§ 212.5. German Social Democracy.—Ferd. Lassalle, son of a rich Jewish merchant of Breslau, after a full course of study in philosophy and law, began in 1848 to take a lively part in the advanced movements of the age, and when he found among the liberal citizens no favour for his socialistic ideas turned exclusively to the working classes. In answer to the question as to what was to be done, by the central committee of a working-men’s congress at Leipzig, he wrought out in 1863 with great subtlety in an open letter the fundamental idea of his universal redemption. All plans of self-help to relieve the distress of working men hitherto proposed (specially that of Schulze-Delitzsch) break down over the “iron economic law of wages,” in consequence of which under the dominion of capital and the large employers of labour wages are always with fatalistic necessity reduced to the point indispensable for supplying a working man’s family with the absolute necessaries of life. The working classes, however, have the right according to the law of nature to a full equivalent for their labour, but in order to reach this they must be their own undertakers, and where self-help is only a vain illusion, state help must afford the means. By insisting on the right to universal suffrage the working classes have obtained a decided majority in the legislative assemblies, and there secured a government of the future in accordance with their needs. On these principles the Universal German Society of Working Men was constituted, with Lassalle as its president, which position he held till his death in a duel in 1864. Long internal disputes and personal recriminations led to a split at the Eisenach Congress in 1869. The malcontents founded an independent “Social Democratic Working-Men’s Union,” under the leadership of Bebel and Liebknecht, which, particularly successful in Saxony, Brunswick, and South Germany, represents itself as the German branch of the “International Working-Men’s Association.” It adhered indeed generally to Lassalle’s programme, but objected to the extravagant adulation claimed for Lassalle by their opponents, the proper disciples of Lassalle, who had Hasenclaver as their leader and Berlin as their headquarters, substituted a federal for a centralistic organization, and instead of a great centralised government in the future desired rather a federal republic embracing all Europe. But both declared equally in favour of revolution; they vied with one another in bitter hatred of everything bearing the name of religion; and wrought out with equal enthusiasm their communistic schemes for the future. At the Gotha Congress of 1875 a reconciliation of parties was effected. The social-democratic agitation thus received a new impulse and assumed threatening proportions. Yet it required such extraordinary occurrences as the twice attempted assassination of the aged emperor, by Hodel on May 11th, and Nobiling on June 2nd, 1878, to rouse the government to legislative action. On the basis of a law passed in October, 1878, for two and a half years (but in May, 1880, continued for other three and a half years, and in May, 1884, and again in April, 1886, on each occasion extended to other two years), 200 socialist societies throughout the German empire were suppressed, sixty-four revolutionary journals, circulated in hundreds of thousands and with millions of readers, and about 800 other seditious writings, were forbidden. But that the social-democratic organization and agitation was not thereby destroyed is proved by the fact that in August, 1880, in an uninhabited Swiss castle lent for the purpose, in Canton Zürich, a congress was held, attended by fifty-six German socialists, with greetings by letter from sympathisers in all European countries, which among other things passed the resolution unanimously, no longer as had been agreed upon at Gotha, to seek their ends by lawful methods, as by the law of the socialists impossible, but by the way of revolution.—On the other hand, the German Imperial Chancellor Prince Bismarck in the Reichstag, 1884, fully admitted the “right of the worker to work,” as well as the duty of the state to ameliorate the condition of working men as far as possible, and in three propositions: “Work for the healthy workman, hospital attendance to the sick, and maintenance to the invalided,” granted all that is asked for by a healthy social policy.

§ 212.6. Russian Nihilism.—In Russia, too, notwithstanding a strictly exercised censorship, the philosophico-scientific gospel of materialism and atheism found entrance through the writings of Moleschott, Feuerbach, Büchner, Darwin, etc. (§ [174, 3]), especially among the students. In 1860, Nihilism, springing from this seed, first assumed the character of a philosophical and literary movement. It sought the overthrow of all religious institutions. Then came the women’s question, claiming emancipation for the wife. The example of the Paris Commune of 1871 contributed largely to the development of Nihilistic idealism, its political revolutionary socialism. The Nihilist propaganda, like an epidemic, now seized upon the academic youth, male and female, was spread in aristocratic families by tutors and governesses, won secret disciples among civil servants as well as officers of the army and navy, and was enthusiastically supported by ladies in the most cultured and exalted ranks. In order to spread its views among the people, young men and women disguised in peasant’s dress went out among the peasants and artisans, lived and wrought like them, and preached their gospel to them in their hours of rest. But their efforts failed through the antipathy and apathy of the lower orders, and the energetic interference of the government by imprisonment and banishment thinned the ranks of the propagandists. But all the more closely did those left bind themselves together under their central leaders as the “Society for Country and Freedom,” and strove with redoubled eagerness to spread revolutionary principles by secretly printing their proclamations and other incendiary productions, and scattering them in the streets and houses. On January 24th, 1878, the female Nihilist Vera Sassulitsch from personal revenge dangerously wounded with a revolver General Trepoff, the dreaded head of the St. Petersburg police. Although she openly avowed the deed before the court and gloried in it, she was amid the acclamations of the public acquitted. This was the hour when Nihilism exercised its fellest terrorism. The fair, peaceful phrase, “To work, fight, suffer, and die for the people,” was silenced; it was now, sword and fire, dagger and revolver, dynamite and mines for all oppressors of the people, but above all for the agents of the police, for their spies, for all informers and apostates. An “executive committee,” unknown to most of the conspirators themselves, issued the death sentence; the lot determined the executioner, who himself suffered death if he failed to accomplish it. What was now aimed at was the assassination of higher state officials; then the sacred person of the emperor. Three bold attempts at assassination miscarried; the revolver shot of Solowjews on April 14th, 1879; the mine on the railway near Moscow that exploded too late on November 30th, 1879; the horrible attempt to blow up the Winter Palace with the emperor and his family on February 17th, 1880; but the fourth, a dynamite bomb thrown between the feet of the emperor on March 13th, 1881, destroyed the life of this noble and humane monarch, who in 1861-1863 had freed his people from the yoke of serfdom. As for years nothing more had been heard of Nihilist attempts, it was hoped that the government had succeeded in putting down this diabolical rebellion, but in 1887 the news spread that an equally horrible attempt had been planned for the sixth anniversary of the assassination of Alexander II., but fortunately timely precautions were taken against it.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES.
FIRST CENTURY.
A.D.
14-37. The Emperor Tiberius, § [22, 1].
41-54. The Emperor Claudius, § [22, 1].
44. Execution of James the Elder, § [16].
51. The Council at Jerusalem, § [18, 1].
54-68. The Emperor Nero, § [23, 1].
61. Paul’s Arrival at Rome, § [15].
63. Stoning of James the Just, § [16, 3].
64. Persecution of Christians in Rome, § [22, 1].
66-70. Jewish War, § [16].
81-96. The Emperor Domitian, § [22, 1].
SECOND CENTURY.
98-117. The Emperor Trajan, § [22, 2].
115. (?) Ignatius of Antioch, Martyr, § [22, 2].
117-138. The Emperor Hadrian, § [22, 2].
Basilides, Valentinus, § [22, 2], [4].
132-135. Revolt of Barcochba [Bar-Cochba], § [25].
Abt. 150. Celsus, § [23, 3].
Marcion, § [27, 11].
138-161. The Emperor Antoninus Pius, § [22, 2].
155. Paschal Controversy between Polycarp and Amicetus [Anicetus], § [37, 2].
161-180. The Emperor Marcus Aurelius, § [22, 3].
165. Justin Martyr, § [30, 9].
166. (155?) Martyrdom of Polycarp, § [22, 3].
172. (156?) Montanus appears as a Prophet, § [40, 1].
177. Persecution of Christians at Lyons and Vienne, § [22, 3].
178. Irenæus made Bishop of Lyons, § [31, 2].
180-192. The Emperor Commodus, § [22, 3].
196. Paschal Controversy between Victor and Polycrates, § [37, 2].
THIRD CENTURY.
202. Tertullian becomes Montanist, § [40, 2].
Pantænus dies, § [31, 4].
220. Clement of Alexandria dies, § [31, 4].
235. Settlement of the Schism of Hippolytus, § [41, 1].
235-238. The Emperor Maximinus Thrax, § [22, 4].
243. Ammonius Saccus [Saccas] dies, § [25, 2].
244. Arabian Synod against Beryllus, § [33, 7].
249-251. The Emperor Decius, § [22, 5.]
250. The Schism of Felicissimus, § [41, 2].
251. The Novatian Schism, § [41, 3].
253-260. The Emperor Valerian, § [22, 5].
254. Origen dies, § [31, 5].
255-256. Controversy about Heretics’ Baptism, § [35, 5].
258. Cyprian dies, § [31, 11].
260-268. The Emperor Gallienus.
The Toleration Edict, § [22, 5].
262. Synod at Rome against Sabellius and Dionysius of Alexandria, § [33, 7].
269. Third Synod of Antioch against Paul of Samosata, § [33, 8].
276. Mani dies, § [29, 1].
284-305. The Emperor Diocletian, § [22, 6].
FOURTH CENTURY.
303. Beginning of Diocletian Persecution, § [22, 6].
306. Synod of Elvira, § [38, 3]; [45, 2].
Meletian Schism in Egypt, § [41, 4].
Constantius Chlorus dies, § [22, 7].
311. Galerius dies, § [22, 6].
312. Constantine’s Expedition against Maxentius, § [22, 7].
Donatist Schism in Africa, § [63, 1].
313. Edict of Milan, § [22, 7].
318. Arius is Accused, § [50, 1].
323-337. Constantine the Great, Sole Ruler, § [42, 2].
325. First Œcumenical Council at Nicæa, § [50, 1].
330-415. Meletian Schism at Antioch, § [50, 8].
335. Synod at Tyre, § [50, 2].
336. Athanasius Exiled. Arius dies, § [50, 2].
341. Council at Antioch, § [50, 2].
343. Persecution of Christians under Shapur [Sapor] II., § [64, 2].
344. Synod at Sardica, § [46, 3]; [50, 2].
346. Council at Milan against Photinus, § [50, 2].
348. Ulfilas, Bishop of the Goths, § [76, 1].
350-361. Constantius, Sole Ruler, § [42, 2].
351. First Council at Sirmium against Marcellus, § [50, 2].
357. Second Council at Sirmium, Homoians, § [50, 3].
358. Third Council at Sirmium, § [50, 3].
359. Synods at Seleucia and Rimini, § [50, 3].
361-363. Emperor Julian the Apostate, § [42, 3].
362. Synod at Alexandria against Athanasius, § [50, 4].
366-384. Damasus I., Bishop of Rome, § [46, 4].
368. Hilary of Poitiers dies, § [47, 14].
373. Athanasius dies, § [47, 3].
379. Basil the Great dies, § [47, 4].
379-395. Theodosius the Great, Emperor, § [42, 4].
380. Synod at Saragossa, § [54, 2].
381. Second Œcumenical Council at Constantinople, § [50, 4].
Ulfilas dies, § [76, 1].
384-398. Siricius, Bishop of Rome, § [46, 4].
385. Priscillian beheaded at Treves, § [54, 2].
390. Gregory Nazianzen dies, § [47, 4].
391. Destruction of the Serapeion at Alexandria, § [42, 6].
393. Council at Hippo Rhegius, § [59, 1].
397. Ambrose dies, § [47, 15].
399. Rufinus Condemned at Rome as an Origenist, § [51, 2].
400. Martin of Tours dies, § [47, 15].
FIFTH CENTURY.
402-417. Innocent I. of Rome, § [46, 5].
403.Synodus ad Quercum, § [51, 3].
Epiphanius dies, § [47, 10].
407. Chrysostom dies, § [47, 8].
408-450. Theodosius II. in the East, § [52, 3].
411.Collatio cum Donatistis, § [63, 1].
412. Synod at Carthage against Cœlestius, § [53, 4].
415. Synods at Jerusalem and Diospolis against Pelagius, § [53, 4].
416. Synods at Mileve and Carthage against Pelagius, § [53, 4].
418. General Assembly at Carthage, § [53, 4].
Roman Schism of Eulalius and Bonifacius, § [46, 6].
420. Jerome dies, § [47, 16].
Persecution of Christians under Behram [Bahram] V., § [64, 2].
422-432. Cœlestine I., Bishop of Rome, § [46, 6].
428. Nestorius is made Patriarch of Constantinople, § [52, 3].
429. Theodore of Mopsuestia dies, § [47, 9].
The Vandals in North Africa, § [76, 3].
430. Cyril’s Anathemas, § [52, 3].
Augustine dies, § [47, 18].
431. Third Œcumenical Council at Ephesus, § [52, 3].
432. St. Patrick in Ireland, § [77, 1].
John Cassianus dies, § [47, 21].
440-461. Leo I., the Great, § [46, 7]; [47, 22].
444. Cyril of Alexandria dies, § [47, 6].
Dioscurus succeeds Cyril, § [52, 4].
445. Rescript of Valentinian III., § [46, 7].
448. Eutyches excommunicated at Constantinople, § [52, 4].
449. Robber Synod at Ephesus, § [52, 4].
Attack of Angles and Saxons upon Britain, § [77, 4].
451. Fourth Œcumenical Synod at Chalcedon, § [52, 4].
457. Theodoret dies, § [47, 9].
475. Semipelagian Synods at Arles and Lyons, § [53, 5].
476. Overthrow of the West Roman Empire, § [46, 8]; [76, 6].
Monophysite Encyclical of Basiliscus, § [52, 5].
482. Henoticon of the Emperor Zeno, § [52, 5].
Severinus dies, § [76, 6].
484-519. The Thirty-five Years’ Schism between the East and West, § [52, 5].
492-496. Gelasius I., Bishop of Rome, § [46, 8]; [47, 22].
496. Battle of Zülpich. Clovis baptized, § [76, 9].
SIXTH CENTURY.
502.Synodus Palmaris, § [46, 8].
517. Council at Epaon, § [76, 5].
527-565. Justinian I., Emperor, § [46, 9]; [52, 6].
529. Synods at Oranges and Valence, § [53, 5].
Monastic Rule of Benedict of Nursia, § [85].
Suppression of the University of Athens, § [42, 4].
533. The Theopaschite Controversy, § [52, 6].
Overthrow of the Vandal Empire, § [76, 3].
544. Condemnation of the “Three Chapters,” § [52, 6].
553. Fifth Œcumenical Council at Constantinople, § [52, 6].
554. Overthrow of the Ostrogoth Empire in Italy, § [76, 7].
563. Council at Braga, § [54, 2].
St. Columba among the Picts and Scots. § [77, 2].
567. Founding of the Exarchate of Ravenna, § [46, 9].
568. The Longobards under Alboin in Italy, § [76, 8].
589. Council at Toledo under Reccared, § [76, 2].
Columbanus and Gallus in the Vosges Country, § [77, 7].
590-604. Gregory I., the Great, § [46, 10]; [47, 22].
595. Gregory of Tours dies, § [90, 2].
596. Augustine goes as Missionary to the Anglo-Saxons, § [77, 4].
597. St. Columba dies, § [77, 2].
Ethelbert baptized, § [77, 4].
SEVENTH CENTURY.
606. Emperor Phocas recognises the Roman Primacy, § [46, 10].
611-641. Heraclius, Emperor, § [52, 8].
615. Columbanus dies, § [77, 7].
622. Hejira, § [65].
625-638. Honorius I., Pope, § [46, 11].
636. Isidore of Seville dies, § [90, 2].
637. Omar conquers Jerusalem, § [65].
638. Monothelite Ecthesis of Heraclius, § [52, 8].
640. Omar conquers Egypt, § [65].
642-668. Constans II., Emperor, § [52, 8].
646. St. Gallus dies, § [78, 1].
648. The Typus of Constans II., § [52, 8].
649-653. Martin I., Pope, § [46, 11].
649. First Lateran Council under Martin I., § [52, 8].
652. Emmeran at Regensburg, § [78, 2].
657. Constantine of Mananalis, § [71, 1].
662. Maximus Confessor, dies, § [47, 13].
664. Synod at Streoneshalch (Syn. Pharensis), § [77, 6].
668-685. Constantinus Pogonnatus, § [52, 8]; [71, 1].
677. Wilfrid among the Frisians, § [78, 3].
678-682. Agatho, Pope, § [46, 11].
680. Sixth Œcumenical Council at Constantinople (Trullanum I.), § [52, 8].
690. Wilibrord among the Frisians, § [78, 3].
692. Concilium Quinisextum (Trullanum II.), § [63, 2].
696. Rupert in Bavaria (Salzburg), § [78, 2].
EIGHTH CENTURY.
711. The Saracens conquer Spain, § [81].
715-731. Pope Gregory II., § [66, 1]; [78, 4].
716. Winifrid goes to the Frisians, § [78, 4].
717-741. Leo III., the Isaurian, Emperor, § [66, 1].
718. Winifrid in Rome, § [78, 4].
722. Winifrid in Thuringia and Hesse, § [78, 4].
723. Winifrid a second time at Rome, consecrated Bishop, etc., § [78, 4].
724. Destruction of the Wonder-working Oak at Geismar, § [78, 4].
726. Leo’s First Edict against Image Worship, § [66, 1].
730. Leo’s Second Edict against Image Worship, § [66, 1].
731. Gregory III., Pope, § [66, 1]; [78, 4]; [82, 1].
732. Boniface, Archbishop and Apostolic Vicar, § [78, 4].
Battle at Poitiers, § [81].
Separation of Illyria from the Roman See by Leo the Isaurian, § [66, 1].
735. The Venerable Bede dies, § [90, 2].
739. Wilibrord dies, § [78, 3.]
741. Charles Martel dies, § [78, 5].
Gregory III. dies. Leo the Isaurian dies.
741-752. Pope Zacharias, § [78, 5], [7]; [82, 1].
741-775. Constantinus Copronymus, Emperor, § [66, 2].
742. Concilium Germanicum, § [78, 5].
743. Synod at Liptinä, § [78, 5]; [86, 2].
744. Synod at Soissons, § [78, 5].
745. Boniface, Archbishop of Mainz, § [78, 5].
752. Childeric III. deposed, Pepin the Short, King, § [78, 5]; [82, 1].
754. Iconoclastic Council at Constantinople, § [66, 2].
Pepin’s donation to the Chair of St. Peter, § [82, 1.]
