North America

by Israel C. Russell

[12]In 1898.

[13]Together occupying the island Santo Domingo or Haiti.

LITERATURE

• Twelfth Census of the United States.
• British America. By several authors. Published by Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., London, 1900.
• Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel. North America. Vol. i, Canada and Newfoundland, by S. E. Dawson. Vol. ii, The United States, by Henry Gannett; Central America and the West Indies, by A. H. Keane.
• Hill, R. T. Cuba, Porto Rico, and the other West India Islands. The Century Company, New York, 1899.
• Gannett, H. Boundaries of the United States. United States Geological Survey, Bulletin No. 171, second edition, Washington, 1900.

---

INDEX

• Aborigines, [355]-407.
• Adams, Mt., Wash., height of, [156].
• Adirondack Mountains, brief account of, [83]-84.
• Adobe used for bricks, [389].
• Agassiz, A., cited, [12], [21]. Work of, in Caribbean region, [16].
• Alaska, area and population of, [424].
  • Boundary of, [416].
  • Coast topography of, [45]-46.
  • Indians of, [397].
  • Map of coast of, [47].
• Alaska Commercial Company, [375].
• Albemarle Sound, origin of, [42].
• Aleutian Islands, topography of, [40].
• Aleutians, brief account of, [373]-376.
• Aleuts, brief account of, [373]-376.
• Algonkian system, [310].
• Allen, J. A., cited, [260], [290].
• Alpine flora, [254]-257.
• American governments, enumeration of, [424].
• Animal life, [258]-298.
• Anticlinal valleys, [78].
• Antillean Mountains, brief account of, [169]-171.
• Antiquity of the aborigines, [357]-363.
• Apatite, [350].
• Appalachian Mountains, description of, [74]-82.
  • Map of, [74].
• Archean period, [308]-310.
• Arches in Maya houses, [392].
• Arctic climatic province, [203].
• Arctogæic life realm, [259].
• Areas of various governments, [424].
• Arkansas Plateau, brief account of, [109]-110.
• Asbestos, [349]-350.
• Astronomical boundaries, [409]-411.
• Atlantic coastal plain, [62]-64.
  • Forest, brief account of, [227].
  • Mountains, [60], [73]-89.
• Austral climatic provinces, [191]-197.
• Aves, orders of, [289].
• Aztecs, advancement of, [364].
• Badlands, brief account of, [110]-111.
• Bahama Islands, topography of, [19].
• Baker, Mt., Wash., height of, [156].
• Bald, Mt., N. B., height of, [85].
• Bancroft, George, reference to, [395].
• Barren grounds, absence of trees on, [253].
• Bartlett Deep, [20].
• Basement complex, [310].
• Bay of Fundy, tides in, [29].
• Bear, Polar, [266].
• Bears, brief account of, [279], [282]-284.
• Bell, R., exploration by, [88].
• Bermuda, area and population of, [424].
• "Bermuda Mountain," [4].
• Bering Sea, depth of, [2].
• Bighorn, brief account of, [272]-273.
• Big trees of California, [242]-246.
• Bird migrations, [292]-296.
• Birds, brief account of, [289]-298.
• Bison, brief account of, [275]-278.
• • Map showing range of, [276].
• Blackfoot Indians, lodge of, [387].
• Black Hills of Dakota, [116]-119.
• Boreal climatic province, [201]-203.
  • Forest, [235]-237.
• Boston, Mt., Mo., height of, [92].
• Boundaries, classification of, [408]-418.
• British Honduras, area and population of, [424].
• Brownson Deep, [20].
• Buffalo, brief account of, [275]-277.
• Cacti, [225]-226.
• California, boundary of, [416].
• Cambrian system, [310]-312.
• Canada, area and population of, [424].
• • Boundary of, [417], [418].
  • Mountains of Western, [167]-169.
  • Treatment of Indians by, [397]-399.
• Canadian Coast Ranges, [168].
  • Rockies, [167]-169.
• Cape Cod, map of, [37].
