RENEWAL OF THE STRUGGLE OF THE NATION AGAINST THE CROWN.
EDWARD II. 1307-1327.
1307Edward’s friendship for Gaveston,[198]
1308The Barons demand his dismissal,[198]
1309Gaveston’s return,[199]
General discontent,[199]
Statute of Stamford,[200]
1310Appointment of the Lords Ordainers,[200]
1311Useless assault on Scotland,[200]
The Ordinances published,[201]
Policy of the Opposition,[201]
Gaveston banished,[201]
1312He reappears with the King,[202]
He is beheaded at Warwick,[202]
1314Renewal of the War with Scotland,[203]
Battle of Bannockburn,[203]
Edward refuses to treat,[204]
Consequent disasters,[204]
1315Wars in Wales and Ireland,[204]
Bruce’s invasion of Ireland,[204]
1316He is crowned King,[205]
1318He is killed at Dundalk,[205]
1316Distress in England,[205]
Lancaster temporary Minister,[205]
Power of the Despensers,[205]
1318Temporary reconciliation,[206]
1320Truce with Scotland,[206]
The Welsh Marchers quarrel with the Despensers,[206]
Edward supports his favourites,[206]
1321Hereford and Lancaster combine,[206]
The Despensers are banished,[206]
An insult to the Queen rouses the King to energy,[207]
Edward recalls the Despensers,[207]
1322Pacifies the Marches,[207]
Attacks Lancaster,[207]
Battle of Boroughbridge,[207]
Lancaster worshipped as a Saint,[207]
Triumph of the Despensers,[208]
Renewal of war with Scotland,[208]
1323Peace for thirteen years with Scotland,[208]
Dangers surrounding the King,[208]
1324Difficulties with France,[209]
1325The Queen and Prince in France,[209]
1326She lands in England,[210]
Her party gathers strength,[210]
The King is taken,[210]
1327The Prince of Wales made King,[210]
Murder of Edward,[211]
BEGINNING OF HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR, AND CONSTITUTIONAL PROGRESS.
EDWARD III. 1327-1377.
1327Measures of reform,[214]
Mortimer’s misgovernment,[214]
Fruitless campaign against Scotland,[214]
Opposition to Mortimer,[214]
1330Conspiracy and death of Kent,[215]
Edward overthrows Mortimer,[215]
Edward’s healing measures,[216]
1332Balliol invades Scotland,[216]
Edward supports him,[216]
Siege of Berwick,[217]
1333Battle of Halidon Hill,[217]
1334Temporary Submission of Scotland,[217]
Edward’s claims on France,[218]
The Scotch, with Philip’s help, renew the War,[218]
1337Edward therefore produces his claims,[218]
Edward attacks France,[218]
1338His alliances on the North-east,[219]
He is made Imperial Vicar,[219]
Great taxation,[219]
He lands in Flanders,[220]
1339Deserted by his allies, he returns home,[220]
1340Returns, and wins the Battle of Sluys,[220]
Fruitless expedition to Tournay,[220]
Sudden visit to England,[221]
Displacement of the Ministry,[221]
1341His dispute with Stratford,[221]
Edward yields,[221]
1342Loss of all his allies,[222]
New opening in Brittany,[222]
1343Mediation of the Pope offered,[223]
Decay of Papal influence,[223]
1344 His mediation accepted conditionally, it fails,[224]
Edward’s commercial difficulties,[224]
1345War breaks out again,[224]
Derby hard pressed in Guienne,[224]
1346Edward, to relieve him, lands in Normandy,[225]
Marches towards Calais,[225]
Battle of Cressy,[227]
Battle of Neville’s Cross,[228]
1347Siege of Calais,[228]
Truce,[229]
1349The Black Death,[229]
1355Renewal of the War,[229]
Destructive March of the Black Prince southwards,[229]
The “Burnt Candlemas,”[231]
1356The Black Prince’s expedition northwards,[231]
Battle of Poitiers,[231]
Release of King David,[232]
1357Peace with Scotland,[232]
Terrible condition of France,[232]
1359Reviving power of the Dauphin,[232]
Edward again invades France,[233]
1360Want of permanent results induce Edward to make The Peace of Brétigny,[233]
The Treaty is not carried out,[234]
1364The War in Brittany continues,[234]
1365Affairs of Castile,[234]
1366France and England support the rival claimants,[234]
1367Battle of Navarette,[235]
1368Taxation in Aquitaine,[235]
The Barons appeal to Charles,[235]
1369Renewal of French War,[235]
Gradual Defeat of the English,[236]
1370The Black Prince takes Limoges,[236]
His final return to England,[236]
1374Loss of Aquitaine,[236]
1372Naval victory of the Spaniards,[236]
1375Discontent in England,[236]
Politics of the Time,[237]
1376The Good Parliament,[239]
Death of the Black Prince,[240]
Lancaster regains power,[240]
1377The Lancastrian Parliament,[240]
Trial of Wicliffe,[240]
Uproar in London,[240]
Death of the King,[240]

BEGINNING OF THE FACTION FIGHT AMONG THE NOBILITY.
