By means of the induction coil we may also heat gases to incandescence. It is only necessary to allow the spark to pass through a space filled with the gas.
Fig. 178.
(4) By means of a Vacuum Tube.—The form of the vacuum tube commonly used for this purpose is shown in Fig. 178. The gas to be examined, and which is contained in the tube, has very slight density: but upon the passage of the discharge from an induction coil or a Holtz machine, through the tube, the gas in the capillary part of the tube becomes heated to a high temperature, and is then quite brilliant.
157. Reversed Spectra.—If the light from an incandescent cylinder of lime, or from the incandescent point of an electric lamp, is allowed to pass through luminous sodium vapor, and is then examined with a spectroscope, the spectrum will be found to be a bright spectrum crossed by a single dark line in the position of the yellow line of the sodium vapor. The spectrum of sodium vapor is reversed, its bright lines becoming dark and its dark spaces bright. With a spectroscope of any considerable power, the yellow line of sodium vapor is resolved into a double line. With a spectroscope of the same power, the dark sodium line of the reversed spectrum is seen to be a double line.
It is found to be generally true, that the spectrum of the light from an incandescent solid or liquid which has passed through a luminous vapor on its way to the spectroscope is made up of a bright ground crossed by dark lines; there being a dark line for every bright line that the vapor alone would give.
158. Explanation of Reversed Spectra.—It has been found that gases absorb and quench rays of the same degree of refrangibility as those which they themselves emit, and no others. When a solid is shining through a luminous vapor, this absorbs and quenches those rays from the solid which have the same degrees of refrangibility as those which it is itself emitting: hence the lines of the spectrum receive light from the vapor alone, while the spaces between the lines receive light from the solid. Now, solids and liquids, when heated to incandescence, give a very much brighter light than vapors and gases at the same temperature: hence the lines of a reversed spectrum, though receiving light from the vapor or gas, appear dark by contrast.
159. Effect of Increasing the Power of the Spectroscope upon the Brilliancy of a Spectrum.—An increase in the power of a spectroscope diminishes the brilliancy of a continuous spectrum, since it makes the colored band longer, and therefore spreads the light out over a greater extent of surface; but, in the case of a bright-lined spectrum, an increase of power in the spectroscope produces scarcely any alteration in the brilliancy of the lines, since it merely separates the lines farther without making the lines themselves any wider. In the case of a reversed spectrum, an increase of power in the spectroscope dilutes the light in the spaces between the lines without diluting that of the lines: hence lines which appear dark in a spectroscope of slight dispersive power may appear bright in an instrument of great dispersive power.
160. Change of the Spectrum with the Density of the Luminous Vapor.—It has been found, that, as the density of a luminous vapor is diminished, the lines in its spectrum become fewer and fewer, till they are finally reduced to one. On the other hand, an increase of density causes new lines to appear in the spectrum, and the old lines to become thicker.
161. Change of the Spectrum with the Temperature of the Luminous Vapor.—It has also been found that the appearance of a bright-lined spectrum changes considerably with the temperature of the luminous vapor. In some cases, an increase of temperature changes the relative intensities of the lines; in other cases, it causes new lines to appear, and old lines to disappear.