| Biographical Notices of the Author | Page [vii] |
| Introduction to the History of the Crusades | [xv] |
| BOOK I.—A.D. 300-1095. | |
| FIRST CRUSADE. | |
| Early pilgrimages to the Holy Land—Veneration for the Holy Sepulchre—Palestinevisited by the early Christians—Jerusalem their peacefulasylum—Profaned by Fire Worshippers—Recaptured by Heraclius—Spreadof the religion of Mahomet—Worship of the Magi annihilatedby Mohammedanism—Empire of Persia torn by intestine wars—Anarchyof the East—Fanaticism and bravery of the Saracens—Their conquests—Paganismannihilated by Mohammedanism—Monarchy of the Gothsoverturned—Charles Martel—The caliph Omar captures Jerusalem—Christianspersecuted by the Mussulmans—Pilgrimages of Peter theHermit, &c.—Haroun-al-Raschid—Charlemagne—Siege of Constantinople—Bagdad—Conquestof the Arabians—St. Bernard—-Commerce ofthe East—Caliphs of Bagdad—The Fatimites—The Greeks—Antioch—Zimisces,emperor of the Greeks—Fatimite caliphs capture Jerusalem—Caliphsof Cairo—William of Tyre—Persecutions of the Jews—Pilgrimswelcomed everywhere—King Robert—Memphis—Bethlehem—Monasteriesfor the pilgrims—Hospitals at Jerusalem—Mystery of the Redemption—Pilgrimagesof distinguished persons the forerunner of theCrusades—The Turks—The Sultan Mamouh—Togrul-Beg—Victoriouscareer of the Turks—Malek-Scha—Jerusalem captured—Nicea—TheGreeks—The Seldjouc tribes—Eleven emperors of Constantinopleput to death—Death of Zimisces—Military ardour of the Franks—MichaelDucas—Pope Gregory VII.—Power of the popes—Rome—PopeHildebrand—Pope Victor III. incites the Christians to take armsagainst the infidels—Conquests of the Genoese and Pisans—Peter theHermit—His interviews with the patriarch of Jerusalem and PopeUrban II.—The crusades instigated by Peter—First determined on atthe council of Clermont, convoked by Urban II.—Enthusiasm in theirfavour | pp. [1-60.] |
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| BOOK II.—A.D. 1096-1097. | |
| Immense armies collected in various parts of Europe—Peter theHermit chosen general of the crusade—Opposed by the Hungarians andBulgarians—Semlin—Nissa—The Crusaders reach Constantinople—AlexiusComnenus—Rapacity and cruelties of the Crusaders—Theirdefeat and slaughter—Fresh armies sent from Europe—Their distinguishedleaders—They wage war against the Greeks—Alliance of Godfreyde Bouillon with Alexius of Constantinople—Wretched situation of theremains of Peter’s army in Bithynia—The Turkish power—Kingdom ofEzeroum—Siege of Nice—Battle of Gorgoni—The Turks defeated bythe Crusaders—Sultan of Nice desolates the country—Antiochetta—Iconium—Tarsuscaptured by Baldwin—His conflicts with Tancred—Captureof Alexandretta and Edessa by the Crusaders—They arrive inMesopotamia | pp. [61-125.] |
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| BOOK III.—A.D. 1097-1099. | |
| The Crusaders everywhere triumphant—Their sufferings in passingMount Taurus—Enter Syria—Damascus—Aleppo—Capture of Chalcisand Artesia—Siege of Antioch—Sweno, king of Denmark—Barbaroustreatment of the Turks—Ambassadors from Egypt—City of Harem—TheCrusaders relieved by the Pisans and Genoese—-Baldwin, prince ofEdessa—Antioch captured—Quarrel of Godfrey de Bouillon and Bohémond—Kerbogha,sultan of Mossoul—Sultan of Persia sends an immensearmy against the Crusaders—Contests before Antioch—Sufferingsof the Crusaders—Subtle policy of Alexius—Kerbogha besieges Antioch—Pretendedmiracles—The sacred lance—Speech of Peter the Hermit tothe Saracen leaders, and Kerbogha’s haughty reply—Saracens defeated bythe Crusaders—Instances of heroic bravery—Magnificent encampmentof Kerbogha—The miraculous influence of the holy lance doubted—Deathof Baldwin count of Hainault—Fatal epidemic at Antioch—Deathof Bishop Puy—Docility of a lion—Geoffrey de la Tour—Foulque andhis widow—Hezas, the emir, allies himself with the Crusaders, anddefeats the sultan of Aleppo—Letters conveyed by pigeons—Miraculousprodigies—Capture of Maarah—Conquests in Syria by the Crusaders | pp. [126-186.] |