755. Boniface dies, § [78, 7].
Abt. 760. Rule of St. Chrodegang of Metz, § [84, 4].
767. Synod at Gentilliacum, § [91, 2]; [92, 1].
768-814. Charlemagne, § [82, 2], [4]; [90, 1], etc.
772-795. Pope Hadrian I., § [82, 2].
772. Destruction of Eresburg, § [78, 9].
774. Charlemagne’s donation to the Chair of St. Peter, § [82, 2].
785. Wittekind and Alboin are baptized, § [78, 9].
787. Seventh Œcumenical Council at Nicæa, § [66, 3].
Founding of Cloister and Cathedral Schools, § [90, 1].
790.Libri Carolini, § [92, 1].
792. Synod at Regensburg, § [91, 1].
794. General Synod at Frankfort, § [91, 1]; [92, 1].
795-816. Leo III., Pope, § [82, 3].
799. Alcuin’s disputation with Felix at Aachen, § [91, 1].
800. Leo III. crowns Charlemagne, § [82, 3].
NINTH CENTURY.
804. End of the Saxon War, § [78, 9].
Alcuin dies, § [90, 3].
809. Council at Aachen, on the Filioque, § [91, 2].
813-820. Leo the Armenian, Emperor, § [66, 4].
814-840. Louis the Pious, § [82, 4].
817. Reformation of Monasticism by Benedict of Aniane, § [85, 2].
820-829. Michael Balbus, Emperor, § [66, 4].
825. Synod at Paris against Image Worship, § [92, 1].
826. Theodorus Studita dies, § [66, 4].
Ansgar in Denmark, § [80, 1].
827. Establishment of Saracen Sovereignty in Sicily, § [81].
829-842. Theophilus, Emperor, § [66, 4].
833. Founding of the Archbishopric of Hamburg, § [80, 1].
835. Synod at Didenhofen, § [82, 4].
839. Claudius of Turin dies. Agobard of Lyons dies, § [90, 4].
840-877. Charles the Bald, § [90, 1].
842. Feast of Orthodoxy, § [66, 4].
Theodora recommends the out-rooting of the Paulicians, § [71, 1].
843. Compact of Verdun, § [82, 5].
844. Eucharist Controversy of Paschasius Radbertus, § [91, 3].
845-882. Hincmar of Rheims, § [83, 2]; [90, 5].
847. Archbishopric of Hamburg-Bremen, § [80, 1].
848. Synod of Mainz against Gottschalk, § [91, 5].
850-859. Persecution of Christians in Spain, § [81, 1].
851-852. The Decretals of the Pseudo-Isidore, § [87, 2], [3].
853. Synod of Quiersy. Capitula Carisiaca, § [91, 5].
855. Synod at Valence in favour of Gottschalk, § [91, 5].
856. Rabanus Maurus dies, § [90, 4].
858-867. Pope Nicholas I., § [82, 7].
858. Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople, § [67, 1].
859. Synod of Savonnières, § [91, 5].
861. Methodius goes to the Bulgarians, § [73, 3].
863. Cyril and Methodius go to Moravia, § [79, 2].
865. Ansgar dies, § [80, 1].
866. Encyclical of Photius, § [67, 1].
867-886. Basil the Macedonian, Emperor, § [67, 1].
867-872. Hadrian II., Pope, § [82, 7].
869. Eighth Œcumenical Council of the Latins at Constantinople § [67, 1].
870. Treaty of Mersen, § [82, 5].
871. Basil the Macedonian puts down the Paulicians, § [71, 1].
Borziwoi and Ludmilla baptized, § [79, 3].
871-901. Alfred the Great, § [90, 9].
875. John VIII. crowns Charles the Bald Emperor, § [82, 8].
879. Eighth Œcumenical Council of the Greeks at Constantinople, § [67, 1].
886-911. Leo the Philosopher, Emperor, § [67, 2].
891. Photius dies, § [67, 1].
TENTH CENTURY.
910. Abbot Berno founds Clugny, § [98, 1].
911. The German Carolingians die out, § [82, 8].
911-918. Conrad I., King of the Germans. § [96, 1].
914-928. Pope John X., § [96, 1].
919-936. Henry I., King of the Germans, § [96, 1].
934. Henry I. enforced toleration of Christianity in Denmark, § [93, 2].
936-973. Otto I., Emperor, § [96, 1].
942. Odo of Clugny founds the Clugniac Congregation, § [98, 1].
950. Gylas of Hungary baptized, § [93, 8].
955. Olga baptized in Constantinople, § [73, 4].
960. Atto of Vercelli dies, § [100, 2].
962. Founding of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, § [96, 1].
963. Synod at Rome deposes John XII., § [96, 1].
966. Miecislaw of Poland baptized, § [93, 7].
968. Founding of Archbishopric of Magdeburg, § [93, 9].
970. Migration of Paulicians to Thrace, § [71, 1].
973-983. Otto II., Emperor, § [96, 2].
974. Ratherius of Verona dies, § [100, 2].
983-1002. Otto III., Emperor, § [96, 2], [3].
983. Mistewoi destroys all Christian establishments among the Wends, § [93, 9].
987. Hugh Capet is made King of France, § [96, 2].
988. Wladimir Christianizes Russia, § [73, 4].
992-1025. Boleslaw Chrobry of Poland, § [93, 7].
996-999. Pope Gregory V., § [96, 2].
997-1038. Stephen the Saint, § [93, 8].
997. Adalbert of Prague, Apostle of Prussia, dies, § [93, 13].
999-1003. Pope Sylvester II., § [96, 3].
1000. Olaf Tryggvason dies, § [93, 4].
Christianity introduced into Iceland and Greenland, § [93, 5].
Stephen of Hungary secures the throne, § [93, 8].
ELEVENTH CENTURY.
1002-1024. Henry II., Emperor, § [96, 4].
1008. Olaf Skautkoning of Sweden baptized, § [93, 3].
1009. Bruno martyred, § [93, 13].
1012-1024. Pope Benedict VIII., § [96, 4].
1014-1036. Canute the Great, § [93, 2].
1018. Romuald founds the Camaldulensian Congregation, § [98, 1].
1024-1039. Conrad II., Emperor, § [96, 4].
1030. Olaf the Thick of Norway dies, § [93, 4].
1031. Overthrow of the Ommaides in Spain, § [95, 2].
1039-1056. Henry II., Emperor, § [96, 4], [5].
1041. Treuga Dei, § [105, 1].
1046. Synod at Sutri, § [96, 4].
1049-1054. Pope Leo IX., § [96, 5].
1050. Synods at Rome and Vercelli against Berengar, § [101, 2].
1053. Epistle of Michael Cærularius, § [67, 3].
1054. Excommunication of Greek Church by Papal Legates, § [67, 3].
1056-1106. Henry IV., Emperor, § [96, 6-11].
1059. Pope Nicholas II. assigns the choice of Pope to the College of Cardinals, § [96, 6].
1060. Robert Guiscard founds the Norman Sovereignty in Italy, § [95, 1].
1066. Murder of Gottschalk, King of the Wends, § [93, 9].
1073-1085. Pope Gregory VII., § [96, 7-9].
1075. Gregory’s third Investiture Enactment, § [96, 7].
1077. Henry IV. as a Penitent at Canossa, § [96, 8].
1079. Berengar subscribes at Rome the doctrine of Transubstantiation, § [101, 2].
1086. Bruno of Cologne founds the Carthusian Order, § [98, 2].
1088-1099. Pope Urban II., § [96, 10].
1095. Synod at Clermont, § [94].
1096. First Crusade. Godfrey of Boulogne, § [94, 1].
1098. Synod at Bari. Anselm of Canterbury, § [67, 4].
Robert of Citeaux founds the Cistercian Order, § [98, 1].
1099. Conquest of Jerusalem, § [94, 1].
1099-1118. Pope Paschalis II., § [96, 11].
TWELFTH CENTURY.
1106-1125. Henry V., Emperor, § [96, 11].
1106. Michael Psellus dies, § [68, 5].
1109. Anselm of Canterbury dies, § [101, 1], [3].
1113. Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaux, § [98, 1]; [102, 3].
1118. Founding of the Order of Knights Templar.
Knights of St. John, § [98, 7].
Basil, head of Bogomili, sent to the stake, § [71, 4].
1119-1124. Calixtus II., Pope, § [96, 11].
1121. Norbert founds the Præmonstratensian Order, § [98, 2].
1122. Concordat of Worms, § [96, 11].
1123. Ninth Œcumenical Council (First Lateran), § [96, 11].
1124. First Missionary Journey of Otto of Bamberg, § [93, 10].
1126. Peter of Bruys burnt, § [108, 7].
1128. Second Missionary Journey of Otto of Bamberg, § [93, 10].
1130-1143. Pope Innocent II., § [96, 13].
1135. Rupert of Deutz dies, § [102, 8].
1139. Tenth Œcumenical Council (Second Lateran), § [96, 13].
1141. Synod at Sens condemns Abælard’s writings, § [102, 2].
Hugo St. Victor dies, § [102, 4].
1142. Abælard dies, § [102, 2].
1143. Founding of the Roman Commune, § [96, 13].
1145-1153. Pope Eugenius III., § [96, 13].
1146. Fall of Edessa, § [94, 2].
1147. Second Crusade. Conrad III. Louis VII., § [94, 2].
1149. Henry of Lausanne dies, § [108, 7].
1150.Decretum Gratiani, § [99, 5].
1152-1190. Frederick I., Barbarossa, § [96, 14].
1153. Bernard of Clairvaux dies, § [102, 3].
1154. Vicelin [Vicelinus] dies, § [93, 9].
1154-1159. Hadrian IV., Pope, § [96, 14].
1155. Arnold of Brescia put to death, § [96, 14].
1156. Peter the Venerable dies, § [98, 1].
Founding of Carmelite Order, § [98, 3].
1157. Introduction of Christianity into Finland, § [93, 11].
1159-1181. Pope Alexander III., § [96, 15], [16].
1164. Peter the Lombard dies, § [102, 5].
Council of Clarendon, § [96, 16].
1167. Council at Toulouse (Cathari), § [108, 2].
1168. Christianity of the Island of Rügen, § [93, 10].
1169. Gerhoch of Reichersberg dies, § [102, 6], [7].
1170. Thomas Becket murdered, § [96, 16].
Founding of the Waldensian sect, § [108, 10].
1176. Battle of Legnano, § [96, 15].
1179. Eleventh Œcumenical Council (Third Lateran), § [96, 15].
1180. John of Salisbury dies, § [102, 9].
1182. Maronites are attached to Rome, § [73, 3].
1184. Meinhart in Livonia, § [93, 12].
1187. Saladin conquers Jerusalem, § [94, 3].
1189. Third Crusade. Frederick Barbarossa, § [94, 3].
1190-1197. Henry VI., Emperor, § [96, 16].
1190. Founding of Order of Teutonic Knights, § [98, 8].
1194. Eustathius of Thessalonica dies, § [68, 5].
1198-1216. Pope Innocent III., § [96, 17], [18].
THIRTEENTH CENTURY.
1202. Joachim of Floris dies, § [108, 5].
Founding of Order of the Brothers of the Sword, § [93, 12].
Genghis Khan destroys Kingdom of Prester John, § [72, 1].
1204-1261. Latin Empire in Constantinople, § [94, 4].
1207. Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, § [96, 18].
1208. Peter of Castelnau slain, § [109, 1].
1209-1229. Albigensian Crusade, § [109, 1].
1209. Council of Paris against Sect of Amalrich of Bena, § [108, 4].
1212. Battle at Tolosa, § [95, 2].
1213. John Lackland receives England as a Papal Fief, § [96, 18].
1215-1250. Frederick II., Emperor, § [96, 17], [19], [20].
1215. Twelfth Œcumenical Council (Fourth Lateran), § [96, 18].
1216. Confirmation of the Dominican Order, § [98, 5].
1216-1227. Pope Honorius III., § [96, 19].
1217. Fourth Crusade. Andrew II. of Hungary, § [94, 4].
1223. Confirmation of Franciscan Order, § [98, 3].
1226. Francis of Assisi dies, § [98, 3].
1226-1270. Louis IX., the Saint, § [94, 6]; [93, 15].
1227-1241. Pope Gregory IX., § [96, 19].
1228. Fifth Crusade. Frederick II., § [94, 5].
Settlement of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia, § [93, 13].
1229. Synod at Toulouse, § [109, 2].
1231. St. Elizabeth dies, § [105, 3].
1232. Inquisition Tribunal set up, § [109, 2].
1233. Conrad of Marburg slain, § [109, 3].
1234. Crusade against Stedingers, § [109, 3].
1237. Union of the Order of Sword with that of Teutonic Knights, § [98, 8].
1243-1254. Pope Innocent IV., § [96, 20].
1245. Thirteenth Œcumenical Council (first of Lyons), § [96, 20].
Alexander of Hales died, § [103, 4].
1248. Foundation stone of Cathedral of Cologne laid, § [104, 13].
Sixth Crusade, Louis IX., § [94, 6].
1253. Robert Grosseteste dies, § [103, 1].
1254. Condemnation of the “Introductorius in evangelium æternum,” § [108, 5].
1260. First Flagellant Campaign in Perugia, § [107, 1].
1260-1282. Michael Paläologus, Emperor, § [67, 4].
1261-1264. Urban IV., Pope, § [96, 20].
1262. Arsenian Schism, § [70, 1].
1268. Conradin on the Scaffold. § [96, 20].
1269. Pragmatic Sanction of Louis IX., § [96, 21].
1270. Seventh Crusade, Louis IX., § [94, 6].
1271-1276. Pope Gregory X., § [96, 21].
1272. Italian Mission to the Mongols. Marco Polo, § [93, 15].
David of Augsburg dies, § [103, 10].
Bertholdt [Berthold] of Regensburg dies, § [104, 1].
1273-1291. Rudolph of Hapsburg, Emperor, § [96, 21], [22].
1274. Fourteenth Œcumenical Council (second of Lyons), § [96, 21].
Thomas Aquinas dies, § [103, 6].
Bonaventura dies, § [103, 4].
1275. Strassburg Minster, § [104, 13].
1280. Albert the Great dies, § [103, 5].
1282. Sicilian Vespers, § [96, 22].
1283. Prussia subdued, § [93, 13].
1286. Barhabraeus [Barhebræus] dies, § [72, 2].
1291. Fall of Acre, § [94, 6].
John of Montecorvino among the Mongols, § [93, 16].
1294. Roger Bacon dies, § [103, 8].
1294-1303. Boniface VIII., Pope, § [110, 1].
1296. Bull Clericis laicos, § [110, 1].
1300. First Roman Jubilee, § [117].
Lollards at Antwerp, § [116, 2].
Gerhard Segarelli burnt, § [108, 8].
FOURTEENTH CENTURY.
1302. Bull Unam Sanctam, § [110, 1].
1305-1314. Pope Clement V., § [110, 2].
1307. Dolcino burnt, § [108, 4].
1308. Duns Scotus dies, § [113, 1].
1309-1377. Residence of Popes at Avignon, § [110, 2-4].
1311-1312. Fifteenth Œcumenical Council at Vienne, § [110, 2].
Suppression of Templar Order, § [112, 7].
1314-1347. Louis the Bavarian, Emperor, § [110, 3], [4].
1315. Raimund Lullus dies, § [93, 16]; [103, 5].
1316-1334. Pope John XXII., § [110, 3]; [112, 2].
1321. Dante dies, § [115, 10].
1322. Split in the Franciscan Order, § [112, 2].
1327. Meister Eckhart dies, § [114, 1].
1334-1342. Pope Benedict XII., § [110, 4].
1335. Bishop Hemming in Lapland, § [93, 11].
1338. Electoral Union at Rhense, § [110, 5].
1339. Union negotiations at Avignon. Barlaam, § [67, 5].
1340. Nicholas of Lyra dies, § [113, 7].
1341-1351. Hesychast Controversy in Constantinople, § [69, 1].
1342-1352. Pope Clement VI., § [110, 4].
1346-1378. Charles IV., Emperor, § [110, 4].
1347. Rienzi, § [110, 4].
Emperor Louis dies, § [110, 4].
1348. Founding of University of Prague, § [119, 3].
1348-1350. Black Death. Flagellant Campaign, § [116, 3].
1349. Thomas Bradwardine dies, § [113, 2].
1352-1362. Pope Innocent VI., § [110, 4].
1356. Charles IV. issues the Golden Bull, § [110, 4].
1360. Wiclif against the Begging Friars, § [119, 1].
1361. John Tauler dies, § [114, 2].
1362-1370. Pope Urban V., § [110, 4].
1366. Henry Suso dies, § [114, 5].
1367-1370. Urban V. in Rome, § [110, 4].
1369. John Paläologus passes over to the Latin Church, § [67, 5].
1370-1378. Pope Gregory XI., § [110, 4].
1374. Dancers, § [116, 3].
1377. Return of the Curia to Rome, § [110, 4].
1378-1417. Papal Schism, § [110, 6].
1380. Catharine of Siena dies, § [112, 4].
1384. Wiclif dies, § [119, 1].
Gerhard Groot dies, § [112, 9].
1386. Introduction of Christianity into Lithuania, § [93, 14].
1400. Florentius Radewin dies, § [112, 9].
FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
1402. Hus becomes Preacher in the Bethlehem Chapel, § [119, 3].
1409. Œcumenical Council at Pisa, § [110, 6].[578]
Withdrawal of the Germans from Prague, § [119, 3].
1410-1415. John XXIII., Pope, § [110, 7].
1410-1437. Sigismund, Emperor, § [110, 7], [8].
1412. Traffic in Indulgences in Bohemia, § [119, 4].
1413. Papal Ban against Hus, § [119, 4].
1414-1418. Sixteenth Œcumenical Council at Constance, § [110, 6]; [119, 5].
1415. Hus obtains the crown of martyrdom, § [119, 5].
1416. Jerome of Prague martyred, § [119, 5].
1417-1431. Pope Martin V., § [110, 7].
