The Origin of Paul's Religion

by J. Gresham Machen

Here lies the profoundest of all differences between Paul and contemporary religion. Paulinism was not a philosophy; it was not a set of directions for escape from the misery of the world; it was not an account of what had always been true. On the contrary, it was an account of something that had happened. The thing that had happened, moreover, was not hidden in the dim and distant past. The account of it was not evolved as a justification for existing religious forms. On the contrary, the death and resurrection of Jesus, upon which Paul's gospel was based, had happened only a few years before. And the facts could be established by adequate testimony; the eyewitnesses could be questioned, and Paul appeals to the eyewitnesses in detail. The single passage, 1 Cor. xv. 1-8, is sufficient to place a stupendous gulf between the Pauline Christ and the pagan saviour-gods. But the character of Paulinism does not depend upon one passage. Everywhere in the Epistles Paul stakes all his life upon the truth of what he says about the death and resurrection of Jesus. The gospel which Paul preached was an account of something that had happened. If the account was true, the origin of Paulinism is explained; if it was not true, the Church is based upon an inexplicable error.

This latter alternative has been examined in the preceding discussion. If Jesus was not the divine Redeemer that Paul says He was, how did the Pauline religion of redemption arise? Three great hypotheses have been examined and have been found wanting. Paulinism, it has been shown, was not based upon the Jesus of modern naturalism; if Jesus was only what He is represented by modern naturalistic historians as being, then what is really distinctive of Paul was not derived from Jesus. The establishment of that fact has been a notable achievement of Wrede and Bousset. But if what is essential in Paulinism was not derived from Jesus, whence was it derived? It was not derived, as Wrede believed, from the pre-Christian apocalyptic notions of the Messiah; for the apocalyptic Messiah was not an object of worship, and not a living person to be loved. It was not derived from pagan religion, in accordance with the brilliant hypothesis of Bousset; for pagan influence is excluded by the self-testimony of Paul, and the pagan parallels utterly break down. But even if the parallels were ten times closer than they are, the heart of the problem would not even have been touched. The heart of the problem is found in the Pauline relation to Christ. That relation cannot be described by mere enumeration of details; it cannot be reduced to lower terms; it is an absolutely simple and indivisible thing. The relation of Paul to Christ is a relation of love; and love exists only between persons. It is not a group of ideas that is to be explained, if Paulinism is to be accounted for, but the love of Paul for his Saviour. And that love is rooted, not in what Christ had said, but in what Christ had done. He "loved me and gave Himself for me." There lies the basis of the religion of Paul; there lies the basis of all of Christianity. That basis is confirmed by the account of Jesus which is given in the Gospels, and given, indeed, in all the sources. It is opposed only by modern reconstructions. And those reconstructions are all breaking down. The religion of Paul was not founded upon a complex of ideas derived from Judaism or from paganism. It was founded upon the historical Jesus. But the historical Jesus upon whom it was founded was not the Jesus of modern reconstruction, but the Jesus of the whole New Testament and of Christian faith; not a teacher who survived only in the memory of His disciples, but the Saviour who after His redeeming work was done still lived and could still be loved.

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[INDEX]

I NAMES AND SUBJECTS

Acts, Book of, [32]-40
should be allowed to help in interpreting the Pauline Epistles, [125]
Adonis, [314]f.
religion of, [234]f.
Adoptionist Christology, not found in Pauline Epistles, [118]
Agabus, [33]f., [78]
Agræ, mysteries of, [217]
Alexander the Great, [220]
Alexandria, Church at, [16]
Ananias (in Acts), [71]
Ananias (in Josephus), [12]
Andronicus and Junias, [140]f.
Anrich, [212]
Antioch, [29]f., [77]ff., [122]ff;
Apostolic Decree addressed to, [94]ff.;
Peter at, [97]-106;
Church at, [16]
Antioch, pre-Pauline Christianity of:
not channel by which pagan religion influenced Paul, [257]ff.;
how investigated, [257]-259;
not essentially different from that of Jerusalem, [259]f.;
did it originate application of term "Lord" to Jesus, [299], [303]-307
Apocalypses, Jewish, not used by Paul, [192]f.