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| BOOK IV.—A.D. 1099-1103. | |
| The Crusaders take their departure from Antioch, and march forPalestine—Siege of Archas—Pons de Balasu—Arnold de Rohés, andhis disbelief in prodigies—Fanaticism, of Barthélemi—The holy lance—Ordealby fire—Hatred of the Latins towards the Greeks—Caliph ofCairo—Emir of Tripoli defeated—Palestine—Phœnicia—Plain of Berytus—Serpents—Ptolemaïs—Emmausand Bethlehem—Alarm from an eclipse—Thecity of Jerusalem—Enthusiasm of the Crusaders on first beholdingit—Siege of Jerusalem—Indignities heaped upon the Christians—Fountainof Siloë—The Genoese fleet enter the port of Jaffa—Gaston deBéarn—Mount of Olives—Address of Arnold de Rohés—Speech of Peterthe Hermit to the Crusaders—Tower of Tancred—Machines used at thesiege of Jerusalem—The Saracen magicians—Miraculous appearance ofSt. George—The Crusaders enter Jerusalem by storm—Creton Rheimhault—Everardde Puysaie—Mosque of Omar—Slaughter of the Mussulmans,and pious fervour of the Christians—Destruction of the Jews—Wealthfound in Jerusalem—Discovery of the “true cross”—Speech ofthe count of Flanders—Prophetic visions—Godfrey elected king of Jerusalem—Rejoicingsamong the Christians, and despair of the Mussulmans—Elegyof Modhaffer Abyverdy—Afdhal, the Mussulman commander—Signaldefeat of the Saracens at Ascalon—Tasso—Godfrey’s quarrel withRaymond—Siege of Ascalon—Riou de Loheac—Stephen de Salviac—Peterde Salviac—Death of Gaston de Béarn—Peter the Hermit andmany of the Christian leaders return to Europe—William IX., countof Flanders, sets out for the East—William, count de Nevers, defeatedby the Turks—Eude, duke of Burgundy, slain—Conrad, marshal ofHenry I. of Germany—Wolf IX., duke of Bavaria—Humbert II., countof Savoy, departs for the Holy Land—Alexius, emperor of Constantinople,opposes the Crusaders—City of Ancyra captured—The Crusadersdefeated by the Turks—Capture of Tortosa—Invasions of the Tartars—Tasso’s“Jerusalem Delivered”—Ordinances of Gaston deBéarn | pp. [187-264.] |
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| BOOK V.—A.D. 1099-1148. | |
| Kingdom founded by the victories of the Crusaders—State of Palestineat that period—Political measures of Godfrey—Tiberias captured byTancred—Siege of Arsur—Jerusalem visited by numerous pilgrims anddistinguished Crusaders—Archbishop Daimbert elected patriarch of Jerusalem “Assizesof Jerusalem”—Death of Godfrey—His brother Baldwinelected king—Carries on successful hostilities against the Infidels ofPalestine, Egypt, &c.—Cæsarea and Arsur besieged and captured—Cityof Ramla taken by the Saracens—Hospitallers of St. John—Insidiouspolicy of Alexius—Josselin de Courtenay—Baldwin taken prisoner—Bohémond,prince of Antioch, visits Italy, and returns with a large armyagainst Alexius—His death—Release of Baldwin—Distresses of Antioch—Quarrelsbetween Baldwin and the patriarch of Jerusalem—TheGenoese and Pisan fleets assist the Crusaders—Siege and capture ofPtolemaïs—Armies of Egypt defeated—Tripoli, Biblies, Sarepta, Berytus,and Sidon, taken by the Crusaders—Sigur, prince of Norway—The“true cross”—Death of Tancred—The Christians defeated—Palestinedevastated—Death of Baldwin—Baldwin du Bourg elected king ofJerusalem—Taken prisoner—Eustache Grenier, regent—The Venetiansdestroy the fleet of the Saracens, and conquer Tyre—Release of Baldwin—Severalcities of Egypt captured—The Ismaëlians—Zengui, prince ofMossoul—Dynasty of the Atabecks—Flourishing state of Antioch,Edessa, Tripoli, &c.