1420. Calixtines and Taborites, § [119, 7].
1423. General Councils at Pavia and Siena, § [110, 7].
1424. Ziska dies, § [119, 7].
1425. Peter D’Ailly dies, § [118, 3].
1429. Gerson dies, § [118, 3].
1431-1447. Pope Eugenius IV., § [110, 7].
1431-1449. Seventeenth Œcumenical Council at Basel, § [110, 8]; [119, 5-7].
1433. Basel Compacts, § [119, 7].
1434. Overthrow of Hussites at Böhmischbrod, § [119, 7].
1438. Papal Counter-Council at Ferrara, § [110, 8].
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, § [110, 9].
1439. Council at Florence, § [67, 6].
1448. Concordat of Vienna, § [110, 9].
1453. Fall of Constantinople, § [67, 6].
1457. Laurentius Valla dies, § [120, 1].
1458-1464. Pope Pius II., § [110, 11].
1459. Congress of Princes at Mantua, § [110, 10].
1464-1471. Pope Paul II., § [110, 11].
1467. Convention of Bohemian Brethren at Lhota, § [119, 8].
1471. Thomas à Kempis dies, § [114, 5].
1471-1484. Sixtus IV., Pope, § [110, 11].
1483. Luther born on November 10th, § [122, 1].
Spanish Inquisition, § [117, 1].
Close of Corpus juris canonici, § [99, 5].
1484-1492. Innocent VIII., Pope, § [110, 11].
1484. Zwingli born January 1st, § [130, 1].
Bull Summis desiderantes, § [117, 4].
1485. Rudolph Agricola dies, § [120, 3].
1489. John Wessel dies, § [119, 10].
1492-1503. Alexander VI., Pope, § [110, 12].
1492. Fall of Granada, § [95, 2].
1493-1519. Maximilian I., Emperor, § [110, 13].
1497. Melanchthon born, § [122, 5].
1498. Savonarola sent to the stake, § [119, 11].
SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
1502. Founding of University of Wittenberg, § [122, 1].
1508-1513. Pope Julius II., § [110, 13].
1506. Rebuilding of St. Peter’s at Rome, § [115, 13].
1508. Luther becomes Professor at Wittenberg, § [122, 1].
1509. Calvin born on July 10th, § [138, 2].
1509-1547. Henry VIII. of England, § [139, 4].
1511. Luther’s journey to Rome, § [122, 1].
Council at Pisa, § [110, 13].
1512. Luther made Doctor of the Holy Scriptures and Preacher, § [112, 1].
1512-1517. Fifth Lateran Council, § [110, 13], [14].
1513-1521. Pope Leo X., § [110, 14].
1514. Reuchlin’s contest with the Dominicans, § [120, 4].
1516.Epistolæ Obscur. virorum, § [120, 5].
Erasmus edits the New Testament, § [120, 6].
Zwingli preaches at Mariä Einsiedeln, § [130, 1].
1517. Luther’s Theses, October 31st, § [122, 2].
1518. Luther at Heidelberg and before Cajetan at Augsburg, § [122, 3].
Melanchthon Professor at Wittenberg, § [122, 5].
1519. Miltitz, § [122, 3].
Disputation at Leipzig, § [122, 4].
Zwingli in Zürich, § [130, 1].
Olaf and Laurence Peterson in Sweden, § [139, 1].
1519-1556. Emperor Charles V., § [123, 5].
1520. Bull of Excommunication against Luther, § [123, 2].
Christian II. in Denmark, § [139, 2].
1521. Luther at Worms, § [123, 7].
Melanchthon’s Loci, § [124, 1].
Beginning of Reformation in Riga, § [139, 3].
1521-1522. The Wartburg Exile, § [123, 8].
1522. The Prophets of Zwickau in Wittenberg, § [124, 1].
Reuchlin dies, § [120, 4].
1522-1523. Pope Hadrian VI., § [126, 1].
1523. Thomas Münzer in Allstädt, § [124, 4].
Luther’s contest with Henry VIII., § [125, 3].
First Martyrs, Voes and Esch, § [128, 1].
Sickingen’s defeat, § [124, 2].
1523-1534. Pope Clement VII., § [149, 1].
1524. Staupitz dies, § [112, 2].
Carlstadt in Orlamünde, § [124, 3].
Erasmus against Luther, § [125, 2].
Diet of Nuremberg, § [126, 2].
Regensburg League, § [126, 3].
Hans Tausen in Denmark, § [139, 2].
Founding of Theatine Order, § [149, 7].
1525. Eucharist Controversy, § [131, 1].
Luther’s Marriage, § [129].
Albert of Prussia, Hereditary Duke, § [126, 4].
Founding of the Capuchin Order, § [149, 7].
1525-1532. John the Constant, Elector of Saxony, § [124, 5].
1526. Synod at Hamburg, § [127, 2].
Torgau League, § [126, 5].
Diet at Spires, § [126, 6].
Disputation at Baden, § [130, 6].
1527. Diet at Odense, § [139, 2];
and at Westeräs, § [139, 1].
1528. The Pack incident, § [132, 1].
Disputation at Bern, § [130, 7].
1529. Church Visitation of Saxony, § [127, 1].
Diet at Spires, § [132, 3].
Marburg Conference, § [132, 4].
First Peace of Cappel, § [130, 9].
1530. Diet at Augsburg. Conf. Augustana, June 25th, § [132, 6], [7].
1531. Schmalcald League, § [133, 1].
Zwingli dies. Second Peace of Cappel, § [130, 10].
1532-1547. John Frederick the Magnanimous, Elector of Saxony, § [133, 2].
1532. Religious Peace of Nuremberg, § [133, 2].
Farel at Geneva, § [138, 1].
Henry VIII. renounces authority of the Pope, § [139, 4].
1534. Luther’s complete Bible Translation, § [129, 1].
Reformation in Württemberg, § [133, 3].
1534-1535. Anabaptist Troubles in Münster, § [133, 6].
1534-1549. Pope Paul III., § [149, 2].
1535. Vergerius in Wittenberg, § [134, 1].
Calvin’s Institutio rel. Christ., § [138, 5].
1536. Erasmus dies, § [120, 6].
Wittenberg Concord, § [133, 8].
Calvin in Geneva, § [138, 2].
Diet at Copenhagen, § [139, 2].
Menno Simons baptized, § [147, 1].
1537. Schmalcald Articles, § [134, 1].
Antinomian Controversy, § [141, 1].
1538. Nuremberg League, § [134, 2].
Calvin Expelled from Geneva, § [138, 3].
1539. Outbreak at Frankfort, § [134, 3].
Reformation in Albertine Saxony, § [134, 4].
Joachim II. reforms Brandenburg, § [134, 5].
Diet at Odense, § [139, 2].
1540. The Society of Jesus, § [149, 8].
Double Marriage of the Landgrave, § [135, 1].
Religious Conferences at Spires, Hagenau, and Worms, § [135, 2].
1541. Carlstadt dies, § [124, 3].
Interim of Regensburg, § [135, 3].
Naumburg Episcopate, § [135, 5].
Calvin returns to Geneva, § [138, 3], [4].
1542. Reformation in Brunswick, § [135, 6].
National Assembly at Bonn, § [135, 7].
Francis Xavier in the East Indies, § [150, 1].
Roman Inquisition, § [139, 23].
1544. Diet at Spires, Peace of Crespy, Wittenberg Reformation, § [135, 9].
Diet at Westeräs, § [139, 1].
1545. Synod at Erdöd, § [139, 20].
1545-1547. Nineteenth Œcumenical Council at Trent, § [136, 4]; [149, 2].
1546. Regensburg Conference: Murder of John Diaz, § [135, 10].
Luther dies, February 18th, § [135, 11].
Reformation in the Palatinate, § [135, 6].
1546-1547. Schmalcald War, § [136].
1547-1553. Edward VI. of England, § [139, 5].
1547. Hermann of Cologne resigns, § [136, 2].
1548-1572. Sigismund Augustus, of Poland, § [139, 18].
1548. Interim of Augsburg, § [136, 5].
Adiaphorist Controversy, § [141, 5].
Priests of the Oratory, § [149, 7].
1549.Consensus Tigurinus, § [138, 7].
Andrew Osiander at Königsburg, § [141, 2].
Jesuit Mission in Brazil, § [150, 3].
The first Jesuits in Germany (Ingolstadt), § [151, 2].
1550-1555. Pope Julius III., § [136, 8].
1550. Brothers of Mercy, § [149, 7].
1551. Resumption of Tridentine Council, § [136, 8]; [149, 2].
1552. Compact of Passau, § [137, 3].
Outbreak of Crypto-Calvinist Controversy, § [141, 9].
Francis Xavier dies, § [150, 1].
1553-1558. Mary the Catholic of England, § [139, 5].
1553. Elector Maurice dies, § [137, 4].
Servetus burnt, § [148, 2].
1554.Consensus Pastorum Genevensium, § [138, 7].
John Frederick the Magnanimous dies, § [137, 3].
1555. Religious Peace of Augsburg, § [137, 5].
Outbreak of Synergist Controversies, § [141, 7].
1555-1598. Philip II. of Spain, § [139, 21].
1556-1564. Ferdinand I, Emperor, § [137, 8].
1556. Loyola dies, § [149, 8].
1557. National Assembly at Clausenburg and Confessio Hungarica, § [139, 20].
1558. Frankfort Recess, § [141, 11].
1558-1603. Elizabeth of England, § [139, 6].
1559. Gustavus Vasa’s Mission to the Lapps, § [142, 7].
Confessio Gallicana, § [139, 14].
The English Act of Uniformity, § [139, 6].
1560-1565. Pope Pius IV., § [149, 2].
1560.Confessio Scotica, § [139, 9].
John a Lasco dies, § [139, 18].
Calvinizing of the Palatinate, § [144, 1].
Melanchthon dies, § [141, 10].
1561. Gotthard Kettler, Duke of Courland, § [139, 3].
Religious Conference at Poissy, § [139, 14].
Mary Stuart in Scotland, § [139, 10].
Princes’ Diet at Naumburg, § [141, 11].
1562-1563. Resumption and Close of Tridentine Council, § [149, 2].
1562.Confessio Belgica, § [139, 12].
The XXXIX. Articles of the English Church, § [139, 6].
Calvinizing of Bremen, § [144, 2].
Heidelberg Catechism, § [144, 1].
Lælius Socinus dies, § [148, 4].
1564. Calvin dies, § [138, 4].
Professio fidei Tridentinæ, § [149, 14].
Cassander’s Union Proposals, § [137, 8].
Maulbronn Convention, § [144, 1].
1564-1576. Emperor Maximilian II., § [137, 8].
1566.Catechasimo Romanus, § [149, 10].
Confessio Helvetica posterior, § [138, 7].
The League of “the Beggars,” § [139, 12].
1567. The writings of Michael Baius condemned, § [149, 13].
1570. General Synod at Sendomir, § [139, 13].
Peace of St. Germains, § [139, 15].
1572-1585. Pope Gregory XIII., § [149, 3].
1572. John Knox dies, § [139, 11].
Bloody Marriage of Paris, August 24th, § [139, 16].
1573.Pax dissidentium in Poland, § [139, 18].
1574. Maulbronn Convention, § [141, 12].
Restoration of Catholicism in Eichsfelde, § [151, 1].
1575.Confessio Bohemica, § [139, 19].
1576. Book of Torgau, § [141, 12].
Pacification of Ghent, § [139, 12].
1576-1612. Rudolph II., Emperor, § [137, 8].
1577. The Formula of Concord, § [141, 12].
Restoration of Catholicism in Fulda, § [151, 1].
1578. The Jesuit Possevin in Sweden, § [151, 3].
1579. The Union of Utrecht, § [139, 12].
1580. Book of Concord, § [141, 12].
1582. Second Attempt at Reformation in Cologne, § [137, 6].
Matthew Ricci in China, § [150, 1].
Reform of Calendar, § [149, 3].
1585-1590. Pope Sixtus V., § [149, 3].
1587. Mary Stuart on the Scaffold, § [139, 10].
1588. Louis Molina, § [149, 13].
1589-1610. Henry IV. of France, § [139, 17].
1589. Patriarchate at Moscow, § [73, 4].
1592. Saxon Articles of Visitation, § [141, 13].
1593. Assembly of Representatives at Upsala, § [139, 1].
1595. Synod at Thorn, § [139, 18].
1596. Synod at Brest, § [151, 3].
1597. Calvinizing the Principality of Anhalt, § [144, 3].
Congregatio de auxiliis, § [149, 13].
1598. Edict of Nantes, § [139, 17].
1600. Giordano Bruno at the Stake, § [146, 3].
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
1604. Faustus Socinus dies, § [148, 4].
1605. Landgrave Maurice calvinizes Hesse Cassel, § [154, 1].
Gunpowder Plot, § [153, 6].
1606. The Treaty of Vienna, § [139, 10].
Interdict on the Republic of Venice, § [156, 2].
1608. Founding the Jesuit State of Paraguay, § [156, 10].
1609. The Royal Letter, § [139, 19].
1610-1643. Louis XIII. of France, § [153, 3].
1610. Remonstrants and Counter-Remonstrants, § [160, 2].
1611. Pères de l’Oratoire, § [156, 7].
1612-1619. Matthias, Emperor, § [153, 1].
1613. Elector John Sigismund of Brandenburg goes over to Reformed Church, § [154, 3].
George Calixtus in Helmstädt [Helmstadt], § [159, 2].
1614.Confessio Marchica, § [154, 3].
1616. Leonard Hutter dies, § [159, 4].
1618. Monks of St. Maur in France, § [156, 7].
1618-1648. The Thirty Years’ War, § [153, 2].
1618-1619. Synod of Dort, § [161, 2].
1619-1637. Ferdinand II., Emperor, § [153, 2].
1620. The Valteline Massacre, § [153, 3].
The Pilgrim Fathers, § [143, 2].
1621. John Arndt dies, § [160, 1].
1622. Francis de Sales dies, § [157, 1].
Congregatio de propaganda fide, § [156, 9].
1624. End of Controversy over κένωσις and κρύψις, § [159, 1].
Jac. Böhme dies, § [160, 2].
1628. Adam Schall in China, § [156, 12].
1629. Edict of Restitution, § [153, 2].
1631. Religious Conference at Leipzig, § [154, 4].
1632. Gustavus Adolphus falls at Lützen, § [153, 2].
1637. John Gerhard dies, § [159, 4].
Rooting out of Christianity in Japan, § [156, 11].
1638. Overthrow of Racovian Seminary, § [148, 4].
Cyril Lucar strangled, § [152, 2].
Scottish Covenant, § [155, 1].
1641. Irish Massacre, § [153, 5].
1642. Condemnation of the “Augustinus” of Jansen, § [157, 5].
1643-1715. Louis XIV. of France, § [153, 2]; [157, 2], [3], [5].
1643. Orthodox Confession of Peter Mogilas, § [152, 3].
Opening of Westminster Assembly, § [155, 1].
1645. Hugo Grotius dies, § [153, 7].
Religious Conference at Thorn, § [153, 7].
Peace of Linz, § [153, 3].
1645-1742. Accommodation Controversy, § [156, 12].
1647. George Fox appears as Leader of the Quakers, § [163, 4].
1648. Peace of Westphalia, § [153, 2].
Close of Westminster Assembly, § [155, 1].
1649. Execution of Charles I. of England, § [155, 1].
1650. Descartes dies, § [164, 1].
1652. Liturgical Reform of the Patriarch Nikon, § [163, 10].
1653. Innocent X. condemns the Five Propositions of Jansen, § [157, 5].
Barebones’ Parliament, § [155, 2].
1654. Christina of Sweden becomes a Catholic, § [153, 1].
John Val. Andreä dies, § [160, 1].
1655. The Bloody Easter in Piedmont, § [153, 5].
Consensus repetitus fidei vere Lutheranæ, § [159, 2].
1656. George Calixtus dies, § [159, 2].
Pascal’s Lettres Provinciales, § [157, 5].
1658. Outbreak of Cocceian Controversies, § [161, 5].
1660. Vincent de Paul dies, § [156, 8].
Restoration of Royalty and Episcopacy in England, § [155, 3].
1661. Religious Conference at Cassel, § [154, 4].
1664. Founding of Order of Trappists, § [156, 8].
1669. Cocceius dies, § [161, 3].
1670. The Labadists in Herford, § [163, 7].
1673. The Test Act, § [153, 6].
1675.Formula consensus Helvetici, § [161, 2].
Spener’s Pia Desideria, § [159, 3].
1676. Paul Gerhardt dies, § [154, 4].
Voetius dies, § [161, 3].
1677. Spinoza dies, § [164, 1].
1682.Quatuor propositiones Cleri Gallicani, § [156, 1].
Founding of Pennsylvania, § [163, 4].
1685. Revocation of Edict of Nantes and Expulsion of Waldensians from Piedmont, § [153, 4], [5].
1686. Spener at Dresden and Collegia philobiblica in Leipzig, § [159, 3].
Abraham Calov dies, § [159, 4].
1687. Michael Molinos forced to Abjure, § [157, 2].
1689. English Act of Toleration, § [155, 3].
Return of banished Waldensians, § [153, 5].
1690. The Pietists Expelled from Leipzig, § [159, 3].
1691. Spener in Berlin, § [159, 3].
1694. Founding of University of Halle, § [159, 3].
1697. Frederick Augustus the Strong of Saxony becomes Catholic, § [153, 1].
1699. Propositions of Fénelon Condemned, § [157, 3].
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
1701. Thomas of Tournon in the East Indies, § [156, 12].
1702. Löscher’s “Unschuldige Nachrichten,” § [167, 1].
Buttlar Fanatical Excesses, § [170, 4].
1703.Collegium caritativum at Berlin, § [169, 1].
Peter Codde deposed, § [165, 8].
1704. Bossuet dies, § [153, 7]; [157, 3].
1705. Spener dies, § [159, 3].
1706. Founding of Lutheran Mission at Tranquebar, § [167, 9].
1707. The Praying Children at Silesia, § [167, 8].
1709. Port Royal suppressed, § [157, 5].
1712. Richard Simon dies, § [158, 1].
Mechitarist Congregation, § [165, 2].