Apocrypha, Old Testament, [182]f.
Apollo's, [109]
Apostles, the original:
attitude toward Paul at the Apostolic Council, [86]f.;
relation with Paul, [120]-137;
observed Mosaic Law, [126]-128;
were inwardly free from Law, [127]f.;
agreed with Paul about the person of Christ, [135]-137;
contact with Paul, [139]
Apostolic Council, the, [39], [80]-100
Apostolic Decree, the, [87]-98, [110];
was accompanied by Judas and Silas, [140]
Apostolic Fathers, the, [6]
Apuleius, [222]f., [233]f., [241]
Arabia, Paul's journey to, [71]-74
Aretas, [74]
"Asclepius," the, [242]
Atargatis, [235]
Athenodorus, [45]
Athletic games, use of figures regarding the, by Paul, [260]
Attis, [314]-316;
religion of, [227]-231;
mysteries of, [283]
Baals, the Syrian, [235]
Bacchanalian rites in Italy, [250]
Bacon, B. W., [91], [139], [181], [197]
Baldensperger, [178], [192], [204]
Baptism, in pagan religion, [280]f.
Baptism for the dead, [288]
Barnabas, [16], [78]ff., [83]f., [99];
was carried away with Peter at Antioch, [102];
dispute with Paul, [105]-107;
relations with Paul, [106]f.;
was member of Jerusalem Church, [137]f.;
contact with Paul, [137]f.
Barnabas, Epistle of, [18]
Baruch, Second Book of, [180], [191]
Baur, F. C, [6], [31], [37], [85], [105], [107], [119]ff., [124]f., [128]f.
Beecher, [182]
Bengel, [103]
Beyschlag, [60], [63], [65]
Bible, introduction of the, into Indo-European civilization, [20]
Blass, [90]
Böhlig, [45], [141], [300]
Bousset, W., [28]-30, [47], [49], [52], [67], [72], [78], [156], [161], [172]-199, [204]-207, [244], [257]-262, [267]f., [270], [274], [278], [293]-317
Brückner, [27], [185], [191], [194]ff., [205]f., [211], [234], [313], [315]
Buddhism, early, [274]
Burton, E. D., [267]f., [271]
Byblos, [231], [234]f.
Charles, [180], [186], [188], [190]
"Christ," the term, [297]f.
Christianity, origin of:
importance of the question, [3]f.;
two ways of investigating, [4]f.;
testimony of Paul to, [4]f.
Christianity, monotheism of, [306]
"Christians," first application of the name, [78]
Christology, the Pauline:
not derived from pre-Christian Jewish doctrine of the Messiah, [173]-207;
not derived from pre-Christian Jewish doctrine of Wisdom, [199]-204;
not derived from pagan religion, [293]-317
Christ-party, the, at Corinth, [120]
Circumcision, [17]
Clemen, [262]
Clement of Alexandria, [230], [281]
Clement of Rome, [105]
Colossæ, errorists in, [129]f.
Colossians, Epistle to the, [31], [104]
Corinthian Church, parties in the, [107]-109
Corinthians, Epistles to the, [31]
Cornelius, [16], [19], [83]
Cross of Christ, the, [19], [63]f.
Cult, Bousset's exaggeration of the importance of the, [303]ff.
Cumont, [212], [227]ff., [232], [236], [243]f., [247], [281]f.
Cybele, religion of, [8], [227]-231
Cybele and Attis, mysteries of, [229]-231
Cynics, the, [225]
Dalman, [187]
Damascus, [71]ff., [76];
preaching of Paul at, [72]f.;
escape of Paul from, [74]
Damascus, pre-Pauline Christianity of:
how investigated, [257]-259;
not channel by which pagan religion influenced Paul, [257]ff.;
not essentially different from that of Jerusalem, [259]f.;
did it originate application of the term "Lord" to Jesus, [299]
Date, question of, with reference to pagan ideas and practices, [237]-41
Death of Christ, the, was voluntary, [315]
Death and resurrection of Jesus:
historicity of, [312]f.;
not derived from the cult, [315]f.