RICHARD II. 1377-1399.
1377Difficulties of the new reign,[242]
Regency and administration of Lancaster,[242]
Patriotic government,[243]
1380Money wanted for the War in Brittany,[243]
The Poll Tax,[243]
1381Insurrection of the Villeins,[244]
Death of Wat Tyler,[244]
The insurrection suppressed,[245]
Parliament rejects the Villeins’ claims,[245]
1383Suspicions of Lancaster’s objects,[245]
He deserts Wicliffe,[245]
He is charged with the failure in Flanders,[246]
1385Jealousy of him thwarts the Scotch invasion,[246]
He is glad of the excuse to leave England to support his claims in Castile,[246]
Gloucester takes Lancaster’s place,[246]
The King’s Favourites,[247]
1386Gloucester heads an opposition,[247]
Change of Ministry demanded,[247]
Impeachment of Suffolk,[247]
Commission of Government,[247]
1387The King prepares a counterblow,[248]
The Five Lords Appellant,[248]
They impeach the King’s friends,[248]
Affair of Radcot,[248]
1388The Wonderful Parliament,[248]
1389Gloucester’s unimportant Government,[249]
Richard assumes authority,[249]
1393Final Statute of Provisors,[250]
1394Expedition to Ireland,[250]
1397Marriage with Isabella of France,[251]
Richard’s vengeance after seven years’ peace,[251]
1398Hereford and Norfolk banished,[252]
His arbitrary rule alienates the people,[253]
1399During his absence in Ireland,[253]
Hereford returns and is triumphantly received,[253]
He captures Richard,[254]
Makes him resign the Kingdom,[254]
———————
State of Society.
———————

MONARCHY BY PARLIAMENTARY TITLE.
HENRY IV. 1399-1413.
1399Henry’s position in English History,[275]
Reversal of the Acts of the late King,[276]
Tumultuous scene in the First Parliament,[276]
The King’s insecure position for nine years,[276]
1400Insurrection of the late Lords Appellant,[277]
Imprisonment and secret death of Richard,[277]
Hostile attitude of France and Scotland,[278]
Useless and impolitic march into Scotland,[278]
1401Insurrection Wales,[278]
Owen Glendower,[278]
1402Quarrel with the Percies,[278]
The pretended Richard,[279]
Causes of the quarrel with Northumberland,[279]
1403The Percies combine with Glendower,[279]
Battle of Shrewsbury,[280]
1404Submission of Northumberland,[280]
Widespread Conspiracy,[280]
1405Flight of the young Earl of March,[280]
Renewed activity of Northumberland, Scrope and Mowbray,[281]
Events which secured Henry’s triumph,[281]
Capture of James of Scotland,[281]
1407Murder of Orleans,[282]
1408Final defeat and death of Northumberland,[282]
Henry’s improved position,[282]
His enforced respect for the Commons,[282]
Climax of their power,[283]
Explained by the King’s failing health,[283]
1412Renewed vigour at the end of his reign,[283]
Henry’s foreign policy,[283]
His alliance with the Church,[284]
His persecuting Statute,[285]
Views of the nation with regard to the Church,[285]
Henry’s jealousy of the Prince of Wales,[285]
RENEWAL OF THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR.
HENRY V. 1413-1422.
1413Fortunate opening of his reign,[287]
General amnesty and release of prisoners,[288]
1414 Signs of slumbering discontent,[288]
The Lollards,[288]
Henry’s reason for the impolitic French War,[289]
State of France,[290]
Expulsion of the Burgundians from Paris,[290]
Attempt at national government,[290]
Henry’s double diplomacy and outrageous claims,[291]
His preparations,[291]
1415He lands in France,[292]
Conspiracy of Cambridge,[292]
Capture of Harfleur,[292]
Henry compelled to retire upon Calais,[293]
Battle of Agincourt,[295]
The French Government falls into the hands of the Armagnacs,[296]
1416Visit of Sigismund,[297]
His position in Europe,[297]
His close union with Henry,[297]
Failure of his mediation,[298]
1417Armagnac attacks Queen Isabella,[298]
She allies herself with Burgundy,[298]
Henry’s second Invasion,[298]
1418The Parisians, anxious for peace, admit the Burgundians,[298]
1419Fall of Rouen,[299]
Negotiations for peace,[300]
Attempted reconciliation of the French parties,[300]
Murder of Burgundy,[300]
Young Burgundy joins England,[300]
1420Treaty of Troyes,[300]
1421English defeat at Beaugé,[301]
Henry hurries to Paris,[301]
1422While re-establishing his affairs he dies,[301]
Death of Charles VI.,[302]
LOSS OF FRANCE AND DESTRUCTION OF THE BARONAGE.