1713. The Constitution Unigenitus, § [165, 7].
1717-1774. Louis XV. of France, § [165, 5].
1715. Fénelon dies, § [157, 3].
1716. Leibnitz dies, § [164, 2].
1717. French Appellants, § [165, 7].
Madame Guyon dies, § [157, 3].
Gottfried Arnold dies, § [160, 2].
Inspired Communities in the Cevennes, § [170, 2].
1721. Holy Synod of St. Petersburg, § [166].
Hans Egede goes as Missionary to Greenland, § [167, 9].
1722. Founding of Herrnhut, § [168, 2].
1727. A. H. Francke dies, § [167, 8].
Thomas of Westen dies, § [160, 7].
Founding of the Society of United Brethren, § [168, 2].
1728. Callenberg’s Institute for Conversion of Jews, § [167, 9].
1729. Buddeus dies, § [168, 2].
Methodist Society formed, § [169, 4].
1731. Emigration of Evangelicals of Salzburg, § [165, 4].
1740-1786. Frederick II. of Prussia, § [171, 4].
1741. Moravian Special Covenant with the Lord Jesus, § [168, 4].
1750. Sebastian Bach dies, § [167, 7].
End of Jesuit State of Paraguay, § [165, 3].
1751. Semler, Professor in Halle, § [171, 6].
1752. Bengel dies, § [167, 4].
1754. Christ. v. Wolff dies, § [167, 3].
Winckelmann becomes a Roman Catholic, § [165, 6].
1755. Mosheim dies, § [167, 3].
1758-1769. Pope Clement XIII., § [165, 9].
1759. Banishment of Jesuits from Portugal, § [165, 9].
1760. Zinzendorf dies, § [168, 3].
1762. Judicial Murder of Jean Calas, § [165, 5].
1765. Universal German Library, § [171, 4].
1769-1774. Pope Clement XIV., § [165, 9].
1772. Swedenborg dies, § [170, 5].
1773. Suppression of Jesuit Order, § [165, 9].
1774. Wolfenbüttel Fragments, § [171, 6].
1775-1799. Pius VI., Pope, § [165, 9], [10].
1775. C. A. Crusius dies, § [167, 3].
1776. Founding of the Order of the Illuminati, § [165, 13].
1778. Voltaire and Rousseau die, § [165, 14].
1780-1790. Joseph II., sole ruler, § [165, 10].
1781. Joseph’s Edict of Toleration, § [165, 10].
1782. Pope Pius VI. in Vienna, § [165, 10].
1786. Congress at Ems and Synod at Pistoja, § [165, 10].
1787. Edict of Versailles, § [165, 4].
1788. The Religious Edict of Wöllner, § [171, 5].
1789. French Revolution, § [165, 15].
1791. Wesley dies, § [169, 5].
Semler dies, § [171, 6].
1793. Execution of Louis XVI. and his Queen. Abolition of Christian reckoning of time and of the Christian religion in France. Temple de la Raison, § [165, 15].
1794.Le peuple français reconnait l’Etre suprème et l’immortalité de l’âme, § [165, 15].
1795. Founding of London Missionary Society, § [172, 5].
1799. Schleiermacher’s “Reden über die Religion,” § [182, 1].
1800. Stolberg becomes a Roman Catholic, § [165, 6].
NINETEENTH CENTURY.
1800-1823. Pope Pius VII., § [185, 1].
1801. French Concordat, § [203, 1].
1803. Recess of Imperial Deputies, § [192, 1].
1804. Founding of British and Foreign Bible Society, § [183, 4].
Kant dies, § [171, 10].
1806. End of Catholic German Empire, § [192].
1809. Napoleon under Ban; the Pope Imprisoned, § [185, 1].
1810. Founding of American Missionary Society at Boston, § [184, 1].
Schleiermacher professor at Berlin, § [182, 1].
1811. French National Council, § [185, 1].
1814. Vienna Congress. Restoration of the Pope, § [185, 1].
Restoration of the Jesuits, § [186, 1].
1815. The Holy Alliance, § [173].
1816. Mission Seminary at Basel, § [184, 1].
1817. The Theses of Harms, § [176, 1].
Union Interpellation of Frederick William III., § [177, 1].
1822. Introduction of the Prussian Service Book, § [176, 1].
Lyons Association for Spreading the Faith, § [186, 7].
1823-1829. Pope Leo XII., § [185, 1].
1825. Book of Mormon, § [211, 12].
1827. Hengstenberg’s Evangel. Kirchenzeitung, § [176, 1].
1829. English Catholic Emancipation Bill, § [202, 9].
Founding of Barmen Missionary Institute, § [184, 1].
1829-1830. Pope Pius VIII., § [185, 1].
1830. July Revolution, § [203, 2].
Halle Controversy, § [176, 1].
Abbé Chatel in Paris, § [187, 6].
1831-1846. Gregory XVI., Pope, § [185, 1].
1831. Hegel dies, § [174, 1].
1833. Beginning of Puseyite Agitation, § [203, 2].
1834. Conflict at Hönigern, § [177, 2].
Schleiermacher dies, § [182, 1].
1835. Strauss’ first Life of Jesus, § [182, 6].
Condemnation of Hermesianism, § [193, 1].
Edward Irving dies, § [211, 10].
Persecution of Christians in Madagascar, § [184, 3].
1836. Founding of Dresden Missionary Institute, § [184, 1].
1837. Emigrants of Zillerthal, § [198, 1].
Beginning of Troubles at Cologne, § [193, 1].
1838. Archbishop Dunin of Posen, § [193, 1].
Rescript of Altenburg, § [194, 2].
J. A. Möhler dies, § [191, 4].
English Tithes’ Bill, § [202, 9].
1839. Call of Dr. Strauss to Zürich, § [199, 4].
Bavarian order to give Adoration, § [195, 2].
Synod at Polozk, § [206, 2].
1810-1861. Frederick William IV. of Prussia, § [193].
1841. Schelling at Berlin, § [174, 1].
Constitution of Lutherans separated from National Church of Prussia, § [177, 2].
Founding of Evangelical Bishopric of Jerusalem, § [184, 8].
Founding of Gustavus Adolphus Association, § [178, 1].
1843. Disruption and Founding of the Free Church of Scotland, § [202, 7].
1844. German-Catholic Church, § [187, 1].
Wislicenus’ “Ob Schrift, ob Geist?” § [176, 1].
1845. Founding Free Church of Vaud, § [199, 2].
1845-1846. Conversions in Livonia, § [206, 3].
1846-1878. Pope Pius IX., § [185, 2-4].
1846. Founding of Evangelical Alliance in London, § [178, 3].
Fruitless Prussian General Synod in Berlin, § [193, 3].
1847. Prussian Patent of Toleration, § [193, 3].
War of Swiss Sonderbund, § [199, 1].
1848. Revolution of February and March, § [192, 4].
Founding of Evangel. Kirchentag, § [178, 4].
Founding of Catholic “Pius Association,” § [186, 3].
Bishops’ Congress of Würzburg, § [192, 4].
1849. Roman Republic, § [185, 2].
First Congress for Home Missions, § [183].
1850. Institution of Berlin “Oberkirchenrat,” § [193, 4].
Return of Pope to Rome, § [185, 2].
English Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, § [202, 11].
1851. Memorial of Upper Rhine Bishops, § [196, 1].
Taeping Rebellion in China, § [211, 15].
1852. Conference at Eisenach, § [178, 2].
1852-1870. Napoleon III., Emperor of the French, § [203, 3], [5].
1853. The Kirchentag at Berlin acknowledges the Augustana, § [178, 4].
Missionary Institute at Hermannsburg, § [185, 1].
New Organization of the Catholic Hierarchy in Holland, § [200, 4].
1855. Sardinian Law about Monasteries, § [204, 1].
Austrian Concordat, § [198, 2].
1857. The Evangelical Alliance in Berlin, § [178, 3].
1858. Disturbances in Baden about Service Book, § [196, 3].
The Mother of God at Lourdes, § [188, 7].
1859. Franco-Austrian War in Italy, § [204, 2].
1860. Persecution of Syrian Christians, § [207, 2].
Abrogation of Baden Concordat, § [196, 2].
1861. The Austrian Patent, § [198, 3].
Introduction of a Constitutional Church Order into Baden, § [196, 3].
Radama II. in Madagascar, § [184, 3].
Schism among Separatist Lutherans in Prussia, § [177, 3].
1862. Hanoverian Catechism Scandal, § [194, 3].
Renan’s Life of Jesus, § [182, 8].
Württemberg Ecclesiastical Law, § [196, 6].
1863. Congress of Catholic Scholars at Munich, § [191, 10].
1864. Encyclical and Syllabus, § [185, 2].
Strauss’ and Schenkel’s Life of Jesus, § [182, 8], [17].
1865. The first Protestantentag at Eisenach, § [180, 1].
1866. Founding of the North German League.
1867. St. Peter’s Centenary Festival at Rome, § [185, 2].
1869. Irish Church Bill, § [202, 10].
Opening of Vatican Council, § [189, 2].
1870. Proclamation of Doctrine of Infallibility, July 18th, § [189, 3].
Revocation of the Austrian Concordat. § [198, 2].
Overthrow of the Church States, § [185, 3].
1871. Founding of the new German Empire, January 18th, § [197].
The first Old Catholic Congress at Munich, § [190, 1].
“The Kanzelparagraph,” § [197, 4].
First Lutheran National Synod in the kingdom of Saxony, § [194, 1].
1872. Dr. Falk, Prussian Minister of Worship, § [193, 5].
The Prussian School Inspection Law, § [199, 3].
The Roman Disputation, § [175, 3].
The German Jesuit Law, § [197, 4].
Epidemic of Manifestations of the Mother of God in Alsace-Lorraine, § [188, 6].
1873. The four Prussian Ecclesiastical Laws, § [197, 5].
Mermillod and Lachat Deposed from office, § [199, 2], [3].
Constitution of Old Catholic Church in German Empire, § [190, 1].
1874. The Austrian Ecclesiastical Laws, § [198, 6].
Union Conference at Bonn, § [175, 6].
1875. The Encyclical Quod numquam and the Embargo Act, § [197, 8].
Berlin Extraordinary General Synod, § [193, 5].
Pearsall Smith, § [211, 1].
1876. Marpinger Mother-of-God trick, § [188, 7].
The Dutch University Law, § [202, 2].
1878. Leo XIII. ascends the Papal chair, § [185, 5].
Organization of a Catholic Hierarchy in Scotland, § [202, 11].
Congress of Berlin, § [207, 5].
Amnesty to the recalcitrant Clergy of the Jura, § [199, 3].
First appearance of the Salvation Army, § [205, 2].
1879. The Belgian Liberal Education Act, § [200, 6].
1880. Abolition of the “Kulturexamen” in Baden, § [197, 14].
French Decree of March, § [203, 6].
1881. Robertson Smith’s Heresy Case, § [202, 8].
1882. The Confessional Lutheran Conflict with the Ritschlian School, § [182, 21].
1883. The Luther Jubilee, § [175, 10].
1884. The Belgian Clerical Education Act, § [200, 6].
Conclusion of the “Kulturkampf” in Switzerland, § [199, 2], [3].
1887. Prussian and Hessian Governments conclude Peace with Papal Curia, § [197, 13], [15].
Founding of Evangelical Bund, § [178, 5].

INDEX.

Butler & Tanner, The Selwood Printing Works, Frome, and London.

Footnotes.

[1] — Dowling, “Introduction to Study of Eccl. Hist.; its Progress and Sources.” Lond., 1838. Smedt, “Introd. generalis ad Hist. Eccl. critice tractandam.” Gandavi, 1876.
[2] — See Sermon on The Pharisees in Mozley’s “Univ. Sermons.” Lond., 1876; also Schürer, Div. II., vol. ii., pp. 1-43, “Pharisees and Sadducees.”
[3] — See Lightfoot, Ep. to the Col., 5th ed., Lond., 1880, Diss. on “Essenes, their Name, Origin, and Relation to Christianity.” pp. 349-419; also Schürer, Div. II., vol. ii., pp. 188-218, “The Essenes.”
[4] — Nutt, Sketch of Samaritan History, Dogma, and Literature. Lond., 1874.
[5] — On Philo, see Schürer, Div. II., vol. iii., pp. 321-381.
[6] — J. Bannerman, “The Church of Christ.” 2 vols., Edin., 1868. Jacob, “Ecclesiastical Polity of the New Testament.” Lond., 1871. Hatch, “The Organization of the Early Chr. Churches.” Lond., 1881; 2nd ed., 1883. D. D. Bannerman, “The Doctrine of the Church.” Edin., 1887. Hodge, “The Church and its Polity.” Edin., 1879. Binnie, “The Church.” Edin., 1882. Pressensé, “Life and Pract. of Early Church.” Lond., 1879. Lightfoot, “Comm. on Philip.” “Essay on Christian Ministry.” 6th ed., Lond., 1881, pp. 181-269.
[7] — Mommsen, “De collegiis et sodaliciis Rom.” Kiel, 1843. Foucart, “Les associat. relig. chez les Grecs.” Paris, 1873. Hatch, “Organization of Early Chr. Churches.” pp. 26-39.
[8] — Lightfoot, “Epistle to Phil.” 6th ed., Lond., 1881, p. 95. Detached notes on the synonyms “bishop” and “presbyter.” “Diss. on Christian Ministry.” pp. 187-200.
[9] — Blondel, “Apologia pro sententia Hieron. de episcop. et presbyt.” Amst., 1646.
[10] — The φίλημα ἅγιον of Rom. xvi. 16; 1 Cor. xvi. 20.
[11] — Of these we probably find fragments in Eph. ii. 14; 1 Tim. iii. 16; 2 Tim. ii. 11-13; and perhaps also in 1 Tim. iii. 1, 16; Jas. i. 17; Rev. i. 4; iv. 11; v. 9; xi. 15; xv. 3; xxi. 1; xxii. 10.
[12] — Acts ii. 4, 6; xx. 7.
[13] — John xx. 26; Acts xx. 7; 1 Cor. xvi. 2; Rev. i. 10.
[14] — Acts ii. 39; xvi. 33; 1 Cor. vii. 14.
[15] — Acts viii. 17; vi. 6; xiii. 3; 1 Tim. iv. 14.
[16] — On the subject of this section consult: Pressensé, “Early Years of Christianity.” Vol. 2, “Apostolic Age.” Lond., 1879, pp. 361-381. Lechler, “Apostolic and Post Apostolic Times.” 2 vols., Edin., 1886; Vol. i., pp. 37-67, 130-144.
[17] — Burton, “Heresies of the Apostolic Age.” Oxford, 1829.
[18] — As authorities for this period consult: Moshemii, “Commentarii de reb. Christianor. ante Constant.” Helmst., 1753. Baur, “First Three Centuries of the Christian Church.” Lond., 1877. Milman, “Hist. of Chr. to Abol. of Pag. in Rom. Emp.” 3 vols., Lond., 1840. Pressensé, “Early Years of Christianity.” 4 vols., Lond., 1879.
[19] — Consult: Killen, “The Ancient Church.” Edin., 1859; “The Old Catholic Church.” Edin., 1871. Lechler, “Apost. and Post-Apost. Times.” 2 vols., Edin., 1886; Vol. ii., pp. 260-379. Robertson, “Hist. of Chr. Church.” Vol. i., (A.D. 64-590), Lond., 1858.
[20] — Although the Post-Apostolic and Old Catholic Ages are sharply enough distinguished from one another in point of time and of contents along many lines of historical development, and are rightly partitioned off from each other, so that they might seem to require treatment as independent periods; yet, on the one hand, passing over from the one to the other is so frequent and is for the most part of so liquid and incontrollable a nature, while on the other hand, the opposition of and the distinction between these two periods and the œcumenical Catholic Imperial Church that succeeds are so thorough-going, that we prefer to embrace the two under one period and to point out the boundary lines between the two wherever these are clearly discernible.
[21] — Inge, “Society in Rome under the Cæsars.” Lond., 1887.
[22] — Uhlhorn, “Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism.” Steere, “Account of the Persecutions of the Church under the Roman Emperors.”
[23] — Renan, “Antichrist.” Lond., 1874. Merivale, “Hist. of Rom. Emp.” Vols. v. vi., Lond., 1856, 1858. Farrar’s “Early Days of Christianity.” Lond., 1884; Bk. I., pp. 1-44. Mommsen, “Hist. of Rome.” 6 vols., Lond., 1875 ff.
[24] — Renan, “Marcus Aurelius.” Lond., 1883. Lightfoot, “Ignatius and Polycarp.” 3 vols., Lond., 1885.
[25] — Lightfoot, “Ignatius.” Vol. i., pp. 469-476.
[26] — “Kirchengesch. v. Dtschl.” I. 94.
[27] — Mason, “The Persecution of Diocletian.” Cambridge, 1876.
[28] — Cotterill, “Peregrinus Proteus.” Edin., 1879; Engl. Transl. of Lucian’s works, by Dr. Francklin, 4 vols., Lond., 1781.
[29] — Baur, “Christian Church in First Three Centuries.” Lond., 1877. “Celsus and Origen.” in vol. iv. of Froude’s “Short Studies.”
[30] — Philostratus, “Life of Apollonius of Tyana.” First 2 bks., Transl. by Blount, Lond., 1680. Newman, “Hist. Sketches.” Vol. i., chap. ii., “Apollonius of Tyana.”
[31] — The works of Plotinus consist of 54 treatises arranged in 6 Enneads, “Opera Omnia.” ed. Creuzer, 3 vols., Oxon., 1835. Several of the treatises transl. into English by H. Taylor, Lond., 1794 and 1817.
[32] — Zeller, “History of Eclecticism in Greek Philosophy.” Lond., 1831. Ueberweg, “Hist. of Phil.” Lond., 1872; Vol. i., pp. 240-252.
[33] — “Narratio orig. rituum et error. Christianor. S. Joannis.” Rom., 1652.
[34] — Ewald, “Hist. of Israel.” Lond., 1886; Vol. viii., p. 120.
[35] — In de Sacy’s “Chrestom. Arabe.” 2 ed., I. 333.
