end]
Johannes Hispanus, [61]
Joseph ben Shemtob, [429], [430], [447, note 404]
Joseph ibn Zaddik, see Ibn Zaddik, Joseph
Jourdain, A., [63], [441, note 85]; [445, note 306]
Judah ben Barzilai, [17]
Judah Hadassi, [363]
Judah Halevi, see Halevi, Judah
Judah Messer Leon, [431]
Justinian, [xvii]
Kabbala, [79], [429], [430]
Kadariya, [xxi], [xxii], [xxiii], [23]
Kalam, [xxiv], [xxvii], [16], [17], [48], [50], [52], [55], [86], [106], [125], [128], [141 f.], [146], [154], [171], [183], [200], [245], [246 ff.], [362], [366], [428], [433], [439, note 10]
Kalisch, Isidor, [433]
Karaites, [xiii], [xxiv], [xxv], [xli], [xlvii], [23], [24], [48], [55], [59], [108], [125], [126], [146], [154], [174], [183], [200], [245], [246], [362], [363], [364], [365], [370], [373], [377], [378], [428]
Kaufmann, David, [152], [153], [433], [434], [435], [436], [441, note 88]; [442, note 181]; [444, notes 250] and [305]
Kellermann, Benzion, [436]
"Keter Malkut," see "Royal Crown"
Kindi, Al, [xxxix]
Klein, Miksa, [434]
Knowledge, sources of, [xl];
in Saadia, [27 f.];
in Bahya, [83];
in Ibn Zaddik, [129 f.]

Koran, [xxi], [xxii], [xxiii], [xxvi], [xxvii], [xxix], [xliv], [34], [156]
Krochmal, Nahman, [189], [435]
"Kusari," [153]
Lactantius, [431]
Landauer, S., [175], [440, note 37]
Laws, rational and traditional, [1];
in Saadia, [38 f.];
in Ibn Zaddik, [147];
in Abraham ibn Ezra, [194];
in Ibn Daud, [233 f.];
in Maimonides, [294 ff.];
in Aaron ben Elijah, [382]
Lebid-ibn Al-Aʿsam, [xxvi]
Leibnitz, [307]
Leverrier, [275]
Levi ben Gerson, [xix], [xx], [xxxix], [xli], [xliii], [xlvii], [xlix], [7], [16], [166], [217], [235], [302], [312], [313], [328]-[361];
standpoint, [329 f.];
reason and authority, [330 f.];
his style and method, [331];
the passive intellect, [332 ff.];
active intellect, [337 ff.];
problem of knowledge, [338];
of definition, [339];
immortality, [339 f.];
prognostication and prophecy, [340 ff.];
and the contingent, [ibid.];
God's knowledge, [342 ff.];
attributes, [344 f.], [351 f.];
Providence, [346 ff.];
existence of God, [350 f.];
origin of the world, [352 f.];
eternal matter, [355 f.];
interpretation of creation story in Genesis, [357];
miracles, [358 f.], [362], [363], [369], [384], [388], [392], [393], [394], [395], [396], [398], [399], [401], [402], [406], [419], [420], [421], [428], [429], [430], [436], [447, note 403a]
Levy, Louis-Germain, [436]
"Liber de Causis," [xx], [2], [64], [317]
Lippmann, [443, note 214]
Logos, [xxvii], [xli], [52], [71], [91]
"Ma'amar Yikkawu ha-Mayim," [309]
"Maase Bereshit," [xvi], [242], [303], [430]
"Maase Merkaba," [xvi], [242], [303], [430]
Maimonides, Moses, [xvi], [xix], [xx], [xxiv], [xxv], [xxvii], [xxxix], [xli], [xlii], [xliii], [xlv], [xlvi], [xlvii], [xlix], [l], [1], [2], [16], [25], [60], [62], [63], [79], [88], [95], [96], [114], [125], [126], [146], [153], [158], [166], [167], [198], [199], [200], [201], [207], [218], [221], [235], [236]-[311];
his life, [238 f.];
his chef d'œuvre, [239 f.];
his method, [240];
his standpoint, [240 ff.];
importance of science, [243 f.];
difficulty of metaphysics, [244 f.];
sketch of Jewish Philosophy, [245 f.];
exposition of the Kalam, [246 ff.];
propositions of the "philosophers," [254 ff.];
existence of God, [257 ff.];