Death and resurrection of pagan gods, the myths concerning, thought to have been derived from the cults, [315]f.
Deification: in pagan religion, [245], [263];
not found in Paul, [263]-265
Demeter, [217]f.
Denney, James, [155], [304]
Dieterich, [246]f., [251]
Dionysus, [215]f.;
religion of, [282]f.
Dispersion, Judaism of the:
was it "liberal," [175]-177;
did not produce Gentile mission of Paul, [175]ff.
Drews, [294]
Dualism of Hellenistic age, different from Paulinism, [276]
Dying and rising god, the, [211], [234]f., [237], [312]-316
Ebionites, the, [125]f.
Ecclesiasticus, [200]
Eleusis, mysteries of, [217]-219, [281]
Emmet, [81], [176], [180]
Emperors, worship of the, [221]
Enoch, First Book of, [181], [184], [186]-189, [193], [198]f., [203]
Epicureans, the, [225]
Ephesians, Epistle to the, [31], [104]
Erman, [314]
Eschatology, consistent, [156]f.
Essenes, [177]
Ethics, same teaching about, in Jesus and in Paul, [164]f.
Eusebius, [139]
Ezra, Fourth Book of, [176], [180], [187], [189]f., [196]
Faith in Jesus, did not originate at Antioch, [303]ff.
"Famine visit," historicity of the, [84]-86
Farnell, [212], [217]
Fatherhood of God, same teaching about, in Jesus and in Paul, [161]-164
Firmicus Maternus, [229], [237], [241], [251], [281], [314]
"Flesh," Pauline use of the term: without parallel in pagan usage, [275]f.;
based on Old Testament, [276]
Future life, interest in the, stimulated by worship of Dionysus and by Orphism, [216]f.
Galatians, Epistle to the:
genuineness, [31];
addressees, [81];
date, [81]ff.;
must be interpreted in the light of I Cor. xv. 1-11, [144]f.
Gamaliel, [47], [52]
Gautama, [274]
Gentile Christianity:
in what sense founded by Paul, [7]-21;
in what sense founded by Jesus, [13]-15;
part in the founding of, taken by missionaries other than Paul, [15]f.
Gentiles, reception of, according to the Old Testament, [17]
Gischala, [44]
Gnosis, [262]-265:
idea of, in Paul, [263]-265;
not a technical term in Paul, [263]
Gnosticism, [247]-251, [268]f.:
pagan basis of, [247];
can it be used as a witness to pre-Christian paganism, [247]-250;
Christian elements in, [249]f.;
use in, of terms "Spirit" and "spiritual" due to dependence on the New Testament, [268]f.
"God," the term, [306]f.
Golden Rule, negative form of the, [88]f.
Gospel, the Pauline, was a matter of history, [264]f.
Gospels, the:
contain an account of Jesus like that presupposed in the Pauline Epistles, [153]f.;
were they influenced by Paul, [154]f., [159]
Grace, doctrine of, both in Jesus and in Paul, [164]
Grace of God according to Paul, [279]
Greece, religion of:
influenced Rome, [212]f.;
moral defects of, [214];
was anthropomorphic polytheism, [214]f.;
was connected with the state, [214]f.;
mystical elements in, [215]ff.;
was undermined by philosophy, by the fall of the city-state, and by the influence of the eastern religions, [219]f.
Greek language:
in Palestine, [53], [302];
Paul's use of, [44], [46], [53]
Gressmann, [181]
Hadad, [235]
Harnack, A. von, [6]f., [26], [33]-36, [98], [119], [263], [273]
"Hebrew," meaning of the word, [46]
Heinrici, [265]
Heitmüller, [47], [49], [52], [76]-78, [157], [243]f., [257]-261, [265], [282]f.
Helbig, [46]
"Hellenist," meaning of the word, [46]
Hellenistic age, the:
cosmopolitanism in, [220];
individualism in, [221];
religious propaganda in, [221]f.;
syncretism in, [222]f.;
longing for redemption in, [223]f.