  • Hatteras, continental shelf bordering, [2].
  • Lisburne, depth of water near, [2].
  • Sheridan, tides at, [30].
• Capulin, Mt., N. M., height of, [119].
• Carborundum, [351].
• Caribbean region, submarine topography of, [16]-23.
• Caribou, brief account of, [266]-269.
• Cascade Mountains, brief account of, [147]-158.
  • Igneous rocks of, [316]-322.
• Castor canadensis, [279].
• Catlinite, [379], [380].
• Cats, brief account of, [284]-285.
• Cedar trees in Pacific forest, [240].
• Census of various nations, [424].
  • Of aborigines, [406].
• Central America, Indians of, [403]-405.
• Chamberlin, T. C., cited, [316].
• Characeæ, lime secreted by, [335].
• Chart of geological history, [309].
• Chelan, Lake, Wash., [157]-158.
• Chesapeake Bay, origin of, [42].
• Chickasaw plum, [385].
• Chinook winds, [115], [204]-205.
• Classification of boundaries, [408]-418.
  • Geological terranes, [308]-309.
• Clays, [345].
• Climate, [173]-214.
  • Elements of, [173]-184.
• Climatic provinces, [184]-203.
• Coal, [336]-338.
  • Fields, map of, [336].
• Coastal plains, [62]-69.
• Coast boundaries, [409].
  • Mountains, [162]-169.
  • Topography of, [31]-55.
• Columbia River lava, [319]-320.
• Commercial geology, [328]-353.
• Communal dwellings of Indians, [388]-389.
• Concentration of mineral substances, [328]-353.
• Consequent drainage, examples of, [118].
• Contact of aborigines with foreign people, [396]-406.
• Continental borer, description of, [89]-120.
  • Shelf, [1]-16.
• Cope, E. D., cited, [260], [311], [312].
• Coral growths on continental shelf, [6].
  • Reefs in the West Indies, [18].
• Corundum, [351].
• Costa Rica, area and population of, [424].
• Crater Lake, Ore., brief account of, [153]-155.
  • Map of, [153].
• Cross, W., cited, [321].
• Cuba, area and population of, [424].
  • Banks near, [20].
• Culture of the aborigines, [363]-365.
• Currents, ocean, [23]-27.
• Cyclones, [208]-212.
• Cypresses, [233].
• Dall, W. H., cited, [367], [373], [374].
• Dana, J. D., cited, [300].
• Davis, W. M., cited, [79].
• Dawson, J. W., cited, [312].
• Death Valley, Cal., [145].
• Débris forming continental shelf, [5]-8.
• "Deeps" of the West Indies, [20]-21.
• Deer, brief account of, [271]-272.
• Delaware, boundary of, [416].
• • Bay, origin of, [42].
  • River, submerged channel of, [43].
• Deltas, [52]-55.
• Denmark, possessions of, [424].
• Dikes, [320].
• Diller, J. S., cited, [152], [153], [164].
• Dismal Swamp, brief account of, [63]-64.
• Divide boundaries, [414]-415.
• Dog, Eskimo, [266].
• Drowned river-valleys, [43], [48], [49].
• Dutton, C. E., cited, [134], [136], [153].
• Economic geology, [328]-352.
• Edwards Plateau, Tex., brief account of, [107]-108.
• El Llano Estacado, brief account of, [106]-109.
• Enhydra marina, [278].
• Eschscholtz Bay, Alaska, ice near, [68].
• Eskimo, meaning of the word, [356].
• • Dog, [266].
  • Meaning of the term, [356].
• Eskimos, brief account of, [365]-376.
  • Census of, [406].
• Estuaries, [55]-58.
• Ethnological studies, [394]-396.
• Evaporation, [212]-213.
• Fall line in Atlantic coast rivers, [66].
• Ferns, [222].
• Fir trees in Pacific forest, [240].
• Flora, [215]-257.
• Florida, continental shelf bordering, [2].
• Fontaine, W. M., cited, [312].
• Food supply of Indians, [381]-387.
• Forests, description of, [217]-249.
