[58] The fall of Mojopahit has been put at 1478 (Javanese chronicles), 1488 (Veth’s Java, 2nd ed.) and between 1515 and 1521 (Rouffaer).
[59] Paku Buwono, like Paku Alam, means “nail which fastens the universe.”
[60] Lit. “the one who has the world in his lap,” i.e. the supporter (ruler) of the world.
[61] Lit. “the one who has the empire in his lap,” i.e. the supporter (ruler) of the empire.
[62] Lit. “the one who has the universe in his lap,” i.e. the supporter (ruler) of the universe.
[63] A fourth semi-independent domain, created at the expense of Jogjakarta for the benefit of Pangeran Nata Kusuma, ally of the British during the troubles of 1811 and 1812.
[64] Common abbreviations, in speaking and writing, of Surakarta and Jogjakarta; Solo is, to put it correctly, the name of the place where Paku Buwono II., after his old kraton had been destroyed by fire in the civil war diligently fostered by the Company, built the present one, Surakarta Hadiningrat, i.e. the most excellent city of heroes.
[65] Ngoko is spoken among the common people, among children, by adults to children and by those of superior to those of inferior rank; kromo by those of inferior to those of superior rank and by people of high rank amongst themselves unless differences in social degree or grades of relationship require another mode of address; dagellan or gendaloongan (in Surakarta) and madya (in Jogjakarta), a mixture of ngoko and kromo, by people of equal rank conversing in an unofficial capacity, politely but without constraint, by those of superior to those of inferior rank, their seniors in years whom they wish to honour, by merchants of equal rank and the higher servants of the nobility to one another; kromo-inggil comprises a group of words used when referring to whatever is divine or very exalted on earth; basa kedaton is the language of the Court, spoken by all males in the presence of the reigning prince or in his kraton whether he be present or not, but in addressing him or his heir presumptive, kromo is used; the reigning prince employs ngoko interspersed with kromo-inggil words when referring to himself; the women in the kraton speak kromo or kromo-madya among themselves, basa kedaton to such men-folk as they are allowed to see and kromo to the reigning prince or his heir presumptive; ngoko andap is a coarse sort of speech which descends to the use of words, in relation to man, ordinarily applied only to animals; kromo-dessa means rustic speech in general.
[66] The central and most refined Javanese of Mataram or Surakarta, spoken in the Principalities, the Kadu, the Bagelen, Madioon and Kediri; the western Javanese, spoken in Cheribon and Banyumas; the basa or temboong pasasir (speech of the coast), spoken in Tagal, Pekalongan, Samarang, Yapara and Rembang; the eastern Javanese, spoken in Surabaya, Pasuruan, Probolinggo and Besuki.
[67] A cult with a ritual handed down from the past and scrupulously observed. Cf. the account of a visit to Selo in 1849, published from papers left by Dr. M. W. Scheltema, in De Gids, December, 1909.