Hellenists, the, [302]
Hepding, [227]-231, [283]
Hermas, Shepherd of, [242]
Hermes Trismegistus, [242]-245, [248]f., [261]f., [265]-267, [285]:
was it influenced by Christianity, [242]f., [247]f.;
importance of, [243]f.;
places soul higher than spirit, [248]f.;
terminology different from Paul's, [265]-270
Hermetic Corpus, [242]-245, [277]
Herod Agrippa I, death of, [79]
Hilgenfeld, [90]
Hippolytus, [218], [249]f.
Holstein, [63]-65, [76]
Holtzmann, H. J., [22]
Homer, [213]f.
"Illumination," the term, [273]
Initiated, to be, use of the verb by Paul, [271]f.
Irenæus, [89]
Isis, religion of, [8]f.
Isis, mysteries of, [232]ff.,
had sacramental washings according to Tertullian, [281]
Isis and Osiris, religion of, [231]-234
Izates of Adiabene, [12]
James, [94], [98]:
contact of with Paul, [75], [109]-113, [137];
men who came from, [101];
attitude of, toward Paul, [111]f.;
attitude of Paul toward, [120]ff.;
called "the brother of the Lord," [299]f.
Jerome, [44]
Jerusalem Church, the, [293]-303:
attitude of, toward the Law, [19];
relief of the poor of, [99]f., [104], [112]f.;
new principle of the life of, [127];
community of goods in, [138];
contact of, with Paul, [139];
treasured tradition about Jesus, [139];
direct influence of, upon Paul, [258]f.;
use of the term "Lord" by, [294]-303
Jesus Christ:
historicity of, [5];
in what sense founder of the Gentile mission, [13]-15;
Pauline conception of, [22];
deification of, according to modern liberalism, [22]-24;
Messiahship of, according to the liberal hypothesis, [25];
consciousness of sonship, according to the liberal hypothesis, [25];
importance of, in the liberal explanation of the origin of Paulinism, [25];
Messiahship of, according to Bousset, [29];
Lordship of, according to Bousset, [29]f.;
divinity of, disputed by no one in the Apostolic Age, [129]-137;
knowledge of, according to Paul, [142]-144;
words of, in Pauline Epistles, [147]-149;
details of the life of, known to Paul, [149]f.;
character of, appreciated by Paul, [150]f.;
comparison of, with Paul, [153]-169;
presented Himself as Messiah, [155]-158;
personal affinity of, with Paul, [165];
regarded by Paul as a Redeemer, not as a mere teacher, [167]-169
Jesus Christ, the liberal account of:
attested by none of the sources, [155];
involves psychological contradiction, [155]-158;
cannot explain the origin of the belief in the divine Redeemer, [158]f.
John, [98], went to Ephesus, [128]
Jones, Maurice, [81]
Josephus, [79], [177], [183]
Judæa, Churches of, [50]-52, [75]f.
Judaism:
missionary activity of, [9]-11;
prepared for Pauline mission, [10]f.;
did not produce Christian universalism, [11]-13;
had no doctrine of the vicarious death of the Messiah, [65], [196]ff.;
divisions within, [175]-177;
did not serve as medium for pagan influence upon Paul, [255]f.
Judaism, rabbinical, [176]
Judas, [140]
Judaizers, the, [19], [86], [98], [121], [125]f., [128], [131], [135], [278]:
activity of, subsided during the third missionary journey, [104], [107];
did not dispute Paul's doctrine of the person of Christ, [129]-137
Judgment, teaching about, both in Jesus and in Paul, [164]
Justification, Pauline idea of:
can find no analogy in Hermes Trismegistus, [277];
importance of, in Paul's thinking, [277]-279;
not produced merely as weapon against the Judaizers, [278]f.;
intimately connected with the doctrine of the new creation, [279]
Justin Martyr, [185], [196], [236], [273], [281]
Juvenal, [227]
Kabeiri, the, [219]
Kennedy, H. A. A., [118], [233], [262], [281]
Kingdom of God, same teaching about, in Jesus and in Paul, [160]f.