[36] — 1 Cor. xvi. 3; 2 Cor. viii. 19; Gal. ii. 9.
[37] — Burton, “Heresies of the Apostolic Age.” Oxford, 1829. Zeller, “Acts of the Apostles.” 2 vols., London, 1875, 1876. Pressensé, “Apostolic Age.” London, 1879, pp. 66-73; 318-330.
[38] — Neander’s “First Planting of Christianity and Antignostikus.” (Bohn), 2 vols., Lond., 1851. Mansel, “Gnostic Heresies of First and Second Centuries.” Ed. by Bishop Lightfoot, Lond., 1875. King, “Remains of the Gnostics.” Lond., 1864; new ed., 1887. Ueberweg, “Hist. of Phil.” 2 vols., Lond., 1872, Vol. i., pp. 280-290.
[39] — These are published among the works of Origen. Recently Caspari discovered an admirable Latin translation of them made by Rufinus, and published it in his “Kirchenhist. Anecdota.” I., (Christ., 1883).
[40] — Lipsius, “Valentinus and his School.” in Smith’s “Dict. of Biography.” Vol. iv., Lond., 1887.
[41] — In Cureton’s “Spicil. Syr.” Lond., 1855.
[42] — In its extant Coptic form, ed. by Petermann, Brl., 1851. In a Latin transl. by Schwartze, Brl., 1853. In English transl. in King’s “Remains of the Gnostics.” Lond., 1887.
[43] — Yet the school of Baur regard this Gospel of Marcion as the original of Luke. Hilgenfeld thinks that both our Luke and Marcion drew from one earlier source. Hahn has sought to restore the Marcionite Gospel in Thilo’s “Cod. Apoc. N.T.” I. 401. Sanday, “Gospels in the Second Century.” London, 1876.
[44] — Salmon, “Introd. to the N.T.” London, 1885, pp. 242-248. Reuss, “Hist. of N.T.” Edin., 1884, §§ 291, 246, 362, 508.
[45] — Lightfoot, “Comm. on Galatians.” Camb., 1865; Diss. “St. Paul and the Three.”
[46] — Lechler, “Apost. and Post-Apostol. Times.” Vol. ii., p. 263 ff. Ewald, “Hist. of Israel.” Lond., 1886, Vol. viii., p. 152.
[47] — Ewald, “Hist. of Israel.” Vol. viii., p. 122.
[48] — We possess this work in the original Greek. The first complete edition was that of Cotelerius in his “Pp. Apost.” The latest and most careful separate ed., is by Lagarde, Lps., 1865; Eng. transl. in Ante Nicene Lib., Edin., 1871.
[49] — Existing only in the Latin transl. of Rufinus. Published in Cotelerius, “Pp. Apost.” Separate ed. by Gersdorf, Lps., 1838; Eng. transl. Ante-Nicene Lib., Edin., 1867.
[50] — See de Sacy, “Mem. sur diverses antiqu. de la Perse.” Par., 1794. The most important of these Arabic works are the Literary History of An-Naddim, Kitab al Fihrist, ed. Flügel and Roediger, Lps., 1871; then Al-Shurstani’s “Hist. of relig. and phil. sects.” ed. Cureton, Lond., 1842; and Al-Biruni’s “Chron. d. Orient Völker.” ed. Sachau, Lps., 1878.
[51] — Among the Mandeans mana rabba means one of the highest æons, and is thus perhaps identical with the name Paraclete borrowed from the Christian terminology, which Manes assumed.
[52] — Ueberweg, “Hist. of Phil.” 2 vols., Lond., 1872, Vol. i., pp. 290-325. Patristic. Phil. down to Council of Nicæa.
[53] — Donaldson, “Apostolic Fathers.” Lond., 1874. Lightfoot, “Clement of Rome.” 2 vols., Lond., 1869, 1877; Ignatius and Polycarp, 3 vols., Lond., 1885. Sanday, “The Gospels in the Second Century.” Lond., 1876.
[54] — Luke i. 1; § [32, 4]; [36, 7]; [59, 1].
[55] — “Patrum Apost. Opera.” Ed. Gebhardt, Harnack and Zahn, 3 vols., Lps., 1876 ff. “Apostolic Fathers.” Engl. transl. in Ante-Nicene Library, Edin., 1867. Donaldson, “Apostolic Fathers.” Edin., 1874.
[56] — At Constantinople, 1875.
[57] — Comp. Lightfoot, “St. Clement of Rome, An Appendix.” etc., Lond., 1877.
[58] — Donaldson, “History of Christian Literature.” Vol. i., Lond., 1864. Cunningham, “Dissertation on Epistle of St. Barnabas.” Lond., 1877.
[59] — “Hermæ Pastor.” ed. Hilgenfeld, 2 ed., Lps., 1881. Down to the middle of the 19th century it was known only in a Latin translation, but since then the Greek original has been accessible in two recensions, as well as in an ancient Ethiopic translation (ed. d’Abbadie, Lps., 1860). One of the Greek recensions almost complete was found in the monastery of Athos; and an older, but less perfect one, was found in the Codex Sinaiticus. Schodde, “Hermâ Nabî; The Ethiopic version of Pastor Hermæ examined.” Lps., 1876.
[60] — Comp. Harnack in Expositor for March, 1886, pp. 185-192. Lightfoot, “Ignatius and Polycarp.” Lond., 1885, vol. ii., pp. 433-470.
[61] — Cureton, “Corpus Ignatianum.” (Rom., Eph., and Ep. to Polyc.), Lond., 1819.
[62] — Against their genuineness: Dallæus, “De scrr. quæ sub Dionysii et Ignatii nom. circumfer.” Gen., 1666. Killen, “Ignatian Epistles entirely Spurious.” Edin., 1886. In favour: Pearson, “Vindiciæ St. Ignat.” Cantab., 1672. Lightfoot, “Ignatius and Polycarp.” 3 vols., Lond., 1885.
[63] — Salmon, “Introd. to the New Testament.” Lond., 1885, pp. 104-126. Sanday, “Gospels in Second Century.” Lond., 1876.
[64] — Schaff, “The Oldest Church Manual.” Edin., 1886. Hitchcock and Brown, “Teaching of the Twelve Apostles.” New York, 1884. Taylor, “The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles with Illus. from the Talmud.” Cambr., 1886. Expositor, April and June, 1886, pp. 319 f. and 401 ff.; Nov., 1887, pp. 359-371.
[65] — Donaldson, “Hist. of Chr. Lit. from death of App. to Nic. Council.” 3 vols., Lond., 1864, Vols. ii. and iii., “The Apologists.”
[66] — The Syriac translation of a treatise of Melito’s given in Cureton’s “Spicileg. Syr.” Lond., 1853, which gives itself out as an address delivered before Antoninus Cæsar, is not identical with his Apology to Antoninus Pius, of which Eusebius has preserved three fragments, as these passages are not found in it.
[67] — The fragments of Melito’s works are collected by Routh, “Reliquiæ Sacr.” L., Oxon., 1814.
[68] — “Opera.” ed. Otto, 3 vols., Jena, 1876; Engl. transl. in Ante-Nicene Library, Edin., 1867. Semisch, “Just. Mart.” 2 vols., Edin., 1843. Kaye, “Writings and Opin. of Just. Mart.” Lond., 1853.
[69] — Salmon, “Introd. to New Test.” On Tatian, pp. 96-104. Wace on “Zahn’s Tatian’s Diatessaron.” in Expositor for Sept. and Oct., 1882.
[70] — Bigg, “The Christian Platonists of Alexandria.” Bampton Lect. for 1886, Oxf., 1886. Kingsley, “Alexandria and her Schools.” Camb., 1854.
[71] — “Opera.” ed. Harvey, Cantab., 1857; Introd. II. “Life and Wr. of Irenæus.” Engl. transl. in Ante-Nicene Lib., 2 vols., Edin., 1868, 1869. Lightfoot, “Churches of Gaul.” in Contemp. Review, Aug. 1876. Lipsius, “Irenæus.” in Smith’s “Dict. of Chr. Biog.” III., pp. 253-279.
[72] — Many works ascribed to him have been lost; whatever fragments of these exist have been collected by Fabricius and Lagarde. These were: Exeget., a Com. on Daniel; Apolog., Πρὸς Ἰουδαίους; Polem., against Gnostics and Monarchians, against the Asiatic Observance of Easter (§ [37, 2]); Dogmat., Περὶ τῆς τοῦ πάντος οὐσίας, Περὶ τοῦ Ἀντιχρίστου, Περὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως (§ [22, 4]), Περὶ χαρισμάτων; Hist.-chron., Chronicle, and Easter-Canon. On Philosophoumena: Döllinger, “Hippolytus and Callistus.” Edin., 1876.
[73] — “Opera.” ed. Dindorf, 4 vols., Oxon., 1868. “Supplementum Clementinum, in Zahn’s Forsch.” Vol. iii., Engl. transl. in Ante-Nicene Lib., 2 vols., Edin., 1867. Bigg, “Chr. Plat. of Alex.” Lectt. II. III., Oxf., 1886. Kaye, “Clement of Alexandria.” London, 1855. Reuss, “Hist of Canon.” Edin., 1884, pp. 112-116.
[74] — Jerome reckons them at 2,000; Epiphanius at 6,000; these must include the thousands of separate epistles and homilies. Bigg, “Chr. Platonists of Alex.” Lectt. IV.-VI., Oxf., 1886.
[75] — Hexaplorum quæ supersunt. Ed. Field, Oxon., 1871.
[76] — Ed. Selwyn, Cantab., 1876; Engl. transl. of C. Celsum and De Principiis, in Ante-Nicene Library, 2 vols., Edin., 1869-1872.
[77] — “Gregory Thaumaturgus, Dionysius of Alex. and Archelaus.” transl. by Prof. Salmond, Edin., 1871.
[78] — Neander, “Antignosticus, or the Spirit of Tertull.” appended to “Hist. of Planting of Chr. Church.” 2 vols., Lond., 1851. Kaye, “Eccles. Hist. of 2nd and 3rd Cents. illustr. from Wr. of Tertull.” 2 ed., Camb., 1829. Tertullian, “Works.” 3 vols., Ante-Nicene Lib., Edin., 1869.
[79] — “Cyprian’s Treatises and Epistles.” Lib. of Fathers, 2 vols., Oxf., 1839, 1844. “Writings of Cyprian.” Ante-Nicene Lib., 2 vols., Edin., 1868. Poole, “Life and Times of C.” Oxf., 1840. Pressensé, “Martyrs and Apologists.” Lond., 1879, pp. 414-438.
[80] — Dillmann, “Pseudepigraph. des A. Ts.” Herzog, xii. 341. Reuss, “Hist. of the N. T.” Edin., 1884. Salmon, “Introd. to N. T.” 2nd ed., Lond., 1886.
[81] — “Fabricius, Codex pseudepigr. V.T.” Ed. 2., Hamb., 1722.
[82] — Drummond, “Jewish Messiah.” Lond., 1877. Lawrence, “Book of Enoch.” Oxf., 1821. Schodde, “Bk. of Enoch.” Andover, 1882. Schurer, “Hist. of Jew. Peo. in Times of J. Chr.” Div. II., Vol. 3., pp. 59 ff., 73 ff., 93 ff., 134 ff.; (Enoch, Assumptio, Ezra, Bk. of Jub.). Bensly, “Missing Fragment of Lat. Transl. of 4th Bk. of Ezra.” Cambr., 1875.
[83] — Sinker, “Test. XII. Patriarchum.” Cambr., 1869; Appendix, 1879. Malan, “Book of Adam and Eve.” Lond., 1882. Hort on Bks. of Adam, in Smith’s “Dict. of Chr. Biog.” Lond., 1877.
[84] — Salmon, “Introd. to N.T.” Lond., 1885; Lect. XII., “Apoc. and Her. Gospels.” pp. 226-248.
[85] — Nicholson, “The Gosp. acc. to the Hebrews.” Lond., 1879.
[86] — Giles, “Cod. Apoc. N. T.” 2 vols., Lond., 1852. Tischendorf, “Evv. Apocr.” Ed. 2, Lps., 1876.
[87] — Wright, “Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” Syriac and English, 2 vols., Lond., 1871. Malan, “The Conflicts of the Holy Apostles.” Lond., 1871. Tischendorf, “Acta app. Apocr.” Lps., 1851.
[88] — Phillips, “Addai the Apostle.” Syriac and English, Lond., 1876.
[89] — Lightfoot, “Comm. on Phil.” 6th ed., Lond., 1881; “Diss. on Paul and Seneca.” pp. 270-328; “Letters of Paul and Seneca.” pp. 329-333. Lightfoot, “Comm. on Col.” 5 ed., Lond., 1880; pp. 274-300, “The Epistle from Laodicea.”
[90] — Dorner, “Hist. of Dev. of Doctr. of Person of Chr.” 5 vols., Edin., 1862. Pressensé, “Heresy and Christian Doctrine.” Lond., 1879.
[91] — Deut. xviii. 15; Isa. liii. 3; Matt. xii. 32; Luke i. 35; John viii. 40; Acts ii. 22; 1 Tim. ii. 5.
[92] — Tertullian says: Ita duo negotia diaboli Praxeas Romæ procuravit, prophetiam expulit et hæresim intulit, paracletum fugavit et patrem crucifixit.—Ps.-Tertull.: Hæresim introduxit, quam Victorinus corroborare curavit.
[93] — Dorner, “Person of Christ.” Vol. ii.
[94] — Pressensé, “Life and Practice in the Early Church.” Lond., 1872.
[95] — Hatch, “The Organization of the Early Christian Churches.” Lond., 1881; “The Growth of Church Institutions.” Lond., 1887. Bannerman, “Doctr. of the Church.” 2 vols., Edin., 1858; espec. vol. i., pp. 277-480. Lightfoot, “Comm. on Phil.” 6th ed., Lond., 1881: “Dissertat. on Chr. Ministry.” Papers in Expositor, 1887, on “Origin of Chr. Ministry.” by Sanday, Harnack and others.
[96] — We are not carried further than this by Irenæus, iii. 3. Similarly, too, Cyprian, De Unitate Ecclesiæ, iv. Tertullian also does not accept the Roman tradition as of supreme authority, but prefers that of Asia Minor in regard to the Easter Controversy, and, in the De Pudicitia, he opposes with bitter invective the penitential discipline of the Roman bishop Zephyrinus or Callistus. So, too, Cyprian repudiates the Roman practice in regard to heretics’ baptism (§ [35, 5]); and on the same subject Firmilian of Cæsarea in Cappadocia hesitates not to write: Non pudet Stephanum, Cyprianum pseudo-christum et pseudo-apostolum et dolosum operarium dicere: qui omnia in se esse conscius prævenit, ut alteri per mendacium objiceret, quæ ipse ex merito audire deberet.—Consult: Blondel, “Traité hist. de la primauté.” Gen., 1641. Salacious, “De Primatu Papæ.” Lugd. Bat., 1645. Kenrick, “The Primacy of the Apostolic See Vindicated.” New York, 1848. “The Pope and the Council.” by Janus, Lond., 1869.
[97] — Wall, “Hist. of Infant Baptism.” with Gale’s Reflections, and Wall’s Defence, 4 vols., Oxf., 1836. Wilberforce, “Doctr. of Holy Baptism.” Lond., 1849.
[98] — Funk’s assertion that the ἀκροᾶσθαι and the γονυκλίνειν were not stages in the Catechumenate, but penal ranks in which offending Catechumens were placed, and that there was only one order of Catechumens is untenable for these reasons: Because the penitential institution presupposes a falling away from the grace of baptism; Because the Canon of Neo-Cæsarea with its κατηχούμενος ἁμαρτάνων, ἐὰν μὲν γονυκλίνων, ἀκροάσθω, necessarily implies that γονυκλίνειν is a stage in the Catechumenate; Because this Canon provides that after the first penal procedure, not after passing through two penitential orders, the sinner will be expelled; Finally, because the γονυκλίνειν of the Catechumens, just like that of the congregation in prayer, is even in expression something quite different from the ὑπόπτωσις of the penitents.—Consult: Pressensé, “Life and Practice in the Early Church.” Lond., 1879, pp. 5-36, 333.
[99] — Pressensé, “Life and Practice in the Early Church.” pp. 201-216, 263-286. Lechler, “Apostolic and Post-Apost. Times.” 2 vols., Edin., 1886; Vol. ii. 298. Jacob, “Ecclest. Polity of N. T.” Lond., 1871, pp. 187-319.
[100] — Jacob, “Ecclest. Polit. of N.T.” Lond., 1871, Lect. vii., “The Lord’s Supper.” Waterland, “Review of the Doctrine of the Eucharist.” Lond., 1737.
[101] — See, De Doctr. Christiana. II. ii. 15.—“Old Latin Biblical Texts.” Edited by John Wordsworth, Bp. of Salisbury, Oxford, 1885, etc.
[102] — Lechler, “Apostolic and Post-Apostolic Times.” Edin., 1886, Vol. ii., pp. 301-310.
[103] — Bosio, “Roma Sotteranea.” Rom., 1632. De Rossi, “Roma sott. crist.” 3 vols., Rome, 1864-1877. Northcote and Brownlow, “Roma Sotteranea.” Lond., 1869. Withrow, “The Catacombs of Rome.” Lond., 1876.
[104] — Marriott, “Testimony of the Catacombs.” Lond., 1877.
[105] — Zöckler, “The Cross of Christ.” Lond., 1877. Allen, “Early Christian Symbolism.” Lond., 1887. Didson, “Chr. Iconography.” 2 vols., Lond., 1886.
[106] — Schmidt, “The Social Results of Early Christianity.” Lond., 1886. Brace, “Gesta Christi.” Lond., 1883. Uhlhorn, “Chr. Charity in the Ancient Church.” Edin., 1883. Pressensé, “Life and Practice in Early Church.” Lond., 1879, pp. 345-477. Ryan, “Hist. of the Effects of Relig. upon Mankind.” Dublin, 1820.