—Knights of St. John and of the Holy Sepulchre—TheTemplars—Death of Baldwin du Bourg—Foulque of Anjou crownedking of Jerusalem—Raymond of Poictiers appointed governor of Antioch—Theemperor of Constantinople attacks Antioch—Melisende, queen ofJerusalem—Baldwin III. ascends the throne—Disastrous retreat fromBosra—The country of Traconite—Conquests of Zengui—Death of Josselinde Courtenay—Noureddin, son of Zengui, captures Edessa, andthreatens Jerusalem | pp. [265-328.] |
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| BOOK VI.—A.D. 1142-1148. | |
| SECOND CRUSADE. | |
| Europe aroused to a second crusade by the impending dangers of Jerusalemand the Holy Land—The Abbot St. Bernard—Louis VII. ofFrance—He destroys Vitri, repents, and determines on a crusade against theinfidels—Pope Eugenius III. invokes the assistance of the faithful—Pons,abbot of Vezelai—Preaching of St. Bernard—State of the Germanicempire—Conrad III. invokes a general diet at Spires, and engages in thecrusade—Many distinguished personages take the cross—Enthusiasm ofthe Germans—Conrad and Louis VII. arrive at Constantinople—Hypocriticalpolicy of the emperor, and treachery of the Greeks—Alarmcreated by an eclipse of the sun—The Crusaders defeated by the Turks—Theoriflamme—Fatal blunder of Geoffrey de Rançon—Reported deathof Louis VII.—Everard des Barres, grand master of the Templars—Perfidiouspolicy of the Greeks—Sufferings of the Crusaders—Louis VII.arrives at Antioch with a small portion of his army—Eleanor of Guiennerepudiated by her husband, Louis VII.—He proceeds to the Holy Land—Conradarrives at Jerusalem—Baldwin III. urges on the war—TheCrusaders besiege Damascus, and are repulsed—Ayoub, the father ofSaladin—The Sclaves—Crusaders in Spain and Portugal—Suger,minister of France—Unfortunate results of this crusade—The conquestsof Noureddin—The deaths of Raymond, Josselin, Suger, andSt. Bernard | pp. [329-381.] |
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| BOOK VII.—A.D. 1148-1188. | |
| THIRD CRUSADE. | |
| The religion of Mahomet—State of the East at the time of the thirdcrusade—Dynasties of the Saracens and the Turks almost annihilated—Caliphsof Bagdad, the chiefs of Islamism—Heroic character of Noureddin—Captureof Ascalon by Baldwin III.—Baldwin’s death—Hisbrother Amaury elected his successor—Distracted state of Egypt—Warlikepreparations against—Capture of Bilbeis by Baldwin—The Syriansinvade Egypt—Baldwin marries the daughter of the emperor Manuel—Makeswar on Egypt—Deposition and death of the caliph. The Fatimitedynasty extinguished—Extensive power of Noureddin, the sultan ofAleppo and Damascus—Saladin, the vizier of Egypt—Death of Noureddin—Empireof the Atabecks declines—Death of Amaury—The victoriesof Saladin in Syria—Baldwin IV., king of Jerusalem—The Mamelukes—Guyof Lusignan—Renaud de Chatillon—Raised to the throne ofAntioch—His various military adventures—Rebellion of Guy de Lusignan—Distractedstate of Jerusalem—Interview between Henry II. of Englandand Heraclius, patriarch of Constantinople—Philip Augustus, kingof France—Deaths of Baldwin IV. and V.—Guy de Lusignan, the sovereignof Jerusalem—Sybilla, daughter of Amaury—The Templars defeatedwith great slaughter—Tiberias taken by Saladin—Disastrous defeat of theChristians—Capture of the “true cross”—Guy de Lusignan and manydistinguished knights taken prisoners or slain—Saladin captures Ptolemaïs,Ascalon, Gaza, and numerous other cities in Palestine—He takespossession of Jerusalem—Sufferings of the Christians—The archbishopof Tyre preaches in support of the holy war—Henry II. of England,Richard I. and Philip of France determine on renewing the holy war—Persecutionand massacre of the Jews—Archbishop Baldwin preachesthe crusade in England—Frederick Barbarossa engages in the crusade—Miraculousvision—Contentions between the Greeks and the Latins—Andronicusof Constantinople dethroned—The Greeks defeated by Barbarossa—Hisvictorious career—His death | pp. [382-450.] |