unity, [ibid.];
incorporeality, [ibid.], [260 ff.];
attributes, [262 ff.];
meaning of "Jhvh," [265];
angels, [266 f.];
origin of the world, [269 ff.];
emanation of Intelligences, [272 f.];
criticism of Aristotle, [271 ff.];
psychology, [281 ff.];
virtue, [282 ff.];
freedom, [285 ff.];
and foreknowledge, [287 f.];
problem of evil, [288 ff.];
God's knowledge, [289 ff.];
reason of the commandments, [294 ff.];
Bible exegesis, [302 ff.];
influence of M., [305 ff.];
on Scholasticism, [305]-[307];
on Judaism, [307]-[311], [312], [313], [314], [317], [323], [325], [329], [332], [342], [343], [344], [345], [346], [350], [352], [353], [357], [358], [362], [363], [364], [365], [366], [368], [369], [370], [371], [372], [374], [375], [376], [377], [378], [379], [380], [382], [383], [384], [388], [389], [390], [391], [392], [393], [394], [395], [396], [398], [399], [400], [402], [403], [406], [407], [408], [409], [410], [412], [416], [417], [419], [420], [421], [423], [424], [425], [426], [428], [429], [430], [431], [435], [447, note 403a]
"Malmad Hatalmidim," [309]
Malter, H., [vii], [445, note 316]
Mandonnet, P., [445, note 308]; [446, note 332]
Manicheans, [375]
Matter, rejected by Mutakallimun, [xxii];
doctrine of, in Aristotle, [xxix ff.];
in Plotinus, [xxxviii];
as source of evil, [38];
in Gabirol, [66 f.];
in Pseudo-Bahya, [109];
in Abraham bar Hiyya, [117];
in Ibn Zaddik, [130 ff.];
in Judah Halevi, [175];
in Abraham ibn Ezra, [190];
in Ibn Daud, [205 f.];

in Maimonides, [256], [270];
in Levi ben Gerson, [355 f.]
Maywald, [446, note 332]
"Mekize Nirdamim," [445, notes 313] and [321]
"Mekor Hayim," see "Fons Vitæ"
Menahem ben Saruk, [59]
Messiah, in Saadia, [45];
in Ibn Zaddik, [149];
in Crescas, [402], [404];
in Albo, [408]
Metempsychosis, see Transmigration
"Microcosmus," [60], [125]
"Milhamot Adonai," [329]
Miracles, in Levi ben Gerson, [358 f.]
Mohammed, [xxv], [86]
Monophysites, [xviii], [34]
"More Ha-moreh," [310]
"More Nebukim," [238]
Morgenstern, Ernö, [434]
Moses ben Enoch, [59]
Moses ben Maimon, see Maimonides
Moses of Narbonne, [309], [310], [328], [430], [447, note 403a]
Motion, in Aristotle, [xxvi];
in Ibn Daud, [207];
in Maimonides, [254], [269]
Mukammas, David Al, [2], [17]-[22];
definition of science and philosophy, [17 f.];
attributes, [18 ff.];
unity, [18];
reward and punishment, [21 f.], [34], [52], [81], [84], [95], [200], [246], [434]
Munk, Solomon, [63], [304], [328], [433], [434], [440, note 83]; [441, notes 86], [87] and [105]; [444, notes 250], [280] and [302]; [445, notes 314] and [316]; [448, note 442]
Münz, J., [436]
Mutakallimun, [xxi f.], [xl], [xli], [xlvii], [9], [11], [24], [25], [26], [48], [81], [88], [96], [106], [125], [126], [127], [128], [139], [142], [145], [149], [158], [182], [183], [199], [240], [246]-[253], [256], [275], [352], [353], [362], [366 f.], [369], [372], [382], [406], [428]
Muʿtazila, [xxii ff.], [xxvii], [xlvii], [3], [17], [21], [23], [24], [26], [48], [108], [171], [246], [251], [291], [292], [362], [365], [366], [375], [377]
Nachmanides, [426], [429]
Nature, in Plotinus, [xxxviii];
in Gabirol, [65], [66];
in Pseudo-Bahya, [109];
in Abraham bar Hiyya, [119]