• • Map of, [215].
• Fossil floras, [256].
• France, possessions of, [419], [424].
• Fur-bearing animals, [278]-282.
• Galveston, Tex., destruction of, [38].
• • Tides at, [27].
• Gardens of the Indians, [384]-387.
• Gas, natural, [340].
• Gaspé Peninsula, [84].
• Geographical distribution of animals, [258]-263.
• Geology, [299]-354.
• Gilbert, G. K., cited, [118], [131], [321].
• Glacial epoch, brief account of, [314]-316.
  • Extent of glaciers during, [7]-8.
• Glacier Peak, Wash., height of, [156].
• Glass sand, [333].
• Glottoff, reference to, [374].
• Gold, [345]-346, [351]-352.
  • Mountains, Canada, [168].
• Governor's palace, Uxmal, [393], [394].
• Grand Cañon of the Colorado, [134]-135.
  • Sketch of, [135].
• Gray, A., cited, [389].
• Great Abaco, reference to, [18].
• Great Bahama Bank, brief account of, [18].
  • Basin, brief account of, [136]-146.
  • Basin, map of, [137].
  • Lakes, [99].
  • Plains, brief account of, [102]-106.
  • Plateaus, brief account of, [102]-106.
  • Salt Lake, Utah, [140]-142.
  • Valley of California, [158]-161.
• "Greater St. Lawrence," [9].
• Growth of the continent, [300]-306.
• Guatemala, area and population of, [424].
• Gulf of California, [49].
  • of Mexico, continental shelf on border of, [1]-2.
  • of Mexico, map of west coast of, [38].
  • Plains, brief account of, [94]-95.
  • Stream, [16].
  • Stream, volume, etc., of, [24]-25.
• Haida Indians, [397].
• Haiti, area and population of, [424].
• Harbours, [53]-58.
• Harney Peak, S. D., elevation of, [116].
• Hawaiian Islands, [4].
• Hawaii, area and population of, [424].
• Hayden, F. V., cited, [113].
• Hayes, C. W., cited, [79].
• Heilprin, A., cited, [260].
• Henry Mountains, Utah, [131], [321].
• Henshaw, W. H., cited, [395].
• Hetch Hetchy Valley, Cal., [150].
• High plateaus, brief account of, [132]-134.
• Hill, R. T., cited, [22], [169], [220], [422].
• • Map by, [17].
• Holland, possessions of, [424].
• Holmes, W. H., cited, [390], [392], [393], [394].
• Honduras, area and population of, [424].
• Hood, Mt., Ore., height of, [156].
• Hornaday, W. T., cited, [277].
• Horticulture by Indians, [384]-387.
• Houses of Indians, [387]-394.
  • Innuits, [368]-369.
• Hudson River, submerged channel of, [8]-9, [43].
• Humboldt, A. von, cited, [12].
• Huxley, T. H., cited, [259].
• Hydrocarbons, [338]-342.
• Ice, changes in coasts due to, [50]-51.
• • Subsoil, in Alaska, [68].
  • Deposited débris on continental shelf, [6]-7.
  • Palace, Montreal, [199].
• Igneous rocks, brief account of, [316]-326.
  • Terranes, economic importance of, [331]-332.
• Impracticable boundaries, [417]-418.
• Indians, account of, [376]-406.
  • Census of, [406].
  • Treatment of, by United States and Canada, [397]-403.
• Innuit, meaning of the term, [356].
• Innuits, brief account of, [366]-372.
• Intrusive sheets, [320]-321.
• Iron Mountain, Mo., [92].
• Iron ores, [342]-344.
• Iroquois, houses of, [387]-388.
• Irrigation practised by Indians, [386].
• Irving, W., reference to, [395].
• Islands, [30]-31.
• Isobars, [173].
• Isotherms, [173].
• Jackson, S., reference to, [269].
• Jamaica, terraces on, [22].
• James River, Va., submerged channel of, [42].
• Japan current, reference to, [25].
• Jeff Davis Peak, Nev., height of, [146].