Knowling, [104], [109], [147], [299]
Koiné, the, [220]
Krenkel, [44]f., [59]
Kroll, J., [242], [244], [249], [269]
Kroll, W., [242], [245]
Kykeon, the, [218], [281]
Laborers in the vineyard, parable of the, [164]
Lake, Kirsopp, [12]f., [81]f., [89], [98]
Lake and Jackson,

[186]
Law, the ceremonial, attitude of Jesus toward, [14]f.
Law, the Mosaic:
function of, according to Paul, [18];
attitude of the early Jerusalem Church toward, [19];
observance of, by Jewish Christians, [92]f., [101]f.;
Jewish Christians zealous for, [110];
added to, by the Jews, [178];
Paul's early zeal for, [256]
Legalism, Jewish, [178]-181
Lexical method of determining questions of dependence, [262]
Liberalism, was not the method of Paul in founding Gentile Christianity, [17]
Liberal Judaism, was not the atmosphere of Paul's boyhood home, [47], [256]
Lietzmann, [127]
Lightfoot, J. B., [47], [119]
Lipsius, [72]
Livy, [250]
Loisy, [47], [76], [229], [262]
Lord, the, connected by Paul with the Spirit, [311]ff.
"Lord," the term:
applied by Paul to the Jesus who was on earth, [117]f.;
use of, in primitive Jerusalem Church, [294]-303;
occurrence of, in the Gospels, [295]-298;
the Aramaic basis of, [301];
received Greek form in Jerusalem, [301]f.;
not for the first time applied to Jesus at Antioch, [303]ff.;
use of, in pagan religion, [305]f.;
use of, in the Septuagint, [307]f.
Lord's Supper, the:
account of institution of, [148]f., [151]f.;
was thought by Justin Martyr to be imitated in religion of Mithras, [236];
comparison of, with pagan rites, [281]-283;
not dependent upon pagan notion of eating the god, [282]f.
Lucian, [225], [234]f., [241]
Luke, [36]f.
Lycaonia, Apostolic Decree extended into, [94]
Maccabees, Fourth Book of, [196]
Magic: affinity of, for the mysteries, [246];
difference of, from religion, [246]
Magical papyri, the, [246]f.
"Mar," the term, [300]f.
Maranatha, [300]f.
Marcion, [18]
Marcus Aurelius, [226]
Mark, John, [105], [106], [107];
relations of, with Paul and with Peter, [138]f.
Marriage, the sacred, [230]
"Master," the term, applied to Jesus, [308]
Mead, [244]
Meals, sacred, in the mystery religions, [281]-283
Menander, [271]
Ménard, [244]
Messiah, the:
doctrines of, in Old Testament, [181]f.;
doctrine of, in Judaism, [182]ff.;
Old Testament basis for later doctrine of, [191];
pre-Christian doctrine of, exalted by identification with Jesus, [204]
Messiah, the apocalyptic:
was different from the Pauline Christ, [194]-199;
had no part in creation, [194];
had no intimate relation to the believer, [194]-197;
was not divine, [197]-199;
what could have led to his identification with Jesus, [205]f.
"Mind," the term, in Hermes Trismegistus, [267]f., not produced by philosophical modification of the term "Spirit"
Mind, not the same thing as Spirit in I Cor. ii. 15, [16], [269]
Miracles:
objection drawn from accounts of, against Lucan authorship of Acts, [33]-37;
cannot be separated from the Gospel account of Jesus, [154]f.
Mithras, mysteries of, [236], [256]:
had sacramental washings according to Tertullian, [281];
bread and cup in, [281]f.
Mithras, religion of, [8]f., [235]-237
Mithras-liturgy, the so-called, [247], [251], [267]
Mnason, [112]
Mommsen, [46]f.
Montefiore, [176]f.
Morgan, W., [118], [164]
Moulton and Milligan, [281]
Murray, Gilbert, [223]
"Mystery," the term, in Paul, [272]f.