Neo-Platonic, [xx], [xxviii], [xxxix], [xlvi], [2], [6], [13], [24], [38], [64], [79], [81], [86], [89], [90], [92], [106], [107], [114], [115], [125], [126], [127], [129], [138], [139], [177], [178], [199], [200], [266], [305], [317], [319]
Neo-Platonism, [xxix], [17], [64], [70], [79], [91], [114], [150], [187], [200], [266], [288], [317], [428]
Neo-Platonists, [xl], [31], [64], [91], [106], [184], [199]
Neo-Pythagoreans, [188]
Nestorians, [xviii], [34]
Neumark, David, [viii], [433], [435], [436], [441, note 107]
"Nous," [xxxviii], [7], [91]
"Olam Katon," see "Microcosmus"
"Or Adonai," [389]
Origen, [288], [302]
Orschansky, G., [435]

Perles, J., [445, note 309]
Philo, [xvi], [xxvii], [xxxviii], [xli], [23], [91], [95], [188], [240], [266], [268], [288], [302]
Philoponus, [247], [353]
Philosophy, and religion, [xiii];
content of Jewish P., [xl]-[l];
defined by Israeli, [4];
by Ibn Zaddik, [129];
by Moses Ibn Ezra, [185]
Physics, in Kalam, [xxii], [xli];
in Aristotle, [xxx];
in Israeli, [3], [5], [12];
in Saadia, [xli];
in Ibn Zaddik, [xlii], [130 ff.];
in Judah Halevi, [175 ff.];
in Ibn Daud, [xlii], [205 ff.];
in Maimonides, [xlii], [254 ff.], [269 ff.];
in Levi ben Gerson, [352 f.], [355 f.];
in Aaron ben Elijah, [xli], [366 ff.];
in Crescas, [xlii], [389]
Plato, [xxix], [xli], [xlv], [5], [7], [8], [37], [47], [90], [91], [122], [138], [155], [179], [181], [182], [184], [195], [231], [268], [269], [288], [304], [305], [353], [413], [431]
Plato of Tivoli, [114]
Plotinus, [xx], [xxxvii f.], [xxxix] [6], [64], [65], [91], [107], [115], [126], [139], [178], [431]
Pollak, J., [433]
Porphyry, [60]
Proclus, [xx], [3]
Prophecy, [xlvi], [xlix f.];
in Israeli, [xlix], [15];
in Saadia, [40];
in Judah Halevi, [xlix], [165];
in Abraham ibn Ezra, [194];
in Ibn Daud, [xlix], [224 ff.];
in Maimonides, [xlix], [276 ff.];
in Hillel ben Samuel, [325];
in Levi ben Gerson, [xlix], [340 ff.];
in Aaron ben Elijah, [380 f.];
in Crescas, [395];
in Albo, [421]
Providence, [xl];
in Maimonides, [290 ff.];
in Levi ben Gerson, [346 ff.];
in Aaron ben Elijah, [375 f.];
in Crescas, [393 f.];
in Albo, [425]
Pseudo-Bahya, [xlvi], [xlix], [106]-[113];
standpoint, [106 f.];
the soul, [108 ff.], [111 ff.];
Intelligence, Soul, Nature, [108 f.], [110];
matter, [109];
creation, [110];
virtue, [112];
immortality, [112 f.];
reward and punishment, [113], [122], [126], [139], [148], [317], [434]
Ptolemy, [xviii], [273], [309]
Pythagoras, [60], [179], [184], [185]
Pythagoreans, [9]
Rashi, [187]
Raymond, Bishop of Toledo, [61]
Reason, and authority, [xiii];
r. in Aristotle, [xxxvi];
active and passive, [xxxvi f.];
in Plotinus, [xxxviii];
r. as a source of knowledge, [xl];
r. and authority in Levi ben Gerson, [330 f.]
See also "Intellect," "Soul"
Resurrection, [l];
in Saadia, [44 f.];
in Hillel ben Samuel, [326];
in Aaron ben Elijah, [385 f.];
in Crescas, [404]
Reward and Punishment, [xlvii], [xlviii], [l];
in Mukammas, [21 f.];
in Saadia, [42 f.];
in Al Basir, [55];
in Pseudo-Bahya, [113];
in Abraham bar Hiyya, [119 ff.];
in Ibn Zaddik, [148];
in Judah Halevi, [170];
in Abraham Ibn Ezra, [192];
in Hillel ben Samuel, [323 ff.];
in Aaron ben Elijah, [379], [383];
in Crescas, [403 f.];
in Albo, [425 f.]
Roscellinus of Compiègne, [305]
Rose, Valentinus, [439, note 8]
Rosin, David, [189], [192], [435]
"Royal Crown," the, [75 f.]