• Jefferson, Mt., Ore., height of, [156].
• Johnson, W. D., cited, [109].
• Judas-tree, [233].
• Kamlayka, [370].
• Kara Sea, life in, [14].
• Katahdin, Mt., Me., height of, [85].
• Kayaks, [370]-371.
• Kittatinny peneplain, [80].
• Knowlton, F. H., cited, [312].
• Kowak River, Alaska, ice near, [68].
• Labrador, boundary of, [418].
• • Topography of, [71]-72.
• Laccoliths, [131], [321].
• Lake plains, brief account of, [99]-101.
• Lakes, enclosed, [141].
• Languages, [359]-360.
• Language spoken in America, [421].
• Laurentian Highlands, brief account of, [87]-88.
  • Lakes, [99].
• Leidy, J., cited, [313]-314.
• Lesquereux, L., cited, [312].
• Life on the continental shelf, [10]-16.
  • Realms, [259]-260.
  • Regions and life-zones, [260]-262.
• Limestones, [334]-335.
• Little Bahama Bank, brief account of, [18].
• Llano Estacado, El, [106]-109.
• Lodge of Blackfoot Indians, [387].
• Logan, Mt., Yukon, height of, [166].
• Longhouse of Iroquois, [387]-388.
• Lookout Mountain, Tenn., section through, [78].
• Lost mountains, [143].
• Lower Austral climatic province, [191]-194.
• Luigi, Prince, ascent of Mt. St.
  • Elias, [166].
• Lutra canadensis, [278].
• Mackenzie River, delta of, [52].
• McKinley, Mt., Alaska, height of, [166].
• Magnolia, [230].
• Maine, map of coast of, [45].
• Mammalian families peculiar to America, [287]-288.
• Mammals, classification of, [262]-264.
• Mansfield, Mt., N. H., height of, [83].
• Marcy, Mt., N. Y., height of, [84].
• Marl, [335].
• Marsh, O. C., cited, [312], [313], [314].
• Massachusetts, boundary of, [418].
• Mauvaises terres, [110].
• Maya houses, [392].
• Mayas, culture of, [364].
• Mazama, Mt., Ore., [153]-155.
• • Height of, [156].
• Mazama, [273]-275.
• Mazamas, the, [273].
• Mephitis mephitica, [280].
• Merriam, C. H., cited, [185], [259], [260].
• Merrimac River, boundary near, [418].
• Metamorphic rocks, [323]-324.
  • Terranes, economic importance of, [347]-353.
• Metamorphism, nature of, [324].
• Mexico, area and population of, [424].
  • Boundary of, [418].
  • Indians of, [403].
• Mica, [350].
• Migration of birds, [292]-296.
• Miquelon, retained by France, [419].
• Mississippi Delta, map of, [53].
  • River, delta of, [53]-55.
• Mobile Bay, [36].
• Monadnock, definition of, [70].
• Moose, brief account of, [269]-270.
• Morgan, L. H., cited, [388], [395].
• Mountain boundaries, [413]-414.
  • Sheep, brief account of, [272]-273.
  • Goat, [273]-275.
• Muir, John, cited, [151], [244].
• Musk-ox, [265]-266.
• Navidad Bank, reference to, [18].
• Neogæic life realm, [259].
• Neolithic, [364].
• Newark system, [320].
• Newberry, J. S., cited, [312].
• New Brunswick, mountains of, [84].
• Newcastle, Del., boundary in reference to, [416].
• New England, mountains of, [82]-83.
• Newfoundland, area and population of, [424].
• • Continental shelf bordering, [2].
  • French rights in, [419].
  • Jurisdiction over Labrador, [417].
• New Hampshire, boundary of, [418].
• New Jersey, boundary of, [411]-412.
  • Subsidence of coast of, [63].
• New York, boundary of, [411]-412.
  • Mountains of, [83].
• Nicaragua, area and population of, [424].
• Nordenskiöld cited, [15].
• Notogæic life realm, [259].
• Notre Dame Mountains, [84].
• Olympic Mountains, Wash., [165].