[107] — Morinus, “De discipl. in administr. s. pœnitentiæ.” Par., 1651. Marshall, “Penitential Discipline of the Prim. Church for the First Four Centuries.” Lond., 1844 (1st ed., 1718). Tertullian, “De Pœnitentia.” See Transl. in Library of Fathers, Tertullian, vol. i., “Apologetic and Practical Treatises.” Oxf., 1843; XI. Of Repentance, with long and valuable notes by Dr. Pusey, pp. 349-408.
[108] — J. de Soyres, “Montanism and the Primitive Church.” Cambr., 1878. Cunningham, “The Churches of Asia.” Lond., 1880, p. 159 ff.
[109] — Bunsen, “Hippolytus and his Age.” Lond., 1854. Wordsworth, “St. Hippolytus and the Church of Rome.” Lond., 1852. Döllinger, “Hippolytus and Callistus.” Edin., 1876 (orig. publ. 1853).
[110] — “Library of Fathers.” Oxf., 1843, Cyprian’s Treatises: v. “On Unity of the Church.” vi. “On the Lapsed.” with prefaces. Also, “Epp. of S. Cyprian.” (1844) xli.-xlv., lii. and lix.
[111] — “Library of Fathers.” Oxf., 1844; “Epp. of S. Cyprian.” Ep. lii., also Ep. lv.
[112] — Merivale, “Conversion of the Roman Empire.” Lond., 1864. Milman, “Hist. of Christianity to Abol. of Pag. in Rom. Emp.” 3 vols., Lond. Lecky, “Hist. of Eur. Morals.” Vol. ii., “From Constantine to Charlemagne.”
[113] — Döllinger, “Fables respecting the Popes of the Middle Ages.” Lond., 1871.
[114] — Original source is Eusebius, “Life of Constantine.” Trans. Lond., 1842. See interesting lect. on Constantine in Stanley’s “Hist. of Eastern Church.” Lond., 1861. Madden, “Christian Emblems on Coins of Constantine I.” Lond., 1878.
[115] — Neander, “The Emperor Julian and his Generation.” Lond., 1850. G. H. Rendall, “The Emperor Julian.” Lond., 1879. Newman, “Miracles in Eccl. Hist.” Oxf., 1842. Bp. Wordsworth, “Julian.” in Smith’s Dict. of Biog., vol. iii., pp. 484-523.
[116] — On this whole period consult: Histories of Theodoret, Sozomen, Socrates, and Evagrius (containing much fabulous matter, but useful as contemporary records extending down to A.D. 594). Transl. in 4 vols., Lond., 1812-1846. For Theodosius I. see Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” vol. ii., p. 341 ff., Edin., 1876.
[117] — A careful reconstruction of the whole as far as possible has been attempted by Neumann (Leipz., 1880), accompanied by prolegomena and a German translation.
[118] — Hefele, “Hist. of Church Councils.” Edin., 1872, Vol. i., pp. 1-48. Pusey, “Councils of Ch. from A.D. 51 to A.D. 381: their constit., obj., and history.” Oxf., 1857.
[119] — Its original form is probably preserved in a Syriac translation; see Bunsen’s “Analecta Antenicæna.” ii. 45-338, Lond., 1854.
[120] — First published in the Greek original by Bickell under the title, inapplicable to the first part: Αἱ διαταγαὶ αἱ διὰ Κλήμεντος καὶ κανόνες ἐκκλησιαστικοὶ τῶν ἁγίων ἀποστόλων.
[121] — Maitland, “The Dark Ages.” Lond., 1844. Ozanam, “Hist. of Civilization in 5th Cent.” Transl. by Glyn, 2 vols. Montalembert, “Monks of the West, from Benedict to Bernard.” 7 vols., Edin., 1861 ff.
[122] — Stephens, “Chrysostom: his Life and Times.” 3rd ed., London, 1883, pp. 59 ff., 294 ff.
[123] — Hatch, “Organization of the Early Christian Churches.” London, 1881, pp. 124-139. Hatch, “Ordination.” in Smith’s “Dict. of Bibl. Antiq.” Vol. ii.
[124] — Hatch, “Organization of Chr. Ch.” p. 161. Bede, “Eccles. Hist.” iv. 1.
[125] — Dale, “Synod of Elvira, and Christ. Life in the 4th cent.” London, 1882. Lea, “Hist. of Sacerdotal Celibacy.” Philad., 1867. Lecky, “Hist. of Europ. Morals.” London, 1877, Vol. ii., pp. 328 ff. Hefele, “Hist. of Christ. Councils.” Edin., 1872, Vol. i., pp. 150, 380, 435.
[126] — Neale, “Hist. of the Holy Eastern Church.” 5 vols., London, 1847-1873. Stanley, “Lect. on the Eastern Church.” London, 1861.
[127] — Greenwood, “Cathedra Petri: Pol. Hist. of Great Latin Patriarchate from 1st to 16th cent.” 6 vols., London, 1856 ff.
[128] — Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” Vol. ii., Edin., 1876, pp. 231 ff., 483 ff.
[129] — Comp. Döllinger, “Fables Respecting the Popes of the Middle Ages.” Lond., 1871.
[130] — Milman, “Latin Christianity.” Vol. i.
[131] — Bright, “Hist. of Church from A.D. 313-451.” 2 ed., Cambr., 1869. Milman, “Latin Christianity.” Vol. i.
[132] — Kellett, “Pope Gregory the Great and his Relations with Gaul.” (Cambridge Essays, No. ii.), Cambridge, 1889.
[133] — Engl. Transl.: “Eccles. Hist. with Life of Euseb. by Valesius.” Lond., 1843. “Theophania, or Div. Manifest. of the Lord.” from Syr. by Dr. Sam. Lee, Lond., 1843. “Life of Constantine.” Lond., 1844. “Life of Eusebius.” by Bright, prefixed to Oxf. ed. of Eccl. Hist. of 1872.
[134] — “Festal Epp. of Athanasius.” (transl. from Syriac discovered in 1842 by Tattam, and first edited by Cureton in 1848), Oxf., 1854.
[135] — “Treatises against Arians.” 2 vols., Oxf., 1842 (new ed., 1 vol., 1877). “Historical Tracts.” Oxf., 1843; “Select Tracts,” with Newman’s Notes, 2 vols., Lond., 1881.
[136] — Newman’s, “Hist. Sketches.” Vol. ii., chap. v; Sketches of Basil, Gregory, etc. Originally publ. under title “Church of the Fathers.” Lond., 1842.
[137] — Ullmann, “Gregory Nazianzen.” Oxford, 1855; and Newman “Church of the Fathers.”
[138] — Cyril’s Comm. on Luke is transl. from the Syriac by Dr. Payne Smith, Oxf., 1859.
[139] — A very full and admirable account of Synesius and his writings is given by Rev. T. R. Halcomb in Smith’s “Dict. of Chr. Biog.” Vol. iii., pp. 756-780.
[140] — Neander, “Life of Chrysostom.” Lond., 1845. Stephens, “Life of Chrysostom.” 3rd ed., Lond., 1883. Chase, “Chrysostom: a Study.” Cambr., 1887. His Homilies and Addresses are transl. in 15 vols. in the “Lib. of the Fathers.” Oxf., 1839-1851. Various Eng. translations of the tract “On the Priesthood.”
[141] — Newman’s “Historical Sketches.” Vol. ii., chap. i., “Theodoret.”
[142] — Translated by Dean Church in “Lib. of the Fathers.” Oxf., 1838; with interesting and instructive Preface by Newman.
[143] — Ueberweg, “Hist. of Philosophy.” Lond., 1872, Vol. i., pp. 349-352. Colet, “On the Hierarchies of Dionysius.” ed. by Lupton, Lond., 1869. Wescott, “Dionysius the Areopagite.” in Contemp. Review for May, 1867.
[144] — Etheridge, “The Syrian Churches: their Early Hist., Liturg. and Lit.” Lond., 1846.
[145] — Morris, “Select Writings of Ephraim the Syrian.” Oxford, 1817. Burgess, “Repentance of Nineveh, Metrical Homily by Ephraem.” Lond., 1853. “Select Metrical Hymns and Homilies of Eph. Syr.” Lond., 1853.
[146] — Newman, “Church of the Fathers.” 2nd ed., London, 1842. Reprinted in Hist. Sketches, vol. ii. Gilly, “Vigilantius and his Times.” London, 1844.
[147] — “Lib. of Fathers.” in vol. of Cyprian’s Epps., Oxf., 1844, pp. 318-384. For phrase quoted, see p. 322.
[148] — A good account of the writings of Jerome is given by the late Prof. William Ramsay in Smith’s “Dict. of Grk. and Rom. Biogr.” Vol. ii., p. 460. Milman, “Hist. of Chr.” Vol. iii., ch. xi. Cutts, “St. Jerome.” Lond., 1877. Gilly, “Vigilantius and his Times.” Lond., 1844.
[149] — Gilly, “Vigilantius and his Times.” London, 1844.
[150] — Newman’s “Arians of the 4th Century.” London, 1838. Gwatkin, “Studies of Arianism.” Camb., 1882. Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” Vols. i. ii., Edin., 1872, 1876. Newman’s “Tracts Theolog. and Eccles.” Chap. ii.; Doctrinal Causes of Arianism. “Select Treatises of Athanasius.” Ed. by Newman, 2 vols., London, 1881, Vol. 2 containing notes on Arius, Athanasius, etc.
[151] — Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” I., pp. 231-447. Kaye, “Hist. of Council of Nicæa.” London, 1853. Tillemont, “Hist. of Arians and Council of Nice.” London, 1721.
[152] — Newman’s “Select Treat. of Athanasius.” Vol. ii., p. 196 f. Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” Vol. ii., Edin., 1876, p. 193.
[153] — Newman’s “Select Treat. of Athanasius.” Vol. ii., p. 282 ff. Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” ii., p. 217.
[154] — Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” ii., pp. 340-373. Hort, “Two Dissertations.” ii., On the Constantinople Creed and other Eastern Creeds of the 4th cent., Camb., 1874.
[155] — Swete, “The Hist. of the Doctr. of the Procession of the Holy Spirit from Apost. Age to Death of Charlemagne.” Cambr., 1876. Pusey, “On the clause ‘And the Son.’” Oxf., 1876.
[156] — Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” ii., p. 348 ff., § 97, The Tome and the Creed.
[157] — Stephens, “Chrysostom.” pp. 287-305. Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” ii., p. 430 ff.
[158] — The most useful and complete account of Chrysostom is that of Stephens. Consult also Milman, “Hist. of Chr.” Vol. iii., pp. 206 ff.
[159] — Dorner, “Hist. of the Development of the Doctr. of the Person of Christ.” 5 vols., Edin., 1861.
[160] — Newman, “Tracts Theological and Ecclesiastical.” Chap. iii., Apollinarianism.
[161] — Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” Vol. iii., pp. 1-156.
[162] — Most informing about all these transactions is Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” iii., Edin., 1883; (Robber Synod, p. 241 ff.; Chalcedon, p. 451 ff.). Perry, “Second Council of Ephesus.” London, 1877. Bright, “Hist. of Church from A.D. 313-451.” Cambr., 1869.
[163] — Butler, “Ancient Coptic Churches.” 2 vols., London, 1884.
[164] — Döllinger, “Fables respecting the Popes of the Middle Ages.” Lond., 1871. Willis, “Pope Honorius and the New Roman Dogma.” Lond., 1879. Bottalla, “Pope Honorius before the Tribunal of Reason and History.” London, 1868.
[165] — Wiggers, “Augustinianism and Pelagianism.” Andover, 1840. Müller, “Chr. Doctrine of Sin.” 2 vols., Edin., 1868. Ritschl, “Hist. of Chr. Doctr. of Justific. and Reconciliation.” Edin., 1872.
[166] — Laidlaw, “The Bible Doctrine of Man.” Edin., 1879. Heard, “Tripartite Nat. of Man.” 3rd ed., Edin., 1870, pp. 189-200. Delitzsch, “Biblical Psychology.” 2nd ed., Edin., 1869, pp. 128-142. Beck, “Outlines of Biblical Psychology.” Edin., 1877, p. 10.
[167] — For an entirely different representation of the Augustinian system see Cunningham, “S. Austin and his Place in Hist. of Chr. Thought.” Lond., 1886; esp. chaps. ii. and iii., pp. 45-107. A good outline and defence in Hodge’s “System. Theol.” Edin., 1874, Vol. ii., pp. 333-353. Mosheim, “Eccl. Hist.” ed. by Dr. J. S. Reid, Lond., 1880, p. 210, notes 3 and 4; (pt. II., chap. v., § 25.) Mozley, “Augustinian Doctrine of Predestination.” Lond., 1855.
[168] — Hodge, “Systematic Theology.” Vol. ii., pp. 166-168.
[169] — Lardner, “Credibility of the Gospel Hist.” Vol. iv., London, 1743.
[170] — Butcher, “The Ecclesiastical Calendar.” London. Hampson, “Medii Ævi Kalend.”
[171] — Gieseler, “Ecclesiastical History.” Edinburgh, 1848, Vol. ii., pp. 141-145.
[172] — Tyler, “Image Worship of Ch. of Rome contrary to Scripture and the Prim. Ch.” London, 1847.
[173] — Tyler, “Worship of Virgin Mary contrary to Script. and Faith of Ch. of first 5 Cents.” London, 1851. Clagett, “Prerogatives of Anna the Mother of God.” London, 1688. Also by same: “Discourse on Worship of Virgin and Saints.” London, 1686.
[174] — Cosin, “Scholastic History of Popish Transubstantiation.” Lond., 1676.
[175] — Reuss, “History of the N.T. Scriptures.” Edin., 1884, § 377. Keil, “Introduction to the O.T.” Edin., 1870, Vol. ii., pp. 201-203.
[176] — Swainson, “The Nicene and Apostles’ Creeds.” Camb., 1875. Westcott, “The Historic Faith.” Lond., 1883, note iii., the Creeds. Harvey, “Hist. and Theology of the three Creeds.” Camb., 1854. Hort, Two Dissertations: II. “The Constantinopolitan Creed and the Eastern Creeds of 4th cent.” Camb., 1876. Schaff, “Creeds of Christendom.” Edin., 1877, vol. i. Lumby, “History of the Creeds.” Camb., 1873. Waterland, “Crit. Hist. of Athanasian Creed.” Camb., 1724. Heurtley, “The Athanasian Creed.” Oxf., 1872. Ommaney, “Ath. Creed: an Exam. of Recent Theories respecting its Date and Origin.” Lond., 1875.
[177] — Neale, “Hymns of the Eastern Church.” Lond., 1863. “Mediæval Hymns and Sequences.” Lond., 1863. Gieseler, “Ecclesiastical History.” Vol. iii., p. 353.
[178] — Hawkins, “History of Music.” Lond., 1853.
[179] — Hammond, “Ancient Liturgies.” Oxf., 1878. Neale and Littledale, “Translations of Primitive Liturgies.” Lond., 1869. Neale, “Essays on Liturgiology.” Lond., 1867.
[180] — Marriott, “Vestiarium Christianum: Origin and gradual development of Dress of Holy Ministry of Church.” Lond., 1868.
[181] — Woltmann and Woermann, “History of Painting.” 2 vols., Lond., 1886; vol. i., “Anc., Early Chr. and Mediæval Painting.” ed. by Prof. Sidney Colvin. “Handbook of Painting: Italian Schools. Based on Kügler’s Handbook.” by Eastlake; new ed. by Layard, 2 vols., Lond., 1886.
[182] — Ozanam, “Hist. of Civilization during the 5th Century.” 2 vols. Lecky, “Hist. of European Morals.” Vol. ii.
[183] — Smith’s “Dictionary of Christian Biography.” vol. iii., p. 367.
[184] — Gilly, “Vigilantius and his Times.” Lond., 1840.
[185] — Gieseler, “Eccl. Hist.” ii. 148.
[186] — Ludolphus, “History of Ethiopia.” London, 1684.
[187] — Malan, “Gregory the Illuminator: his Life and Times.” London, 1868. Article by Lipsius on Eznik in Smith’s “Dictionary of Chr. Biography.” Vol. ii., p. 439.
[188] — Muir, “Life of Mohammed and Hist. of Islam.” 4 vols., Lond. Bosworth Smith, “Mohammed and Mohammedanism.” Lond., 1874. Mühleisen-Arnold, “Islam, its Hist., Chr. and Rel. to Christianity.” 3rd ed., Lond., 1874. Deutsch, “Literary Remains: Islam.” Lond., 1874. Stephens, “Christianity and Islam.” Lond., 1877. Mills, “Hist. of Mohammedanism.” Lond., 1817.
[189] — Muir, “Annals of the Earlier Khalifate.”
[190] — Finlay, “Hist. of Greece from Rom. Conquest.” 7 vols., Lond., 1864, new ed., 1877; vols. ii. and iii. Bower’s “Lives of Popes.” Vols. iii. and iv., Lond., 1754. Comber, “Disc. on 2nd Council of Nicæa.” Reprinted in Gibson’s “Preserv. from Popery.” Lond., 1848. Didron, “Christian Iconography.” 2 vols., Lond., 1886.
[191] — Mendham, “The Seventh General Council, the Second of Nicæa.” in which the worship of images was established.
[192] — Allatius, “De eccl. occid. et orient. perpetua consensione.” Colon., 1669. Swete, “Hist. of the Procession of the Holy Spirit.” Camb., 1876. Ffoulkes, “Christendom’s Divisions.” London. Neale, “Holy Eastern Church.” 5 vols., London, 1847.
[193] — Popoff, “Hist. of Council of Florence.” Transl. from Russian by Neale, London, 1861.
[194] — Lupton, “St. John of Damascus.” London, 1882.
[195] — Badger, “The Nestorians and their Rituals.” 2 vols., London, 1852.
[196] — Baring-Gould, “Curious Myths of the Middle Ages.” Lond., 1881.
[197] — Murawieff, “Hist. of the Church of Russia.” Trans. from the Russ., Lond., 1842. Romanoff, “Sketches of the Rites and Customs of the Græco-Russian Church.” Lond., 1869.