Mystery religions, the, [227]ff.:
did not produce Gentile Christianity, [8]f.;
were tolerant of other faiths, [9];
information about, in a Naassene writing, [249]f.;
technical vocabulary of, [262]ff.;
idea of gnosis in, [262]-265;
not the source of Paul's doctrine of the Spirit, [270];
probably had not dominated many converts of Paul, [273];
produced no strong consciousness of sin, [276];
did not produce the Pauline teaching about the sacraments, [279]-290
Mysticism, pagan, [239]ff.
Naassenes, sect of the, [249]f.
Neutral text, the, [87]ff.
Oepke, [264]f., [273]
Old Catholic Church, [6], [119]f.:
founded on unity between Peter and Paul, [104]f.
Olschewski, [194]
Oracula Chaldaica, the, [245]f.
Orphism, [216]f.
Osiris, [229], [231]ff., [314]f.
Pagan religion:
through what channels could it have influenced Paul, [255]-261;
did it influence Paul directly, [260]f.
Papias, [139]
Parthey, [244].
Particularism, in the Old Testament, [17]
Pastoral Epistles, the, [31]f.
Paul:
testimony of, as to origin of Christianity, [4]f.;
influence of, [6]-21;
geographical extent of the labors of, [16]f.;
importance of the theology of, in foundation of Gentile mission, [17]-20;
in what ways a witness about the origin of Christianity, [21];
the genius of, not incompatible with the truth of his witnessing, [21];
monotheism of, [23];
sources of information about, [31]-40;
birth of, at Tarsus, [43]f.;
Roman citizenship of, [45]f.;
Pharisaism of, [46]f.;
was not a liberal Jew, [47], [175]ff.;
was in Jerusalem before conversion, [47]-53;
rabbinical training of, [52]f.;
did he see Jesus before the conversion, [54]-57;
knew about Jesus before the conversion, [57]f., [66]f.;
conversion of, [58]-68, [145]-147, [205], [305];
malady of, [58]f.;
did he have the consciousness of sin before his conversion, [64]-66;
the conversion of, involved meeting with a person, [67]f.;
baptism of, [71];
at Damascus, [71]ff.;
went to Arabia, [71]-74;
escaped from Damascus, [74];
rebuked Peter, [97], [102];
division of labor with Peter, [99]f.;
first visit of, to Jerusalem, [74]-77;
in Syria and Cilicia, [77];
at Antioch, [78];
famine visit of, to Jerusalem, [78]ff.;
agreed with Peter in principle, [102], [123]f.;
relations of, with Peter, [102]-105, [137];
dispute of, with Barnabas, [105]-107;
relations of, with Barnabas, [106]f., [137]f.;
relations of, with James, [109]-113;
participation of, in a Jewish vow, [110]f.;
has been regarded by the Church as a disciple of Jesus, [117];
regarded himself as a disciple of Jesus, [117]f.;
was regarded as a disciple of Jesus by Jesus' friends, [118]-137;
attitude of, toward Peter, [120]ff.;
attitude of, toward James, [120]ff.;
rebuked Peter, [122]-124;
had abundant sources of information about Jesus, [137]-142;
relations of, with Mark, [138]f.;
contact of, with the original apostles and with the Jerusalem Church, [139];
contact of, with Silas, [140];
the gospel of, in what sense did he receive it directly from Christ, [145]-147;
meaning of the conversion of, for him, [145]-147;
shows knowledge of words of Jesus, [147]-149;
shows knowledge of details of Jesus' life, [149]f.;
shows appreciation of Jesus' character, [150]f.;
knew more about Jesus than he has told in the Epistles, [151]-153;
comparison of, with Jesus, [153]-169;
personal affinity of, with Jesus, [165];
was not a disciple of "the liberal Jesus," [166]-169;
his pre-conversion belief about the Messiah, [192]-194;
was not dependent upon the Jewish apocalypses, [192]f.;
personal relation of, to Christ, was not derived from mere reflection on the death of the Messiah, [194]-197;
similarity of, to Jesus, not explained by common dependence on Judaism, [206];
the gospel of, was a matter of history, [264]f.;
how far did he use a terminology derived from the mysteries, [271]-273
Pauline Epistles, the genuineness of, [31]f.
