Æneas Sylvius, bishop of Sienna, preaches a crusade against the Turks, [iii. 163] et seq.

Elected pope, under the title of Pius II., [iii. 170].

See [Pius II.]

Afdhal, son of Saladin, and commander of the Mussulman forces of Egypt, [ i. 238].

His extensive empire, [ ii. 3].

Civil contests of, [ ii. 4] et seq.

Oath taken by the emirs of, [ ii. 3] n.

Rebellion against, [ ii. 4].

Africa invaded by the Christian forces, [iii. 117] et seq.

Agriculture, products of, introduced into Europe during the middle ages, [iii. 329], [iii. 330].