HENRY VI. 1422-1461.
1422Arrangements of the Kingdom,[303]
Position of affairs in France,[304]
1423Bedford’s marriage,[304]
Release of the Scotch King,[304]
1424Battle of Verneuil,[305]
Consequent strength of the English position in France,[305]
It is disturbed by the consequences of Gloucester’s marriage,[305]
The first blow to the Burgundian alliance,[305]
1425Rivalry of Beaufort and Gloucester,[306]
1426Gloucester’s marriage with Eleanor Cobham,[307]
Bedford again secures Burgundy,[307]
1428And attacks Orleans,[307]
1429Battle of the Herrings,[308]
Danger of Orleans,[308]
Joan of Arc,[308]
Causes of her success,[310]
The siege is raised,[310]
March to Rheims to crown the Dauphin,[310]
Unsuccessful attack on Paris,[311]
1430Capture of Joan of Arc,[311]
Coronation of King Henry,[311]
1431Joan’s death,[311]
1432Increasing difficulties of the English,[312]
State of England,[312]
Conduct of Gloucester,[312]
Death of the Duchess of Bedford,[312]
Bedford re-marries. Second blow to the Burgundian alliance,[312]
1433Efforts at peace, and[313]
1434Rise of a War party under Gloucester,[313]
1435Great Peace Congress at Arras,[314]
Bedford’s death,[314]
Consequent defection of Burgundy,[314]
1436Obstinacy of the War party,[314]
Continued ill success,[315]
Danger from Scotland,[315]
1437James’s death,[315]
1440Peace party procures the liberation of Orleans,[316]
1442Peace becomes necessary,[316]
Rise of Suffolk,[316]
1445Marriage of Henry with Margaret of Anjou,[316]
1446Pre-eminence of Suffolk,[317]
1447Gloucester’s death,[317]
York takes his place,[317]
1448Ministry of Suffolk,[318]
His unpopularity,[318]
Renewal of the War,[318]
1449Fall of Rouen,[319]
Popular outbreak against Suffolk,[319]
1450Murder of Suffolk,[319]
Continued discontent,[320]
Jack Cade,[320]
1452York’s appearance in arms; Civil War begins,[320]
He is duped into submission,[321]
1453Imbecility of the King,[321]
1454Prince of Wales born,[321]
York’s First Protectorate,[322]
Recovery of the King,[322]
1455York again appears in arms,[322]
First Battle of St. Albans,[322]
Character of the two parties,[323]
1456York’s Second Protectorate,[324]
1457With the Nevilles he retires from Court,[324]
1458Hollow reconciliation of parties,[325]
1459Renewed hostilities,[325]
Battle of Blore Heath,[325]
Flight of the Yorkists from Ludlow,[325]
Lancastrian Parliament at Coventry,[325]
1460Fresh attack of the Yorkists,[325]
Battle of Northampton,[326]
Yorkist Parliament in London,[326]
York at last advances claims to the throne,[326]
The Lords agree on a compromise,[326]
York is defeated and killed at Wakefield,[326]
1461The young Duke of York wins the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross,[327]
The Queen, advancing to London, wins second Battle of St. Albans,[327]
Sudden rising of the Home Counties,[327]
Triumphant entry of Edward,[327]
HEREDITARY ROYALTY WITHOUT CONSTITUTIONAL CHECKS.
EDWARD IV. 1461-1483.
1461Edward secures the crown,[328]
Battle of Towton,[328]
Yorkist Parliament,[328]
1462With French help Margaret keeps up the War,[328]
1464Battle of Hedgeley Moor,[328]
Battle of Hexham,[328]
1465Edward’s triumph and popular Government,[329]
Apparent security of his Throne,[330]
Destroyed by his marriage, and the rise of the Woodvilles,[330]
1466 Power of the Nevilles,[331]
Their French policy,[331]
Edward’s Burgundian policy,[331]
1467Defection of the Nevilles,[332]
1469Popular risings inspired by them,[332]
Clarence’s weakness drives them to the Lancastrians,[333]
1470Wells’ rebellion,[333]
Flight of Warwick,[333]
He returns and re-crowns Henry,[334]
1471Edward gets help from Burgundy,[334]
Clarence joins him,[335]
Battle of Barnet,[335]
Margaret lands in England,[335]
Battle of Tewkesbury,[335]
Edward’s triumphant return to power,[335]
Murder of Henry,[335]
Clarence’s quarrels,[336]
1476With Richard,[336]
1477With Edward,[336]
1478His trial and death,[337]
1475Edward joins Burgundy against France,[337]
Failure of his expedition,[337]
Treaty of Pecquigni,[338]
Ambitious projects of marriage for his daughters,[338]
1482Affairs in Scotland,[338]
Edward supports Albany,[339]
He gains Berwick,[339]
1483His death and character,[339]