5. Cite a case, either from real life or from fiction, in which a fact was established by circumstantial evidence; analyze the evidence and show how it rests on reasoning from similarity.
6. Give a case in which what you believed to be direct observation of a fact deceived you.
7. Give an example from your own experience within a week where vague authorities have been cited as direct evidence.
8. What would you think of the writer of the following sentences as a witness to the numbers and importance of the participants in the woman suffrage procession he is reporting?
Fifth Avenue has seldom, if ever, been more crowded than on Saturday afternoon, and never anywhere have I seen so many women among the spectators of a passing pageant. Throngs, many tiers deep, flanked the line of march, and these throngs were overwhelmingly composed of women. As I passed from block to block I could not get away from the thought that the vastest number of these were sick of heart and ashamed that they, too, were not in line behind the kilted band that headed the procession, the historic symbolic floats, and the inscribed banners, along with their three thousand or more sisters. Here were women, fighting a good fight for the cause of women—for the underpaid factory workers and the overfed lady of fortune who is deprived the right of voice in the government over her inherited property. (Report in a daily paper, May 8, 1911)
9. Find an example of historical evidence in a case where there are no direct witnesses to the fact; discuss it according to S. R. Gardiner's tests (p. 103).
10. Find two examples from the daily papers where statistics are used to establish a complex fact.
11. Name two subjects on which you could gather statistics, and the sources from which you would draw them.
12. Bring to class the testimony of a recognized authority on some complex fact, and explain why his testimony carries weight.
13. Name a subject on which you can speak with authority, and explain why your testimony on that subject should carry weight.