[69] Thierry, p. 60.
[70] Taylor’s Wace.
[71] Sir N. Harris Nicolas’ Hist. Royal Navy, vol. i., p. 24.
[72] Wace, p. 123.
[73] Vol. i., p. 464.
[74] “This mode of steering was retained till a comparatively late period. In a bass-relief over the doorway of the leaning tower of Pisa, built in the twelfth century, ships are represented with paddle rudders, as those in the Bayeux Tapestry representing the Norman Invasion. They must have been in use till after the middle of the thirteenth century; for in the contracts to supply Louis IX. with ships, the contractors are bound to furnish them with two rudders. By the middle of the following century we find the hinged rudders on the gold noble of Edward III. The change in the mode of steering must, therefore, have taken place about the end of the thirteenth, or early in the fourteenth, century.”—Smith’s Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul.
[75] They are engraved in Smith’s Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii., p. 238.
[76] Wace, p. 210.
[77] Crit. Inquiry into Ancient Armour, vol. i., p. 8.
[78] When Harold, in 1063, conducted an expedition against the Welch, he found the heavy armour of his troops unsuitable to the service on which they were engaged, and immediately changed it. Ingulf says, “Seeing that the activity of the Welch, proved remarkably effective against the more cumbrous movements of the English and that, after making an attack, they retreated into the woods, while our soldiers, being weighed down with their arms, were unable to follow them, he ordered all his soldiers to accustom themselves to wear armour made of boiled leather, and to use lighter arms. Upon this the Welch were greatly alarmed, and submitted.”