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| BOOK VIII.—A.D. 1188-1192. | |
| The conquests of Saladin—Conrad of Montferrat—Siege of Tyre—Marquisof Montferrat—The “Green Knight”—Siege of Tripoli—William,king of Sicily, engages in the holy war—Admiral Margaritt defendsTripoli—Capture of Tortosa—Heroic defence of Carac—Release of Guyde Lusignan—His siege of Ptolemaïs, and his numerous conflicts withSaladin—Description of Ptolemaïs—Karacoush, minister of Saladin—Conrad,marquis of Tyre, fits out a fleet for the Holy Land—Bravery ofthe Mamelukes—Death of André de Brienne—Defeat of the Crusaders atPtolemaïs by Saladin—Death of Frederick, duke of Swabia, and ofSybilla, wife of Guy de Lusignan—Disputes about the succession to thekingdom of Jerusalem—Humphrey de Thorone—Conrad—Eleanor ofGuienne—Philip of France arrives at Palestine—Cyprus captured byRichard I.—His marriage to Berengaria of Navarre—Jane, queen ofSicily—Isaac Comnenus—Disputes respecting the sovereignty of Jerusalem—Arrivalof Richard I. before the walls of Ptolemaïs—His quarrelswith Philip of France—Conflicts with Saladin—Ptolemaïs taken by theChristians—Guy de Chatillon, Josselin de Montmorency, and some ofthe bravest nobility of Europe, slain—The Mohammedans—Leopold,duke of Austria—Philip of France quits Palestine, and returns toFrance—Battle of Arsur—Ascalon destroyed by Saladin, and rebuilt byRichard I.—Richard marches on Jerusalem—Conrad assassinated—Treatyof peace between Richard and Saladin—Guy de Lusignan obtainsthe sovereignty of Cyprus—Palestine ceded to Henry, count of Champagne—Charactersof Richard I. and of Saladin—Leopold of Austriadetains Richard as a prisoner—Death of Saladin—Malek-Adel takespossession of Egypt | pp. [451-509.] |
HISTORY
OF
THE CRUSADES.
BOOK I.
A.D. 300-1095.
From the earliest ages of the Church, a custom had been practised of making pilgrimages to the Holy Land. Judea, full of religious remembrances, was still the promised land of the faithful; the blessings of heaven appeared to be in store for those who visited Calvary, the tomb of Jesus Christ, and renewed their baptism in the waters of the Jordan. Under the reign of Constantine, the ardour for pilgrimages increased among the faithful; they flocked from all the provinces of the empire to worship Jesus Christ upon his own tomb, and to trace the steps of their God in that city which had but just resumed its name, and which the piety of an emperor had caused to issue from its ruins. The Holy Sepulchre presented itself to the eyes of the pilgrims surrounded by a magnificence which redoubled their veneration. An obscure cavern had become a marble temple, paved with precious stones and decorated with splendid colonnades. To the east of the Holy Sepulchre appeared the church of the Resurrection, in which they could admire the riches of Asia, mingled with the arts of Greece and Rome. Constantine celebrated the thirty-first year of his reign by the inauguration of this church, and thousands of Christians came, on occasion of this solemnity, to listen to the panegyric of Christ from the lips of the learned and holy bishop Eusebius.