[198] — Potthast, “Biblioth. Hist. Modii Ævi.” Berol., 1862, with suppl. in 1868. D’Achery, “Vett. Script. Spicilegium.” (1655), 3 vols., Par., 1783. Eccard, “Corpus Hist. Medii Ævi.” 2 vols., Lps., 1723. Du Chesne, “Hist. Francorum Serr.” 5 vols., Par., 1636. Parker, “Rer. Brit. Serr. Vetust.” Lugd. B., 1587. Gale, “Hist. Brit., Saxon., Anglo-Dan. Scrr.” 2 vols., Oxf., 1691. Wharton, “Anglia Sacra.” 2 vols., Lond., 1691. Wilkins, “Conc. Brit. et Hib.” 4 vols., Lond., 1737. Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils and Eccles. Documents.” (Revision of Wilkins), Lond., 1879 ff. Maitland, “The Dark Ages: Essays on the State of Relig. and Lit. in 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th Centuries.” Lond., 1844.
[199] — Bryce, “The Holy Roman Empire.” Lond., 1866. Ranke, “History of the Latin and Teutonic Nations.” Lond., 1886.
[200] — Ebrard, “Christian Apologetics.” 3 vols., Edin., 1886-1887, Vol. ii., p. 407; “The Religion of the Germans and that of the Slavs.”
[201] — Mallet, “Northern Antiquities.” London, 1848. Hallam, “Europe during the Middle Ages.” Guizot, “Hist. of Civiliz. in Europe.”
[202] — Hodgkin, “Italy and her Invaders: A.D. 376-476.” 2 vols., London, 1880.
[203] — Scott, “Ulfilas, the Apostle of the Goths.” Cambr., 1885. Douse, “Introduction to the Gothic of Ulfilas.” London, 1886. Bosworth’s “Gothic and Anglo-Saxon Gospels.” Oxf., 1874.
[204] — Gibbon, “Decline and Fall of Roman Empire.” Chaps. xxxiii., xxxvi., xxxvii.
[205] — Freeman, “Historical Essays.” 3rd series, Lond.; “The Goths at Ravenna.”
[206] — Ussher, “Brit. Eccl. Antiqu.” Lond., 1639. Perry, “Hist. of English Church.” i., Lond., 1882. Lanigan, “Eccl. Hist. of Ireland.” 4 vols., 2nd ed., Dublin, 1829. Stokes, “Ireland and the Celtic Ch.” Lond., 1886. Lingard, “Hist. and Antiqu. of Anglo-Sax. Ch.” 2 vols., Lond., 1845. Maclauchlan, “Early Scottish Church.” Edinb., 1865. Reeves, “The Culdees of the British Islands.” Dublin, 1864. Skene, “Celtic Scotland.” 3 vols., Edin., 1876; 2 ed., 1886. Bright, “Chapters of Early Eng. Ch. Hist.” Oxf., 1878. Pryce, “Ancient British Church.” Lond., 1886.
[207] — Todd, “Life of St. Patrick.” Dublin, 1864. Cusack, “Life of St. Patrick.” Lond., 1871. O’Curry, “Lects. on Anc. Irish History.” Dublin, 1861. Writings of St. Patrick. Transl. and ed. by Stokes and Wright, Lond., 1887.
[208] — Maclauchlan, “Early Scottish Church.” Pp. 145-205. Adamnan, “Life of Columba.” Ed. by Dr. Reeves, Dublin, 1857. Smith, “Life of Columba.” Edin., 1798. Forbes, “Lives of Ninian, Columba, Kentigern.” in series of Historians of Scotland.
[209] — Ussher, “Discourse of the Religion anciently Professed by the Irish and British.” Lond., 1631. Maclauchlan, “Early Scottish Church.” Pp. 239-250. Warren, “Ritual and Liturgy of the Celtic Church.” Oxf., 1881.
[210] — Soames, “The Anglo-Saxon Church.” 4th ed., Lond., 1856. Stanley, “Historical Memorials of Canterbury.” Lond., 1855. Hook, “Lives of Archbishops of Canterbury.” Vol. i. Sharon Turner, “Hist. of Anglo-Saxons to the Roman Conquest.” 6 ed., 3 vols., Lond., 1836.
[211] — Lappenburg, “Anglo-Saxon Kings.” Lond., 1845. Bede, “Eccles. History.” Book III. Maclauchlan, “Early Scottish Church.” Pp. 217-238.
[212] — Gildas († A.D. 570), “De excidio Britanniæ.” Engl. transl. by Giles, London, 1841. Bede († A.D. 735), “Eccles. Hist. of Engl.” Transl. by Giles, London, 1840.
[213] — Lanigan, “Eccl. Hist. of Ireland.” iii., ch. 13. Innes, “Ancient Inhab. of Scotland.” in the Series of Historians of Scotland.
[214] — Maclauchlan, “Early Scottish Church.” p. 435. Reeves, “The Culdees of the British Islands.” Dublin, 1864. Robertson, “Scotland under her Early Kings.” Edin., 2 vols., 1862.
[215] — Merivale, “Conversion of the Northern Nations.” London, 1866. Maclear, “Apostles of Mediæval Europe.”
[216] — That he first received the Latin name after his consecration as bishop in A.D. 723 is rendered more than doubtful by the fact that it is found in letters of earlier date. It is probably only a Latinizing of the Anglo-Saxon Winfrid or Wynfrith (from Vyn=fortune, luck, health; frid or frith=peace; therefore: peaceful, wholesome fortune) into the name, widely spread in Christian antiquity, of Bonifatius (from bonumfatum, Greek: Eutyches, good luck). But the transposition into the form Bonifacius which might seem the equivalent of the Anglo-Saxon word “Benefactor” of the German people, is first met with, although even then only occasionally, in the 8th century, but afterwards always more and more frequently, and then is given to the popes and other earlier bearers of the name. By the 15th century the original and etymological style of writing the name and that used in early documents had been completely discarded and forgotten, till modern philology, diplomatics and epigraphies have again clearly vindicated the earlier form.
[217] — Wright, “Biog. Britannica Literaria.” Lond., 1842. Cox, “Life of Boniface.” Lond., 1853. Hope, “Boniface.” London, 1872. Maclear, “Apostles of Mediæval Europe.”
[218] — Trench, “Lectures on Mediæval Church History.” Lond., 1877. Hardwick, “History of Christian Church during Middle Ages.”
[219] — Mosheim, “Eccl. Hist.” Ed. by Reid, London, 1880, p. 285, Cent. viii., pt. ii., ch. 5. Wright, “Biographia Brit. Literaria.” London, 1842.
[220] — Milman, “Hist. of Latin Christianity.” Vol. ii., Trench’s “Lectures on Mediæval Church History.”
[221] — “William of Malmesbury’s Chronicle of Kings of England.” Bk. I., ch. 4.
[222] — Freeman, “Historical Essays.” 2nd series: “The Southern Slavs.”
[223] — Adam of Bremen, “Gesta Hammaburgensia.” A.D. 788-1072. Pontoppidan, “Annales Eccles. Danicæ.” Copenhag., 1741. Merivale, “Conversion of the Northern Nations.” London, 1865.
[224] — Geijer, “History of the Swedes.” Transl. by Turner, Lond., 1847.
[225] — Muir, “Annals of Early Khalifate.” Ockley, “Hist. of Saracens and their Conquests in Syria, Persia and Egypt.”
[226] — Condé, “History of Dominion of Arabs in Spain.” 3 vols. Freeman, “Hist. and Conquests of the Saracens.” 2nd ed., Lond., 1876. Abd-el-Hakem, “History of the Conquest of Spain.” Tr. from Arabic by Jones, Gött., 1858.
[227] — Kingsley, “Roman and Teuton.” Lectures in Univ. of Cambr.: “The Popes and the Lombards.”
[228] — Crakenthorp, “The Defence of Constantine, with a Treatise on the Pope’s Temporal Monarchy.” Lond., 1621.
[229] — Platina, “Lives of Popes.” Under John VII. Bower, “Lives of Popes.” Vol. iv. Blondel, “Joanna Papissa.” Amst., 1657. Hase, “Church History.” New York, 1855, p. 186.
[230] — Cunningham, “Discussions on Church Principles.” Edin., 1863, pp. 101-163; “Temporal Supremacy of the Pope and Gallican Liberties.” Barrow, “Pope’s Supremacy.” London, 1683.
[231] — Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” ch. viii., National Churches, pp. 139-154.
[232] — Hefele, “History of Councils.” iii. 69, 131, 149. Field, “Of the Church.” Reprint by Eccl. Hist. Society, 5 vols., London, 1847; vol. iii., pp. 7, 245 ff. Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” ch. vii., The Metropolitan, pp. 128-135.
[233] — Lea, “Studies in Church History.” Philad., 1869. Lecky, “History of European Morals.” 3rd ed., 2 vols., London, 1877.
[234] — Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” London, 1887, p. 43.
[235] — Marriott, “Vestiarium Christianum.” P. 187 ff., London, 1868.
[236] — Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” Ch. v., The Parish, pp. 89-97.
[237] — Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” Ch. ix., The Canonical Rule, pp. 157-172; Ch. x., The Cathedral Chapter, pp. 175-190.
[238] — Hatch, “Growth of Ch. Instit.” Ch. xi., The Chapter of the Diocese, pp. 193-208. Stubbs, “Constit. Hist. of England.” Vol. iii.
[239] — Walcott, “Cathedralia.” Ibid., “Sacred Archæology.” Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” Ch. iii., Fixed Tenure of Parish Priest; Ch. iv., The Benefice.
[240] — Lecky, “Hist. of Europ. Morals.” ii., 183-248. Montalembert, “Monks of West from Benedict to Bernard.” 7 vols., Edin., 1861 ff.
[241] — Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” Ch. vi., Tithes and their Distribution, pp. 101-117.
[242] — Roth, however, regards this divisio as putting a complete stop to the secularization of church property.
[243] — Hatch, “Growth of Ch. Institutions.” Ch. iv., The Benefice, pp. 61-77. Art. “Benefice.” in Smith’s “Dict. of Chr. Antiquities.”
[244] — Ayliffe, “Parergon Juris Canonici.” Lond., 1726. Guizot, “Hist. of Civilization.” Transl. by Hazlitt, Lond., 1846. Walcott, “Sacred Archæology.”
[245] — Blondel, “Pseudo-Isid. et Turrianus vapulantes.” Genev., 1628.
[246] — Hopkins, “The Organ, its hist. and construct.” Lond., 1855.
[247] — Guest, “History of English Rhythms.” Vol. ii., London, 1838. Wright, “Biogr. Brit. Lit. Anglo-Saxon Period.” London, 1842. Thorpe, “Cædmon’s Paraphrase in Anglo-Saxon with Engl. Transl.” London, 1832. Conybeare, “Illustr. of Anglo-Saxon Poetry.” London, 1827.
[248] — Evans, “Treatise on Chr. Doct. of Marriage.” New York, 1870. Hammond, “On Divorces.” In his Works, vol. i., London, 1674. Cosin, “Argument on the Dissolution of Marriage.” Works, vol. iv., Oxf., 1854. Tertullian, Treatise in “Lib. of Fath.” Oxf., 1854, with two Essays by Pusey, “On Second Marriages of the Clergy.” and “On Early Views as to Marriage after Divorce.”
[249] — Babington, “Influence of Chr. in promoting the Abolition of Slavery in Europe.” London, 1864. Edwards, “Inquiry into the State of Slavery in the Early and Middle Ages of the Christian Era.” Edin., 1836.
[250] — Smith’s “Dict. of Chr. Antiq.” Vol. i., pp. 785-792; Arts.: “Hospitality, Hospitals, Hospitium.”
[251] — Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils and Eccl. Documents.” Vol. iii., Oxf., 1871.
[252] — Barington, “Lit. Hist. of the Middle Ages.” Lond., 1846. Hallam, “Europe in Middle Ages.” 2 vols., Lond., 1818. Trench, “Lect. on Med. Ch. Hist.” Lond., 1877.
[253] — Lorentz, “Life of Alcuin.” Transl. by Slee, Lond., 1837.
[254] — Kingsley, “Roman and Teuton: Paulus Diaconus.”
[255] — Hampden, “The Scholastic Philosophy in its rel. to Chr. Theology.” Oxf., 1833. Ueberweg, “Hist. of Philosophy.” Vol. i., pp. 358-365.
[256] — Mullinger, “Schools of Charles the Great and Restoration of Education in the 9th cent.” Cambr., 1877.
[257] — Cassiodorus’ work in 12 bks., De rebus gestes Gotorum, has indeed been lost, but about A.D. 550 Jornandes, who also used other documents, embodied this work in his De Getarum orig. et reb. gestis.
[258] — Gildas wrote about A.D. 560 his: Liber querulis de excidio Britanniæ (Eng. transl. in “Six Old English Chronicles.” London, Bohn).
[259] — Nennius wrote about A.D. 850 his: Eulogium Britanniæ s. Hist. Britonum (Engl. transl. in “Six Old Engl. Chron.”).
[260] — Collected Ed. of Alfred’s works, by Bosworth, 2 vols., Lond., 1858. Fox, “Whole Wks. of Alfred the Great, with Essays on Hist., Arts and Manners of 9th cent.” 3 vols., Oxf., 1852. Spelman, “Life of Alfred the Great.” Oxf., 1709. Pauli, “Life of Alfred the Gt.” transl. with Alfred’s Orosius, Lond., 1853. Hughes, “Alfred the Great.” Giles, “Life and Times of King Alfred the Great.” Lond., 1848.
[261] — Robertson, “Hist. of Chr. Church.” Vol. ii., London, 1856; pp. 154 ff. Dorner, “Hist. Development of Person of Chr.” Div. II., vol. i.
[262] — Ussher, “Gotteschalci et controv. ab eo motæ hist.” Dubl., 1631.
[263] — Principal authorities for last two sections: Adam of Bremen, “Gesta Hamburg eccl. Pontificum.” and Saxo Grammaticus, “Hist. Danica.”
[264] — Snorro Sturleson’s, “Heimskringla, or Chronicle of the Kings of Norway.” Transl. from the Icelandic by Laing, 3 vols., London, 1844.
[265] — Cosmas of Prague [† A.D. 1125], “Chronicon Prag.”
[266] — “The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian.” Edited with Commentary by Col. Yule, 2 vols., London, 1871.
[267] — Michaud, “History of the Crusades.” Transl. by Robson, 3 vols., London, 1852. Mill, “History of the Crusades.” 2 vols., London, 1820. “Chronicles of the Crusades: Contemporary Narratives of Richard Cœur de Lion, by Richard of Devizes and Geoffrey de Vinsauf, and of the Crusade of St. Louis, by Lord John de Joinville.” London (Bohn). Gibbon, “History of Crusades.” London, 1869.
[268] — Pulleni dicuntur, vel quia recentes et novi, quasi pulli respectu Surianorum reputati sunt, vel quia principaliter de gente Apuliæ matres habuerunt. Cum enim paucas mulieres adduxissent nostri, qui in terras remanserunt, de regno Apuliæ, eo quod propius esset aliis regionibus, vocantes mulieres, cum eis matrimonia contraxerunt.
[269] — Stubbs, “Chronicle and Memorials of Richard I.” London, 1864.
[270] — Prescott, “History of Ferdinand and Isabella.” Good edition by Kirk, in 1 vol., London, 1886. Geddes, “History of Expulsion of Moriscoes.” In “Miscell. Tracts.” Vol. i., London, 1714. McCrie, “Hist. of Prop. and Suppr. of Reformation in Spain.” London, 1829. Ranke, “History of Reformation.” Transl. by Mrs. Austin, vol. iii., London, 1847.
[271] — Milman, “History of the Jews.” Book xxiv. 1, “The Feudal System.”
[272] — “De sua conversione.” In Carpzov’s edit. of the “Pugio Fidei” of Raimund Martini, § [103, 9].
[273] — Milman, “History of the Jews.” 3 vols., London, 1863; bks. xxiv., xxvi. Prescott, “Ferdinand and Isabella.” Pt. I., ch. xvii.
[274] — Bryce, “The Holy Roman Empire.” London, 1866. O’Donoghue, “History of Church and Court of Rome, from Constantine to Present Time.” 2 vols., London, 1846. Bower’s “History of the Popes.” Vol. v.
[275] — For Lanfranc, see Hook, “Lives of Archbishops of Canterbury.” Vol. ii., London, 1861.
[276] — Bowden, “Life and Pontificate of Gregory VII.” 2 vols., London, 1840. Villemain, “Life of Gregory VII.” Transl. by Brockley, 2 vols., London, 1874. Stephen, “Essays in Ecclesiastical Biography.” 2 vols., London, 1850. Hallam, “Middle Ages.” Vol. i., London, 1840. Milman, “Latin Christianity.” Vol. iii., London, 1854.
[277] — Church, “St. Anselm.” London, 1870. Rule, “Life and Times of St. Anselm.” 2 vols., London, 1883. Hook, “Lives of Archb. of Canterbury.” Vol. ii., London, 1879, pp. 169-276.
[278] — “Vita et Epistolæ Thomæ Cantuari.” Edited by Giles, 4 vols., London, 1846. Morris, “Life and Martyrdom of Thomas à Becket.” London, 1859. Robertson, “Thomas à Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury.” London, 1859. “Materials for Life of Thomas à Becket.” 2 vols., London, 1875. Hook, “Lives of Archbishops of Canterbury.” Vol. ii., London, 1879, pp. 354-507. Stanley, “Memorials of Canterbury.” London, 1855. Freeman, “Historical Essays.” First Series, Essay IV.
[279] — On Stephen Langton see Pearson, “History of England during Early and Middle Ages.” Vol. ii. Milman, “History of Latin Christianity.” Vol. iv., London, 1854. Hook, “Lives of Archbishops of Canterbury.” Vol. ii., 4th edition, London, 1879, pp. 657-761. Maurice, “Lives of English Popular Leaders. 1. Stephen Langton.” London.
[280] — Kingston, “History of Frederick II., King of the Romans.” London, 1862.
[281] — Stubbs, “Memorials of St. Dunstan. Collection of six Biographies.” London, 1875. Soames, “Anglo-Saxon Church.” London, 1835. Hook, “Lives of Archb. of Canterbury.” Vol. i., pp. 382-426, London, 1860.
[282] — Luard, “Roberti Grosseteste, Episcopi quondam Lincolniensis Epistolæ.” London, 1862.
