Plate VII.—California Pump.
CALIFORNIA PUMP.
Any handy man or rough bush carpenter can make a California Pump. The prospectors in the illustration [(Plate VII.)] are using a home-made contrivance, which is quite effective for raising water from shallow depths for “long tom,” or ground sluicing—a wooden frame-work and open wooden wheel with handle. Over the wheel is run a belt of canvas, say, six inches wide, with wood stops about a foot apart—a long sloping box, dipping into the water, up which the stopped belt travels—and you have a California Pump which, if not a highly scientific device, is at least very serviceable.
HYDRAULICS.
General Data Regarding Water.
An imperial gallon of water weighs, at 62° F., 10 lbs. avoirdupois. Gallons × ·1606 = cubic feet. Cubic feet × 6·288 = number of gallons.
Gallons × 277·46 = cubic inches. Cubic inches × 0·003604 = gallons. Cubic feet of water × 62·28 = number of pounds weight. Pounds of water × 0·0166 = cubic feet. Gallons of water × 0·004464 = number of tons. Tons of water × 224 = gallons of water. Cubic feet of water × 0·0278 = number of tons. Tons of water × 35·97 = cubic feet of water.
A pipe 1 yard long holds approximately (actually, 1·52 per cent. less) as many pounds of water as the square of its diameter in inches; thus a 6-inch pipe holds approximately 36 lbs. of water in each yard length.