The Evolution of Modern Capitalism: A Study of Machine Production

by J. A. Hobson

[290] Spencer, Contemporary Review, March 1884.

[291] Professor Jevons' work upon this branch of Economics was marred by an attempt to treat it purely mathematically, that is to reduce qualitative to quantitative differences—an impossibility. Among recent writers, Professor Patten, of Pennsylvania University, has made by far the most important contributions towards a systematic treatment of the economics of consumption.

[292] Patten's Premises of Political Economy, chap. iv.

[293] Professor Patrick Geddes, Claims of Labour. Cf. The Evolution of Sex, chap, xx. (Contemporary Science Series: Walter Scott).

---

INDEX.[ToC]

• Abraham, Report on Employment of Women, [315]
• Adjustment in progressive industry, [351]
• Agriculture, [32], [41], [102];
  • agricultural labour, [333]
• Andrew, S., Fifty Years' Cotton Trade, [297]
• Apprentices, statute of, [26]
• Arkwright, [50], [56]
• Arlidge, Dr., [252], [255], [320], [336], [337], [379]
• Art in industry, [371-378]
• Ashley, Professor, Economic History, [38]
  
• Babbage, Economy of Manufactures, [50-51], [236], [249]
• Baines, History of Cotton Manufacture, [23], [37]
• Baker, Monopolies and the People, [128], [134], [139], [147]
• Board of Trade Journal, [241]
• Balance of trade, [15]
• Banking, [42]
• Bertillon, [303]
• Birtwistle, T., [248]
• Böhm-Bawerk, Positive Theory of Capital, [101], [196].
• Booth, Charles, Labour and Life of the People, [41];
  • Occupations of the People, [226], [228], [290]
• Bowley, A.L., England's Foreign Trade, [174]
• Brassey, Foreign Work and English Wages, [265-266]
• Brentano, Uber die Ursachen der heutigen Not, [58];
  • Hours and Wages in Relation to Production, [78], [91], [270]
• Burnley, Wool and Wool-Combing, [33], [51], [94]
• Business, evolution of the, [10], [35], [40], [88], [92]
  
• Cairnes, J.E., Logical Method of Political Economy, [8];
  • Some Leading Principles of Political Economy, [211]
• Canada, town population, [331]
• Canals, [25]
• Cannan, E., Production and Consumption, [214];
  • Decline of Urban Immigration, [327] (note)
• Capital, meaning of, [5];
  • fixed, [40];
  • growing size of, [92-93];
  • excessive forms of, [170], etc.;
  • definitions of, [209-215];
  • concentration of, [117-122]
• Capitalism, [4], [40];
  • factors in growth of, [73-81], [101]
• Carding, [57]
• Cartwright, [58], [75]
• Census, occupations of the people, [71], [228];
  • town population, [328];
  • mortality in towns, [334]
• Chalmers, Estimate, [23]
• Chartered companies, [18]
• Child-workers, in domestic industry, [32];
  • in factory, [297], [307], [319];
  • legal protection of, [322-323];
  • child mortality, [337]
• Climate, [73], [109]
• Clothier, [39], [40], etc.
• Collet, [305], [307], [311], [312]
• Competition, [104], [108], [118], [120], etc.;
  • "unfair," [146]
• Consumption, insufficient quantity, [180], etc;
  • progressive, [284]; quality of, [368]
• Concentration of industry, [38], [101]
• Cooke-Taylor, The Modern Factory System, [36], [37], [50], [66], [251-252], [255]
• Corner, [127], [129]
• Cotton, [24], [37], [55], [63], [105];
  • consumption of, [80];
  • machinery, [90], [247];
  • statistics, [228];
  • spinning labour, [246];
  • factory legislation, [322]
• Cournot, Recherches sur les Principes Mathématiques de la Theorie des Richesses, [97]
• Crime in towns, [340]
• Crompton, [56]
• Cunningham, History of English Industry, [14], [19], [42], [55];
  • Uses and Abuses of Money, [236], [251]
• Custom, in women's industries, [311]
  
• Decentralisation, [345]
• Defoe, Tour, [25], [28], [32], [33], [38], [40]
• Depression of trade, [171], [206], etc.
• Dilke, Lady, [301] (note)
• Differentiation, [106]
• Diminishing returns, law of, [374]
• Dodd, C.S.T., Ten Years of the Standard Oil Trust, [130], [144]
• Domestic industry, [35], [69], [78]
• Dress trades, [293], [294]
• "Driving," [248], [249]
  
• Economy of competitive power, [118];
  • of high wages, [261-286]
• Ellison, T., History of the Cotton Trade, [76], [228]
• Europe, growth of towns, [329]
  
