[187] From 1876 the transport services, which in 1886 amounted to 2.8 per cent. of the income-receiving population, were included under commercial. Taking this into consideration, a comparison of the industrial and the commercial population of 1866 and 1886 shows that while the former falls from 28.8 to 25.2, the latter rises from 4.0 to 8.7.
[188] J.S. Nicholson, Effects of Machinery on Wages, p. 33.
[189] Babbage, Economy of Manufactures, p. 230.
[190] Cf. Thorold Rogers, Political Economy (1869), pp. 78, 79.
[191] Marshall, Principles of Economics, p. 607; cf. Cunningham, Uses and Abuses of Money, p. 59. See, however, infra Chap. ix.
[192] Effects of Machinery on Wages, p. 66.
[193] An increase in the space-area of a market may, however, in some cases make a trade more steady, especially in the case of an article of luxury subject to local fluctuations of fashion, etc. A narrow silk market for England meant fluctuating employment and low skill. An open market gave improved skill and stability, for though silk is still the most unsteady of the textile industries, it is far less fluctuating than was the case in the eighteenth century. (Cf. Porter, p. 225.)
[194] Op. cit., p. 117.
[195] Board of Trade Journal, November 1892.
[196] For twenty-six societies.