• Onyx marble, [335].
• Oomiak, [370].
• Ores, deposition of, [345].
• Origin of the aborigines, [356]-357.
• Otter, [278].
• Ouachita Mountains, [93].
• Ozark Uplift, description of, [91]-94.
• Pacific forest, [238]-249.
• • Mountains, [60], [120]-136.
• Paleolithic, [364].
• Palms, [220]-224.
• Panama, area and population of, [424].
• Park Mountains, [127]-130.
• Parkies, [370].
• Peneplain, definition of, [69]-70.
• Pennsylvania, boundary of, [416].
• Perry, W. A., cited, [270].
• Petroleum, [338]-340.
• Physiographic divisions, map of, [61].
• Piedmont plateau, [64], [69]-70.
• Pines, [232]-233, [247]-249.
• Pitt, Mt., Ore., height of, [156].
• Planetary winds, [178]-179.
• Plant life, [215]-257.
• Plateaus, treeless, [252]-253.
• Platinum, [352].
• Playas, characteristics of, [253].
  • Examples of, [141].
  • Description of, [121].
• Plutonic plug, [321].
• Point Barrow, Alaska, life in the sea near, [14].
  • Tides at, [30].
• Polar bear, [266].
• Political control, [419]-424.
  • Geography, [408]-426.
• Population of North America, [424].
• Porto Rico, area and population of, [424].
• Possessions held by European governments, [424].
• Potomac River, submerged channel of, [43].
• Pourtales, L. F., work of in Caribbean region, [16].
• Powell, J. W., cited, [90], [104], [124], [127], [251], [357], [359].
• Prairies, brief account of, [250], [253].
• Prairie plains, brief account of, [95]-99.
• Prescott, W. H., reference to, [395].
• Pteranodon, [313].
• Pueblo Indians, [390].
• Pueblos, [388].
• Puget Sound basin, [158]-161.
  • Origin of, [47].
  • Map of, [161].
• Pyramid Lake, Nev., [140].
• Rainier, Mt., Wash., photograph of, [156].
• • Height of, [156].
• Raton Mesa, N. M., [120].
• Redwood forests of California, [242]-246.
• Reindeer in Alaska, [269].
• Reptiles of the Mesozoic, [313].
• Republics, American, [420].
• Resources used by Indians, [379]-387.
• River deltas, [52]-55.
• Rocky Mountains, brief account of, [122]-136.
  • Of Canada, [124].
• Rogers, H. D., cited, [312].
• Russian-American Company, [375].
  • Houses, [369].
• St. Elias, Mt., Alaska, height of, [166].
• • Elevation of coast near, [46].
  • Not a volcano, [167].
• St. François Mountains, Mo., height of, [92].
• St. Helens, Mt., Wash., height of, [156].
• St. John, N. B., tides at, [30].
• St. Lawrence estuary, [55]-56.
  • River, submerged channel of, [9].
• St. Pierre, retained by France, [419].
• Salt, [341]-342.
• Salvador, area and population of, [424].
• San Clemente Island, Cal., [10].
• San Domingo, area and population of, [424].
• San Francisco Bay, Cal., origin of, [49].
• San Juan Islands, Wash., [413].
• San Louis Park, Col., [128].
• Sand-hills, [112]-113.
• Sandstone, [332]-333.
• Santa Catalina Island, Cal., [10].
• Santa Cruz Island, Cal., [10].
• Santa Domingo, area and population of, [424].
• Santa Rosa Island, Cal., [10].
• Sargent, C. S., cited, [249].
• Schaffner, D. C., maps compiled by, [301].
• Schooley peneplain, [80]-81.
• Schools for Indians, [401]-402.
• Sclater, P. L., cited, [259].
• Scott, Mt., Ore., height of, [156].
• Seasons, [179]-182.
• Section through Black Hills of Dakota, [117].
  • Lookout Mountain, Tenn., [78].
• Sedimentary rocks, brief account of, [306]-316.
  • Terranes, economic importance of, [331]-346.