• Factor, [41]
• Factory, [37], [39], [57];
  • system, [50], [319], [320];
  • legislation, [321-323]
• Fairs, [30], [105]
• Foreign trade, in England, [13], [73];
  • Europe, [20], [106]
• Foxwell, H.S., The Claims of Labour, [341]
• Foundational industries, [102]
• France, English trade with, [16];
  • machine-development, [74];
  • employments, [233];
  • town population, [328], [335];
  • treaty, [63]
• Free trade, [63], [79], [352-354]
  
• Gas-tar, [53]
• Geddes, Professor Patrick, The Evolution of Sex, [379];
  • The Claims of Labour, [379]
• Germany, [79];
  • cotton trade in, [77-78], [81];
  • town population, [329]
• Giffen, R., Essays in Finance, [175]
• Gould, [272], [284]
• Gunton, G., The Economic and Social Aspect of Trusts, [138], [149], [153];
  • Wealth and Progress, [271], [309]
• Guyot, Yves, Principles of Social Economy, [219]
  
• Hargreaves, [56]
• Halifax, [31], [33], [41], [301] (note)
• Hearn, Plutology, [211]
• Hodge, evidence before House of Lords, [57]
• Holland, trade of, [16], [17], [26];
  • towns in, [327]
• 
  
• Immigration, [19], [326-331]
• India, [108], [270], [280]
• Industrial organism, [11], [20], [105]
• International trade, [14], [75]
  • by small increments, [58-59]
• Invention, "heroic" view of, [57];
  • growth of, [64-66]
• Iron trade, [23], [28], [72], [84];
• 
  
• James, History of Worsted Manufacture, [36]
• Jenks, J.W., [137], [150]
• Jevons, W.S., Theory of Political Economy, [185], [209], [373]
• Joint-stock company, [42], [121], [353]
  
• Kay, fly-shuttle, [56]
• Keynes, Scope and Method of Political Economy, [212]
• King, Gregory, [22], [72]
  
• Labour organisations, [152], [317], [357]
• Lancashire, [29], [55], [81], [111], [183], [184], [270], [297], [314]
• Leeds, [31], [41]
• Levasseur, M.S., La Population Française, [233], [335]
• Levi, Leone, Work and Pay, [222]
• Linen manufacture, [24], [63]
• Lloyd, H.D., [153]
• Localisation of industry, [109], [111-115]
  • Studies in Statistics, [331]
• Lombe, [55], [61], [68]
  • definition of, [45], etc.;
  • evolution of, [60];
  • machine-making, [66], [67];
  • laws of application, [68-70];
  • relation to trade depression, chap. vii.;
  • productivity of, [173];
  • effects on demand for labour, chap. viii.;
  • effects on character of labour, chap. ix.;
  • education of, [257];
  • gain to workers from, [281];
  • machine-goods, [287];
  • social control over, [355];
  • economic limits of, [369];
  • intellectual, [376]
• Longstaff, Rural Depopulation, [329];
• 
  
• Machinery, place of, in modern industry, [6];
• Macpherson, Annals of Commerce, [12], [13], [20], [23], [32]
• Mackenzie, Introduction to Social Philosophy, [349]
• Malthus, Principles of Political Economy, [210]
• Market, [10], [96], [99]; towns, [30]
• Marsden, Cotton Spinning, [297]
• Marshall, Principles of Economics, [5] (note), [29], [96], [97], [211], [221] (note), [236], [245], [251], [254], [259], [337]
• Marx, Capital, [45], [46], [66], [244]
• Middleman, [41]
• Mill, J.S., Principles of Political Economy, [185], [189-191], [197], [210], [289]
  • economic powers of, chap. vi.;
  • monopoly-prices, [156], etc.;
  • monopoly wages, [299]
• Mill, James, Elements of Political Economy, [210]
• Money, [7], [97], [98]
• Monopolies, [89], [124], [356];
• Morrison, The Study of Crime, [340]
  • acts, [17]
• Motor, [45], [66], [67]
• Mulhall, Dictionary of Statistics, [251]
  
• Navigation, risks of, [14];
• Newsholm, Vital Statistics, [334]
  • economic diagnosis of, [176-190]
• Nicholson, J.S., Effects of Machinery on Wages, [235], [238], [239], [249]
  
• Over-consumption, [215-219]
• Over-production, [169], [171];
• Over-crowding, [344]
  • Premises of Political Economy, [374]
• Owen, Robert, [263]
  
• Parasitic industries, [113]
• Patten, S.N., Theory of Dynamic Economics, [104], [251], [373];
  • statistics of, [326-332];
  • population question, [378]
• Physiocrats, [261]
• Playfair, Sir L., [53], [170], [173]
• Population, English, [22], [77];
• Porter, Progress of the Nation, [62], [63], [77], [105], [129], [226], [250]
• Portugal, English trade with, [16]
• Potter, The Co-operative Movement, [129]
  • fluctuations of, [176]
• Power, [38]
• Price, Bonamy, Practical Political Economy, [211], [215]
• Prices, fall of, [285];
• Protection, [18], [77], [79]
• Publicity in business, [353]
  
