CONTENTS

IntroductionPage
Number and Names of Spiders[vii]
Anatomy[viii]
Silk and Spinning Organs[x]
Colors and Markings[xi]
Habitats of Common Spiders[xii-xiv]
Cobwebs[xvi]
Catching and Preserving Spiders[xvii]
The Drassidæ[1-21]
Clubiona[15]
The Dysderidæ[22]
The Thomisidæ[24-40]
Misumena[25]
Xysticus[30]
Philodromus[35]
The Attidæ[41-66]
The Lycosidæ[67-90]
Lycosa[68]
Pardosa[78]
Dolomedes[85]
Ocyale[88]
Oxyopes[88]
The Agalenidæ[91-106]
The Therididæ[107-133]
Theridium[110]
Steatoda[119]
Pholcus[128]
Scytodes[131]
The Linyphiadæ [134-153]
Linyphia[134]
Erigone[148]
The Epeiridæ[154-204]
Round Webs of the Epeiridæ[155-159]
Species of Epeira[160-181]
The Three Species of the Genus Zilla[184]
Acrosoma[188]
Argiope[192-198]
Tetragnatha[198-204]
The Ciniflonidæ, or Cribellata[205-220]
Dictyna[205]
Amaurobius[213]
Uloborus[216]
Hyptiotes[218]
Filistata[220]

INTRODUCTION

This book is designed to make the reader acquainted with the common spiders most likely to be found over a large part of the United States as far south as Georgia and as far west as the Rocky Mountains. Local collections show that in the neighborhood of any city in the country there are at least three or four hundred species of spiders; but few such collections have been made, and it is not yet possible to tell all the kinds of spiders that live in any particular place, or how far any species extends over the country. The species which are here described and figured are all of them well known and have been described in other books. Rare and doubtful species are omitted, though some of these may in time prove to be among the most common. A large number of spiders are too small to be easily seen, and most of these are omitted, only a few representative species being described. Spiders have, unfortunately, no common names, except such indefinite ones as "the garden spider," "the black spider," "the jumping spider," and the like. Even "tarantula" has become only a nickname for any large spider. The names of spiders, like those of other animals, have been given to them independently by different persons, so that many of them have more than one name, and the more common the spider the larger the number of names. In this book only one name is usually given to each species, and the name used is one that has been published with a description of the species in some other well-known book. Readers who are interested in the names of species and in comparing the classifications of different naturalists are referred to a "Catalogue of the Described Araneæ Of Temperate North America," by George Marx, in the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 1890, which is a useful index to what has been published on American spiders.

The front half of a spider's body, called the cephalothorax, contains in one piece the head and thorax, the only outward division between them being shallow grooves from the middle of the back to the front legs. In the middle of the cephalothorax is usually a groove or depression, under which, inside, is a muscle that moves the sucking apparatus by which food is drawn into the mouth. At the sides of the thoracic part are four pairs of legs, and on the head part are a pair of palpi and a pair of mandibles. The legs have seven joints: (1) the coxa, the thick basal joint, having little motion; (2) the trochanter, a short joint moving very freely on the end of the coxa; (3) the femur, the largest joint of the leg, moving with the trochanter in all directions; (4) the patella, moving up and down on the end of the femur; (5) the tibia, joined closely to the patella and moving with it up and down; (6) the metatarsus; and (7) the tarsus, moving together on the end of the tibia. The palpi are like small legs and have one less joint than the walking legs. The mandibles are close together at the front of the head [(fig. 2)]. They are two-jointed, the basal joint stout and the end joint or claw slender and sharp-pointed. The claw has near its point a small hole, which is the outlet of the poison gland. The poison kills or disables the insects which are captured by the spider. Its effect on the human skin varies in different persons; sometimes it has no effect at all; oftener it causes some soreness and itching like the stings of mosquitoes and bees, and cases have been known in which it caused serious inflammation which lasted a long time. Spiders seldom bite, and only in defense, the bites so commonly charged to them being often the work of other animals.

On the front of the head are the eyes, usually eight in number, differing in size and arrangement according to the kind of spider. The sight of spiders is distinct for only short distances. Spiders of middle size can see each other, and the insects which they eat, at a distance of four or five inches, but beyond that do not seem to see anything clearly. At the ends of the feet are two claws, curved and with teeth along the inner edge, and in many spiders there is a third shorter claw between them [(fig. 212)]. The claws are sometimes surrounded by a brush of flattened hairs (figs. [104], [114]). The basal joints of the palpi are flattened and have their inner edges extended forward so that they can be used as jaws to press or chew the food. These are called the maxillæ. Between the maxillæ is a small piece called the labium, and between the legs is a larger oval piece called the sternum.

The hinder half of the body, the abdomen, is connected with the cephalothorax by a narrow stem [(fig. 1)]. It has at the hinder end the spinnerets, three pairs of appendages having at their ends a great number of microscopic tubes through which the thread is drawn out. When not in use the spinnerets are folded together, so that the smaller inner pair are concealed.