Budaun, United Provs. 28N. 78E. Supposed to have been f. c. 905. Seized by Kutb-ud-din, 1196; joined in Mutiny, 1857. Res. of Ala-ud-din.
Buddha-Gaya, Bengal. 25N. 85E. Formerly centre of worship of Buddha, and contains sacred pipal-tree under which Sakyamuni reached Buddhahood. Visited by Hieun Tsiang, 635.
Budihaul, Madras. 14N. 76E. Captured by Hyder Ali, 1761; by Mahrattas, 1771, 1790.
[Budrum], Asiatic Turkey. 37N. 27E. F. on site of ancient Halicarnassus. Contains a fortress built by the knights of Rhodes, 1402. Bp. of Herodotus and Dionysius.
[Burhanpur], Central Provs. 21N. 76E. F. by Nasir Khan, c. 1400; adorned by Akbar, 1600. Pillaged by Mahrattas, 1685; captured by Wellesley, 1803.
Buxar, Bengal. 26N. 84E. Mir Kasim defeated by Sir Hector Munro, 1764. Of literary interest as res. of writers of Vedic hymns.
[Cæsarea], Palestine. 32N. 35E. F. by Herod the Great on site of Strato's Tower. Famous in biblical history as city in which St. Peter preached to Cornelius, and St. Paul was incarcerated for two years. Vespasian became emperor, 69; Eusebius was bishop, 315-318; captured by Crusaders but regained by Saladin, 1101; destroyed by Sultan Bibars, 1265. (See Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')
Calah, Asiatic Turkey. 36N. 43E. One of ancient capitals of Assyria; f. by Shalmaneser I., c. 1300 B.C.; rebuilt by Asurnazirpal, 880 B.C. Ruins discovered by Sir A. H. Layard, 1845.
[Calcutta], Bengal. 23N. 88E. F. by Governor Job Charnock, 1686; Fort William established, 1696; besieged by Surajah Dowlah, Nawab of Bengal, and captives imprisoned in the 'Black Hole,' 1756; recaptured by Clive, 1757; chief seat of British government, 1773. (See Kipling's 'City of Dreadful Night.')
[Calicut], Madras. 11N. 76E. Covilham landed here, 1486; Vasco da Gama, 1498; Captain Keeling, 1615. Don Fernando Coutinho repulsed, 1509; devastated by Hyder Ali, 1765; taken by British, 1782; by Tippoo Sahib, 1788; re-taken by British, 1790. (See Burton's 'Goa and the Blue Mountains,' also 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')