Paulinism:
required exclusive devotion, [9];
was a religion of redemption, [22], [167]-169;
doctrine of the person of Christ in, was not disputed even by Judaizers, [129]-137;
was supernaturalistic, [288]f.;
was not external, [289]f.;
was individualistic, [309]ff.;
was not developed from the cult, [309]ff.;
was personal, [311]f., [317];
was historical, [316]
Paulinism, the origin of:
four ways of explaining, [24]ff.;
supernaturalistic explanation of, [24];
liberal explanation of, [24]-26;
radical explanations of, [26]ff.;
found in pre-Christian Judaism by Wrede and Brückner, [27]f.;
found in paganism by Bousset, [30];
not really explained by development from the liberal Jesus, [117]-169;
not really explained by Judaism, [173]-207;
not really explained by paganism, [211]-317
Persephone, [218]
Personality, idea of, [202]f.
Peter:
received Cornelius, [16];
with Paul in Jerusalem, [75]-77;
at Antioch, [97]-106;
rebuked by Paul, [97], [102], [122]-124;
division of labor with Paul, [99]f.;
relations of, with Paul, [102]-105;
attitude of Paul toward, [120]ff.;
agreed with Paul in principle, [123]f.;
not in harmony with Ebionism, [125]f.;
went to Rome, [127]f.;
contact with Paul, [137];
relations of, with Mark, [139]
Pharisaism, not influenced by pagan religion, [255]f.
Pharisees, the, [177]
Philemon, Epistle to, [31]
Philippians, Epistle to the, [31], [104]
Philo, [183], [250]f.:
use of term "Spirit" by, due to Old Testament, [268]
Philosophy:
undermined the religion of Greece, [219];
practical interest of, in the Hellenistic age, [224]ff.
Plato, [224]f., [275]
Plooij, [81]
Plutarch, [231], [236]
Poimandres, the, [242]-245
Posidonius, [225], [250]
Princeton Biblical Studies, [7], [17], [37], [117]
Princeton Theological Review, [37], [78], [155]
Psalms of Solomon, [190], [193]
Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, [182]
Ptolemy 1, [231]
Pythagoreanism, [217]
Ramsay, [45], [56], [81]
Rationalizing, revived by Torrey and others, [34]
Redemption:
Paulinism a religion of, [22], [167]-169;
was desired in the Hellenistic age, [223]f.;
value of, [224];
in pagan religion and in Paul, [255]-279;
idea of, in Hellenistic age, [274]ff.;
idea of, not an abnormal thing, [275];
Pauline conception of, was not derived from pagan cults, [274]ff.;
Pauline idea of, involves salvation from sin, [276]f.
Regeneration:
in pagan religion, [230], [233], [240]f., [244]f.;
associated, in Paul, with justification, [279]
Reitzenstein, R., [242]-244, [246], [248]ff., [274], [277], [262]-280
Religion and theology:
union of, according to Wrede, [27];
separation of, according to the liberal hypothesis, [25]f.;
not to be separated in Paul, [166]ff.
Revelation, Book of, [120]
Ritschl, A., [6], [38]f., [119]f., [125]
Ritschlian theology, the, [23]
Rohde, [212], [223]
Romans, Epistle to the:
genuineness of, [31];
date of, [81]f.;
can it be used in the reconstruction of the pre-Pauline Christianity of Damascus and Antioch, [259]
Rome, Church at, [16]
Rome, the native religion of, [212]f.
Sabazius, [215]
Sacraments, the Pauline:
were not derived from the mystery religions, [279]-290;
did not convey blessing ex opere operato, [283]-288;
were outward signs of an inner experience, [286]f.
Sadducees, the, [177]
Samothrace, the mysteries of, [219]
Schürer, [23], [65], [79], [156], [180], [183], [186], [190], [196]
Seneca, [226]
Septuagint, importance of the, [307]f.
Serapis, religion of, [232]ff.