Saadia, [xix], [xxv], [xli], [xlii], [xlv], [xlvi], [xlix], [1], [17], [23]-[47];
his "Emunot ve-Deot," [24 f.];
modelled on the Kalam, [ibid.];
atomic theory, [25];
reason for writing, [26 f.];
sources of truth, [27 f.];
speculation not forbidden, [28];
necessity of revelation, [ibid.];
existence of God, [28 ff.];
incorporeality, [32];
unity, [32 f.];
attributes, [33 f.];
categories inapplicable to God, [35 f.];
theophanies, [36];
soul, [37 f.];
laws and commandments, [38 f.];
rational and traditional, [ibid.];
prophecy, [40];
written and oral law, [40];
abrogation of Law, [40 f.];
freedom, [41 f.];
and foreknowledge, [ibid.];
reward and punishment, [42 f.], [46];
future world, [43 f.];
resurrection, [44 f.];
ethics, [46 f.], [48], [50], [52], [59], [81], [82], [83], [84], [87], [88], [89], [92], [94], [95], [96], [126], [127], [128], [146], [147], [167], [175], [186], [195], [200], [237], [241], [246], [252], [253], [302], [309], [362], [363], [388], [428], [434]
Sabeans, [296]
Saladin, [239]
Samuel, [197]
Scaliger, [307]
Scheyer, Simon B., [435]
Schmiedl, A., [433]
Schreiner, M., [xxv], [xxvii], [433], [434], [439, notes 12], [16], [18] and [20]; [440, note 81]
"Sefer Ha-Kabbala," [198]
Seyerlen, [63], [434], [441, note 86]
Shemtob ben Joseph, [430]
Shemtob ben Joseph ibn Shemtob, [429]
Socrates, [xxix], [155], [184], [185]
Solomon ben Adret, [430]
Solomon ben Yeroham, [363]
Sophists, [xxix]
Soul, in Aristotle, [xxxv];
world soul in Plotinus, [xxxviii];
s. in Jewish philosophy, [xlv f.];
world-soul in Jewish Neo-Platonists, [xlvi];
s. in Israeli, [5], [8 ff.];
in Saadia, [37 f.];
in Gabirol, [65], [66];
in Pseudo-Bahya, [108 ff.];
in Abraham bar Hiyya, [119];
in Ibn Zaddik, [134 f.], [137 f.];
world-soul in Ibn Zaddik, [140];
s. in Judah Halevi, [179 ff.];
in Abraham Ibn Ezra, [191 f.];
in Ibn Daud, [209 ff.];
in Maimonides, [281 ff.];
in Hillel ben Samuel, [314 ff.];
in Crescas, [400.]
See also "Intellect," "Reason"
Spinoza, [398 f.]
"Spirit and Soul, Book of," [5]
Steinschneider, Moritz, [311], [439, note 26]; [440, notes 31] and [33]; [443, note 247]; [446, note 360]
St. Ephrem of Nisibis, [xviii]
Sufis, [xxvii f.], [86], [153]
Syrians, [xvii ff.], [199], [246]
"Tagmule ha-Nefesh," [314]
Tänzer, A., [437]
Themistius, [7], [60], [313], [321], [332], [333], [334], [335]
"Theology of Aristotle," [xx], [xxxix], [64], [266]
Theophrastus, [xviii]
Tibbon, Judah Ibn, [71], [309], [310]
Tibbon, Moses Ibn, [309], [440, note 37]
Tibbon, Samuel Ibn, [2], [60], [125], [239], [302], [309]
"Tikkun Midot ha-Nefesh," [71]

"Torot ha-Nefesh," [106]
Tradition, [xiii], [xli], [28], [223 f.]
Transmigration, in Saadia, [44];
in Abraham ibn Ezra, [192];
in Ibn Daud, [215 f.]
Trinity, [xliv], [33], [34], [71], [91]
Truth, twofold, [328]
"Twenty Chapters," [17]
Ueberweg-Baumgartner, [433]
Unity of God, in Kalam, [xxii], [xliii f.], [252];
in Mukammas, [18];
in Saadia, [32 f.];
in Al Basir, [51];
in Bahya, [89 f.];
in Ibn Zaddik, [143];
in Moses ibn Ezra, [185];
in Abraham ibn Ezra, [189];
in Ibn Daud, [219 f.];
in Maimonides, [xliv], [257 ff.];
in Aaron ben Elijah, [368 f.];
in Crescas, [391 f.]

Vincent of Beauvais, [1]
Virtue, [xlix]; in Gabirol, [72 f.];
in Pseudo-Bahya, [112];
in Ibn Zaddik, [148];
in Ibn Daud, [232];
in Maimonides, [282 ff.]
Weil, Isidore, [436]
Weil, Simson, [198], [443, note 221]
Weinsberg, Leopold, [435]
Wenrich, [439, note 5]
Werbluner, [445, note 317]
Will of God, in Al Basir, [50];
in Gabirol, [68 f.];
in Bahya, [90];
in Ibn Zaddik, [144];
in Aaron ben Elijah, [372]
William of Auvergne, [71], [306]
William of Occam, [200]
Wise, Stephen S., [71], [441, note 103]
Wolff, M., [444, note 251]
Wolfsohn, Julius, [436]
Yahuda, [80], [86], [439, note 24]; [441, notes 106], [108], [109] and [112]
Yahya ben Adi, [247]
Yefet Ha-Levi, [363]
"Yezirah, Sefer" [17], [94], [173], [179]
Yohanan ben Zakkai, [197]
Zeller, [439, note 4]; [441, note 86]
Zeno, [25]
Zimmels, [448, note 442]
Zunz, Leopold, [184]

Printed in the United States of America.