  • multiplication of retailers, [288]
• Railways, comparative statistics, [82], [139], [140], [112], [174], [231], [232], [347]
• Ravenstein, Statistical Journal, [327]
• Retail trade, [114], [115], [229];
• Ricardo, D., [210]
• Ring-spinning, [127]
• Robertson, J.M., Fallacy of Saving, [187]
• Rogers, Thorold, Political Economy, [211], [236]
• Ruskin, J., Unto this Last, [199]
• Russia, [73], [79], [270]
  
  • Zum Socialen Frieden, [91]
• Saving, analysis of, [185-190], [198-201]
• Schoenhof, Economy of High Wages, [81], [275]
• Schulze-Gaevernitz, Der Grossbetrieb, [24], [29], [54], [55], [70], [76], [78], [81], [108], [111], [247], [250], [267-270], [276];
• Scrivener, History of Iron Trade, [28], [52], [64], [74]
• Secondary industries, [103]
• Shaftoe, [224]
• Sheffield, [29]
• Sherman, R., The Standard Oil Trust, [130], [132]
• Shipping, [83], [173], [233]
• Sidgwick, Principles of Political Economy, [185], [211]
• Silk trade, [23], [55], [61-63], [238], [240]
• Smart, Dr., Women's Wages, [309], [315]
  • in relation to competition, [364], [365];
  • in relation to individualism, [370], etc.
• Smith, Adam, Wealth of Nations, [11], [18], [26], [30], [32], [43], [63], [185], [209], [255], [262], [359], [363]
• Smith, Memoirs of Wool, [12], [24], [35], [41], [262]
• Socialism, [356-361];
  • statistics of, [79], [268], [269];
  • ring-spinning, [296], [297]
• Specialisation, local, [28], etc., [33], [93]
• Spencer, H., Principles of Sociology, [106], [362]
• Spinning, [56], [57];
• Spinoza, [378]
• Staffordshire, [29]
• Standard Oil Trust, [131-137], [144]
  • applied to invention, [59]
• Statistical Abstract, [90]
• Steam power, [85], [86]
• Supply and demand, [68], [162-166];
• Sweating [286], [307], [310], [318], [360], [361]
  • domestic industry, [32], [54], [68], [112];
  • statistics, [228], [296];
  • wages, [242], [316];
  • men and women in, [292], [303]
• Sympathy in trades, [104]
  • growth of town populations, [326-332];
  • mortality in, [334];
  • physique in, [336];
  • intelligence in, [338];
  • morals in, [339], [340]
• Syndicates, [89], [126], [128]
  
• Textiles, protected, [17];
  • among women, [313], [317]
• Towns, as machine-products, [324], etc.;
  • monopolies in, [139], [140];
  • cheapening of, [347]
• Toynbee, The Industrial Revolution, [24], [42], [79]
• Trade unions, [357];
  • definition of, [130], [131];
  • Standard Oil, [131-137];
  • conditions of, [139] etc.;
  • economic power of, chap. vi.
• Transport, machinery of, [173], [325];
• Truck, [152], [346]
• Trust, [126], [141];
  • colonial policy, [67];
  • women's wages in, [306] (note), [308], [309];
  • growth of town life, [330]
• 
  
  • Philosophy of Manufactures, [258], [262], [263], [274]
• Under-consumption, [182], etc.
• Unemployment, [241]
  • economy of low, [264], [298];
  • economy of high, [266-275];
  • women's, [299], etc.
• United States of America, [75], [76], [81], [91], [93], [130], [140], [141], [172], [231], [269], [274], [275], [296];
• Ure, History of the Cotton Manufacture, [36], [37], [55], [63], [64], [77], [79];
• 
  
• Wade, Fibre and Fabric, [296]
• Wages, "natural," [261];
  • power-loom, [63];
  • survival of hand weaving, [70], [236];
  • comparative statistics of, [81], [268], [269];
  • labour in weaving, [248], [276];
  • women and children in, [297], [300]
• Walker, F., Political Economy, [211]
• Waste, utilisation of, [52]
• Watch-making, [94], [96], [301] (note)
• Watt, [65], [75]
  • report of committee on manufacture [39];
  • statistics for Great Britain, [90]
• Weaving, [32], [56];
  • legal protection of, [322], [323]
• Webb, S., Economic Journal, [298], [300]
• Wells, D.A., Contemporary Review, [91], [171], [173], [254], [296]
  • The Golden Gates of Trade, [106], [109]
• Women, employment of, [259], [290-321]
• Woollen trade, [23], [26], [34], [54-57], [61], [73];
• Working classes, condition of, [289], [379];
• Wright, Carroll D., Report on Industrial Depressions, [171], [224]
  
• Yeats, The Growth and Vicissitudes of Commerce, [72], [74];
• Young, Arthur, Tours, [22], [25], [39], [262], [326]