Servant coming in from the field, parable of the, [164]
Sethe, [281]
Showerman, [227], [231]
Sieffert, [72]
Silas, [16]:
contact of, with Paul, [140];
was member of the Jerusalem Church, [140]
Sin, consciousness of: in Judaism, [178]-181;
in Paul, [276]f.
Smith, W. B., [294]
Solomon, Psalms of, [184]
Son of Man, the:
in I Enoch, [181], [186]ff.;
origin and meaning of the title, [187]ff.;
idea of, dominated the early Jerusalem Church, according to Bousset, [293]f., [298]
Soul:
placed higher than spirit in Hermes Trismegistus and lower than Spirit in Paul, [248]f., [267]f.;
conception of the, in Paul, [266]ff.
Spirit:
placed lower than soul in Hermes Trismegistus and (when the word designates the Spirit of God) higher than soul in Paul, [248]f., [267]f.;
no evidence of popular pagan use of the term analogous to Pauline usage, [267]-270;
Greek materialistic use of the term, [267];
use of the term in Philo shows influence of the Old Testament, [268];
use of the term in Gnosticism due to dependence on New Testament, [268]f.;
use of the term in Menander, [270]
Spirit, Pauline conception of the, [265]-271:
different from that in mystery religions, [265], [270];
does not make the divine Spirit take the place of the human soul, [266];
has roots in the Old Testament, [270]f.;
brings enrichment of Old Testament teaching, [270];
not derived from paganism, [310];
Bousset's view of, [310]ff.
"Spiritual man:"
contrast with "psychic man," [265]-270;
the term not in accord with the terminology of Hermes Trismegistus, [266]ff.
Stephen, [16], [19], [66]
Stobæus, [242]
Stoics, the:
humanitarian achievements of, [225]f.;
humanitarian ideal of, differed from Christian ideal, [225]f.
Strauss, [34]
Supernaturalism in Paul's religion, [288]f.
Syncretism, [222]f., [237]ff., [262]
Syria:
religion of, [77];
use of the term "Lord" in, [300]
Syria and Cilicia, [77]:
the Apostolic Decree addressed to, [94]ff.
Tammuz, [234]
Tarsus, [43]f., [77]:
did not bring pagan influences effectively to bear upon Paul, [256]f.;
Christianity of, did it originate application of the term "Lord" to Jesus, [299]
Taurobolium, [230]f., [240]f., [251]
"Teleios," the term, in Paul, [272]f.
Terminology, not necessarily important as establishing dependence in ideas, [272]
Terminology of the mysteries, the technical, does not appear in the New Testament, [273]
Tertullian, [281]
Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, [190]
Thessalonians, Epistles to the, [31], [82]
Thrace, religion of, [215]f.
Titus, [83]
Torrey, C. C., [34]
Townshend, [196]
Tradition, Paul not indifferent toward, [142]-153
Trypho, Dialogue with, [185], [196]
Tübingen School, the, [31], [37], [99], [108]f., [110]
Vegetation gods, [235]
Vespasian, [183]
Volz, [190]
Vos, Geerhardus, [266], [295]
Warfield, B. B., [198], [306]
Weber, [81]
Weiss, B., [72]
Weiss, J., [40], [56], [85], [107], [125], [152], [154], [156], [314]
Wellhausen, [52], [138]

Wendland, [212]
Wendt, [94]f.
Wernle, [312]
Westcott and Hort, [89]
Western text, the, [88]ff.
Wicked husbandmen, parable of, [15]
Windisch, H., [199]-204, [243]
Wisdom, in Pauline Epistles, not identified with Christ, [203]f.
Wisdom, in pre-Christian Judaism:
will not account for the Pauline Christology, [199]-204;
is active in creation, [200];
enters into the wise men, [200];
is not expected to appear at a definite time, [200]f.;
is not identified with the Messiah, [201]-204;
is not fully personal, [202]f.
Wisdom of Solomon, [200]
Witkowski, [280]
Wrede, W., [26]-28, [67], [156], [166], [172]-199, [204]-207, [278], [317]
Zahn, Th., [44], [53], [72], [90], [119], [302]
Zeller, E., [37]
Zielinski, [242]

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