• Sequoia gigantea, [242], [244]-246.
  • Sempervirens, [242]-244.
• Shenandoah peneplain, [81].
• Sierra Blanca, N. M., [129].
• Sierran epoch, mention of, [315].
• Sierra Nevada Mountains, Cal., brief account of, [147]-158.
• Sigsbee Deep, [20].
• Silver, [346].
  • Pine, [248].
• Six Nations of New York, [405].
• Skunk, brief account of, [280]-282.
• Solóvioff, I. M., reference to, [374].
• Spain, former possessions of, [419].
• Sphagnum, [67].
• Spring-time music, [296]-298.
• Stony Mountains, [124]-127.
• Stream deposits, changes in coast-lines due to, [51]-55.
• Subarctic forest plains, [101]-102.
• Submerged river channels, [8]-10.
• Subsequent drainage, example of, [118].
• Subsidences of coasts, [62]-63.
• Subtuberant mountains, [322].
• Sugar-pine, [247].
• Superimposed drainage, example of, [118].
• Susquehanna River, submerged channel of, [43].
• Sutton, Mt., N. B., height of, [84].
• Synclinal mountains, [78].
• Tahoe Lake, Cal.—Nev., [140].
• Talc, [350].
• Tarr, R. S., map of co-tidal lines by, [28].
• Tepee of Indians, [387], [388].
• Terraces on islands of California coast, [10].
• • Sea, [33]-34.
• Thomas, C, cited, [395].
• Thunder-storms, [206]-207.
• Tides, [27]-30.
  • in rivers, [44].
• Timber-line, [254].
• Tlingit Indians, [397].
• Topography of coasts, [31]-55.
• Tornadoes, [207].
• Transition climatic province, [197]-201.
• Treaty of Ghent, reference to, [418].
• Treeless mountain tops, [254]-257.
  • Plains, brief account of, [250]-253.
• Tropical climatic province, [186]-191.
  • Forests, [219]-227.
• Tundra, brief account of, [67]-68.
• Turner, H. W., cited, [148].
• Tyrrell, J. B., cited, [66], [268].
• Union, Mt., Ore., height of, [156].
• United Kingdom, possessions of, [424].
• United States, area and population of, [424].
• • Boundaries of, [417]-418.
  • Treatment of Indians by, [399]-403.
  • Coast and Geodetic Survey, reference to work of, [16].
  • Fish Commission, reference to work of, [16].
• Upper Austral climatic province, [194]-197.
• Uxmal, Yucatan, panorama of, [390].
• Vancouver, B. C., firs of, [241].
• • Mountains, B. C., [165].
• Van Hise, C. R., cited, [310].
• "Vega," voyage of, [15].
• Veniaminoff, reference to, [375].
• Virginia creeper, [234].
• Volcanic mountains, [120]-121.
• Volcanoes, [317]-318.
• Wallace, A. R., cited, [30], [259].
• Wapiti, brief account of, [270]-271.
• Ward, L. F., cited, [312].
• Washington, Mt., N. H., height of, [83].
• Water boundaries, [411]-413.
• • Mineral, [353].
• West Indian hurricanes, [210].
• West Indies, Danish, area and population of, [424].
  • French, area and population of, [424].
  • Indians of, [404].
  • Political division of, [422]-423.
• Whirlwinds, [203].
• White, D., cited, [312].
• White, I. C., cited, [312].
• White, Mt., Nev., height of, [146].
• White Mountains, N. H., forests of, [86].
• Whiteface, Mt., N. Y., height of, [84].
• Whitney, J. D., cited, [251].
• Whitney, Mt., Cal., height of, [149].
• Willis, Bailey, cited, [79].
• Winds, planetary, [178]-179.
• Winnemucca Lake, Nev., [140].
• Wolves, brief account of, [285]-287.
• Yellow pine, [248].
• Yosemite Valley, Cal., [150].
• Yucatan, continental shelf bordering, [2].
• • Topography of, [19].
• Yukon River, delta of, [52].
• Zuñi, [389].

THE END