[283] — According to Giordano of Giano, who himself was there, the number of brothers present was about 3,000, and the people of the neighbourhood supplied them so abundantly with food and drink that they had at last to put a stop to their bringing. But soon the tradition of the order multiplied the 3,000 into 5,000, and transformed the quite natural account of their support into a “miraculum stupendum,” parallel to the feeding of the 5,000 in the wilderness (Matt. xiv. 15-21).
[284] — Trench, “The Mendicant Orders.” in “Lectures on Mediæval Church History.” London, 1878.
[285] — Milman, “History of Latin Christianity.” Vol. v. Wadding, “Annales Minorum Fratrum.” 8 vols., Lugd., 1625. Stephen, “St. Francis of Assisi.” In “Essays in Ecclesiastical Biography.” London, 1860.
[286] — “Annales Ordinis Prædicatorum.” Vol. i., Rome, 1746.
[287] — Gieseler, “Ecclesiastical History.” § 72, Edin., 1853, vol. iii., pp. 268-276.
[288] — Addison, “History of the Knights Templars.” etc., London, 1842.
[289] — Taafe, “Order of St. John of Jerusalem.” 4 vols., London, 1852.
[290] — Ueberweg, “History of Philosophy.” Vol. i., pp. 355-377. Hampden, “The Scholastic Philosophy considered in its relation to Christian Theology.” Oxford, 1832. Maurice, “Mediæval Philosophy.” London, 1870. Harper, “The Metaphysics of the School.” London, 1880 f.
[291] — Kirkpatrick, “The Historically Received Conception of a University.” London, 1857. Hagenbach, “Encyclopædia of Theology.” Transl. by Crooks and Hurst, New York, 1884, § 18, pp. 50, 51.
[292] — Cunningham, “Historical Theology.” Edinburgh, 1870, vol. i., ch. xv., “The Canon Law.” Pp. 426-438.
[293] — Räbiger, “Theological Encyclopædia.” Vol. i., p. 28, Edin., 1884.
[294] — Maitland, “The Dark Ages: a Series of Essays, to Illustrate the State of Religion and Literature in the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Centuries.” London, 1844.
[295] — The Aelfric Society founded in 1842 has edited his Anglo-Saxon writings and those of others. The Homilies were edited by Thorpe in 2 vols., in 1843 and 1846. “Select Monuments of Doctrine and Worship of Catholic Church in England before the Norman Conquest, consisting of Aelfric’s Paschal Homily.” Etc., London, 1875. On Aelfric and Ethelwold see an admirable sketch, with full references to and appropriate quotations from early chronicles, in Hook’s “Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury.” Vol. i., pp. 434-455.
[296] — Macpherson on “Anselm’s Theory of the Atonement; its Place in History.” In Brit. and For. Evang. Review for 1878, pp. 207-232.
[297] — Church, “St. Anselm.” London, 1870. Rule, “Life and Times of St. Anselm.” 2 vols., London, 1883.
[298] — On Anselm’s and Abælard’s theories of atonement, see Ritschl, “History of Christian Doctrine of Justification and Reconciliation.” Pp. 22-40., Edin., 1872.
[299] — Berington, “History of the Lives of Abælard and Heloise.” London, 1787. Ueberweg, “History of Philosophy.” Vol. i., pp. 386-397, London, 1872.
[300] — Neander, “St. Bernard and his Times.” London, 1843. Morison, “Life and Times of St. Bernard.” London, 1863.
[301] — Räbiger “Theological Encyclopædia.” Vol. i., p. 27, Edin., 1884.
[302] — Westcott, “Epistles of St. John.” London, 1883. Dissertation on “The Gospel of Creation.” Pp. 277-280. Bruce, “Humiliation of Christ.” Edin., 1876, pp. 354 ff., 487 f.
[303] — This work is entitled Contra quatuor labyrinthos Franciæ, Seu contra novas hæreses, quas Abælardus, Lombardus, Petrus Pictaviensis, et Gilbertus Porretanus libris sententiarum acuunt limant, roborant Ll. IV.
[304] — Ueberweg, “History of Philosophy.” London, 1872, Vol. i., pp. 405-428. Ginsburg, “The Kabbalah, its doctrines, development, and literature.” London, 1865. Palmer, “Oriental Mysticism.” A treatise on the Suffistic and Unitarian Theosophy of the Persians, compiled from native sources, London, 1867.
[305] — Sighart, “Albert the Great: his Life and Scholastic Labours.” Translated from the French by T. A. Dixon, London, 1876.
[306] — Hampden, “Life of Thomas Aquinas: a Dissertation of the Scholastic Philosophy of the Middle Ages.” London, 1848. Cicognani, “Life of Thomas Aquinas.” London, 1882. Townsend, “Great Schoolmen of the Middle Ages.” London, 1882. Vaughan, “Life and Labours of St. Thomas of Aquino.” 2 vols., London, 1870.
[307] — “Monumenta Franciscana.” in “Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland.” Edited for the “Master of the Rolls Series.” By Brewer, London, 1858. In addition to the Opus Majus referred to above, Brewer has edited Fr. Rogeri Bacon Opera quædum inedita, vol. i., containing Opus Tertium, Opus Minus, and Compendium Philosophiæ.
[308] — Neubauer, “Jewish Controversy and the ‘Pugio Fidei.’” In Expositor for February and March, 1888.
[309] — Hodge, “Systematic Theology.” Vol. iii., pp. 492-497.
[310] — Preuss, “The Romish Doctrine of the Immaculate Conception traced from its Source.” Edinburgh, 1867.
[311] — Maccall, “Christian Legends of Middle Ages, from German of von Bulow.” London. Cox and Jones, “Popular Romances of the Middle Ages.” London. Baring Gould, “Curious Myths of the Middle Ages.” London, 1884. “The Legend of St. Ursula and the Virgin Martyrs of Cologne.” London, 1860.
[312] — “Liturgical Poetry of Adam of St. Victor.” With transl. into English, and notes, by Wrangham, 3 vols., London, 1881. Bird, “The Latin Hymns of the Church.” In the Sunday Magazine for 1865, pp. 530 ff., 679 ff., 776 ff. Trench, “Sacred Latin Poetry.” London, 1849. Neale, “Mediæval Hymns.”
[313] — “Christus ist erstanden von der Marter Banden.”
[314] — Eastlake, “History of the Gothic Revival.” London, 1872. Norton, “Historical Studies of Church Building in the Middle Ages.” New York, 1880. Didron, “History of Christian Art in the Middle Ages.” London, 1851.
[315] — Kügler, “Handbook of Painting: Italian Schools.” Translated by Eastlake, London, 1855. Warrington, “History of Stained Glass.” London, 1850.
[316] — Kingsley, “The Saint’s Tragedy.” London, 1848. A dramatic poem founded on the story of St. Elizabeth’s life.
[317] — On Hilarius, an English monk, author of several plays, see Morley’s “Writers before Chaucer.” London, 1864, pp. 542-552.
[318] — Delepierre, “History of Flemish Literature from the 12th Century.” London, 1860.
[319] — Cooper, “Flagellation and the flagellants.” London, 1873.
[320] — Perrin, “History of the Vaudois.” London, 1624. Muston, “Israel of the Alps.” 2 vols., Glasgow, 1858. Monastier, “History of the Vaudois Church from its Origin.” New York, 1849. Peyran, “Historical Defence of the Waldenses or Vaudois.” London, 1826. Todd, “The Waldensian Manuscripts.” London, 1865. Wylie, “History of the Waldensians.” London, 1880. Comba, “History of the Waldenses.” London, 1888.
[321] — Sismondi, “History of Crusades against the Albigenses of the 13th Century.” London, 1826.
[322] — Limborch, “History of the Inquisition.” 2 vols., London, 1731. Lea, “History of the Inquisition.” 3 vols., Philad. and London, 1888. Baker, “History of Inquisition in Portugal, Spain, Italy.” Etc., London, 1763. Prescott, “History of Ferdinand and Isabella.” Pt. i., ch. vii. Llorente, “Histoire critique de l’Inquisition d’Espagne.” Paris, 1818. Rule, “History of Inquisition.” 2 vols., London, 1874.
[323] — Creighton, “History of the Papacy during the Reformation.” Vols. i.-iv., A.D. 1378-1518, London, 1882 ff. Gosselin, “The Power of the Popes during the Middle Ages.” 2 vols., London, 1853. Reichel, “See of Rome in the Middle Ages.” London, 1870.
[324] — On Boniface VIII. see a paper in Wiseman’s “Essays on Various Subjects.” London, 1888.
[325] — Lenfant, “History of the Council of Constance.” 2 vols., London, 1730.
[326] — Jenkins, “The Last Crusader; or, The Life and Times of Cardinal Julian of the House of Cesarini.” London, 1861. Creighton, “History of the Papacy.” Vol. ii., “The Council of Basel: the Papal Restoration, A.D. 1418-1464.”
[327] — Creighton, “History of the Papacy.” Vols. iii. and iv., “The Italian Princes, A.D. 1464-1518.”
[328] — Roscoe, “Life and Pontificate of Leo X.” 4 vols., Liverpool, 1805.
[329] — Salmon, “The Infallibility of the Church.” London, 1888.
[330] — Haye, “Persecution of the Knights Templars.” Edin., 1865.
[331] — Kettlewell, “Thomas à Kempis and the Brothers of the Common Life.” 2 vols., London, 1882.
[332] — Hook, “Lives of Archbishops of Canterbury.” Vol. iv., “Bradwardine.”
[333] — Ueberweg, “History of Philosophy.” Vol. i., pp. 460-464.
[334] — Luther’s Catholic opponents said, Si Lyra non lyrasset, Lutherus non saltasset. This saying had an earlier form: “Si Lyra non lyrasset, nemo Doctorum in Biblia saltasset;” “Si Lyra non lyrasset, totus mundus delirasset.”
[335] — Dalgairns, “The German Mystics in the 14th Century.” London, 1850. Vaughan, “Hours with the Mystics.” 3rd ed., 2 vols., London, 1888.
[336] — See an admirable account of Eckhart by Dr. Adolf Lasson in Ueberweg’s “History of Philosophy.” Vol. i., pp. 467-484.
[337] — Winkworth, “Life and Times of Tauler, with Twenty-five Sermons.” London, 1857. Herrick, “Some Heretics of Yesterday.” London, 1884.
[338] — Kettlewell, “The Authorship of the ‘Imitation of Christ.’” London, 1877. Kettlewell, “Thomas à Kempis and the Brothers of the Common Life.” 2 vols., London, 1882. Ullmann, “Reformers before the Reformation.” Vol. ii., Edin., 1855. Cruise, “Thomas à Kempis: Notes of a Visit to the Scenes of his Life.” London, 1887.
[339] — Baring-Gould, “Mediæval Preachers: Some Account of Celebrated Preachers of the 15th, 16th, and 17th Centuries.” London, 1865.
[340] — “Biblia Pauperum.” Reproduced in facsimile from MS. in British Museum, London, 1859.
[341] — Douce, “The Dance of Death.” London, 1833.
[342] — Symonds, “Renaissance in Italy.” 2 vols., London, 1881.
[343] — Church, “Dante and other Essays.” London, 1888. Plumptre, “Commedia, etc., of Dante, with Life and Studies.” 2 vols., London, 1886-1888. Oliphant, “Dante.” Edinburgh, 1877. Ozanam, “Dante and the Catholic Philosophy of the 13th Century.” London, 1854. Barlow, “Critical, Historical, and Philosophical Contributions to the Study of the Divina Commedia.” London, 1884. Botta, “Dante as Philosopher, Patriot, and Poet.” New York, 1865. M. F. Rossetti, “A Shadow of Dante.” Boston, 1872.
[344] — Reeve, “Petrarch.” Edinburgh, 1879. Simpson, article on Petrarch in Contemporary Review for July, 1874.
[345] — Wratislaw, “Life and Legend of St. John Nepomucen.” Lon., 1873.
[346] — Gairdner and Spedding, “Studies in English History.” I., “The Lollards.”
[347] — Baker, “History of the Inquisition in Portugal, Spain, Italy.” Etc., London, 1763. Llorente, “History of the Inquisition from its Establishment to Ferdinand VII.” Philadelphia, 1826. Mocatta, “Jews in Spain and Portugal, and the Inquisition.” London, 1877.
[348] — Lewis, “Hist. of Life and Sufferings of John Wiclif.” Lond., 1720. Vaughan, “John de Wycliffe. A Monograph.” London, 1853. Lechler, “John Wiclif and his English Precursors.” 2 vols., London, 1878. Buddensieg, “John Wyclif, Patriot and Reformer; his Life and Writings.” London, 1884. Burrows, “Wiclif’s Place in History.” London, 1882. Storrs, “John Wycliffe and the first English Bible.” New York, 1880.
[349] — Gillet, “Life and Times of John Huss.” Boston, 2 vols., 1870. Wratislaw, “John Huss.” London, 1882.
[350] — Palacky, “Documenta Mag. J. H., Vitam, Doctrinam, Causam.” Etc., illust., Prag., 1869. Gillett, “Life and Times of John Huss.” 2 vols., Boston, 1863. Loserth, “Wiclif and Huss.” London, 1884.
[351] — On these three consult Ullmann, “Reformers before the Reformation.” 2 vols., Edin., 1855. Brandt, “History of the Reformation in the Low Countries.” Vol. i., London, 1720.
[352] — Heraud, “Life and Times of Savonarola.” London, 1843. Villari, “History of Savonarola.” 2 vols., London, 1888. Madden, “The Life and Martyrdom of Savonarola.” 2 vols., London, 1854. MacCrie, “History of Reformation in Italy.” Edin., 1827. Roscoe, “Lorenzo de Medici.” London, 1796. See also chapters on Savonarola in Mrs. Oliphant’s “Makers of Florence.” London, 1881. Milman, “Savonarola, Erasmus.” Etc., Essays, London, 1870.
[353] — Roscoe, “Leo X.” London, 1805.
[354] — Villari, “Niccolo Macchiavelli, and his Times.” 4 vols., Lond., 1878.
[355] — Strauss, “Ulrich von Hutten.” Trans. by Mrs. Sturge, London, 1874. Hausser, “Period of the Reformation.” 2 vols., London, 1873.
[356] — A young Minorite, Conrad Pellicanus of Tübingen, had as early as A.D. 1501 composed a very creditable guide to the study of the Hebrew language, under the title De modo legendi et intelligendi Hebræum, which was first printed in Strassburg in A.D. 1504. Amid inconceivable difficulties, purely self taught, and with the poorest literary aids, he had secured a knowledge of the Hebrew language which he perfected by unwearied application to study and by intercourse with a baptized Jew. He attained such proficiency, that he won for himself a place among the most learned exegetes of the Reformed Church as professor of theology at Basel in A.D. 1523 and at Zürich from A.D. 1525 till his death, in A.D. 1556. His chief work is Commentaria Bibliorum, 7 vols. fol., 1532-1539.
[357] — Strauss, “Ulrich von Hutten.” London, 1874, pp. 120-140.
[358] — Erasmus, “Colloquies.” Trans. by Bailey, ed. by Johnson, Lond., 1877. “Praise of Folly.” Trans. by Copner, Lond., 1878. Seebohm, “Oxford Reformers of 1498: Colet, Erasmus, and More.” Lond., 1869. Drummond, “Erasmus, His Life and Character.” 2 vols., Lond., 1873. Pennington, “Life and Character of Erasmus.” Lond., 1874. Strauss, “Ulrich von Hutten.” Lond., 1874, pp. 315-346. Dorner, “Hist. of Prot. Theology.” 2 vols., Edin., 1871, vol. i., p. 202.
[359] — Seebohm, “Oxford Reformers.” Lond., 1869. Walter, “Sir Thomas More.” Lond., 1840. Mackintosh, “Life of Sir Thomas More.” Lond., 1844.
[360] — Beard, “The Reformation of the 16th Cent. in its Relation to Modern Thought and Knowledge.” Lond., 1883. Wylie, “History of Protestantism.” 3 vols., Lond., 1875. Merle d’Aubigné, “History of Reformation in the 16th Cent. in Switzerland and Germany.” 5 vols., Lond., 1840. D’Aubigné, “History of Reformation in Times of Calvin.” 8 vols., Lond., 1863. Ranke, “History of Reformation in Germany.” 3 vols., Lond., 1845. Häusser, “The Period of the Reformation.” 2 vols., Lond., 1873. Hagenbach, “History of the Reformation.” 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1878. Köstlin, “Life of Martin Luther.” Lond., 1884. Bayne, “Martin Luther: his Life and Work.” 2 vols., Lond., 1887. Rae, “Martin Luther, Student, Monk, Reformer.” Lond., 1884. Dale, “Protestantism: Its Ultimate Principle.” Lond., 1875. Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1871. Cunningham, “Reformers and the Theology of the Reformation.” Edinburgh, 1862. Tulloch, “Leaders of the Reformation.” Edinburgh, 1859.
[361] — Ledderhose, “Life of Melanchthon.” Trans. by Krotel, Philad., 1855.
[362] — Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. i., pp. 98-113. “The First Principles of the Reformation Illustrated in the Ninety-five Theses and Three Primary Works of Martin Luther.” Edited with historical and theological introductions by Wace and Bucheim, Lond., 1884.
[363] — Morris, “Luther at the Wartburg and Coburg.” Philad., 1882.
[364] — Weber, “Luther’s Treatise, De Servo Arbitrio.” In Brit. and For. Evan. Review, 1878, pp. 799-816.
[365] — Myconius, “Vita Zwinglii.” Basel, 1536. Hess, “Life of Zwingli, the Swiss Reformer.” London, 1832. Christoffel, “Zwingli; or, The Rise of the Reformation in Switzerland.” Edin., 1858. Blackburn, “Ulrich Zwingli.” London, 1868.
[366] — Blackburn, “William Farel (1487-1531): The Story of the Swiss Reformation.” Edin., 1867.
[367] — Burrage, “History of the Anabaptists in Switzerland.” Philad., 1882.
[368] — Cunningham, “Reformers and Theology of the Reformation.” Edin., 1862, pp. 212-291; “Zwingli and the Doctrine of the Sacraments.”
[369] — Calvin, “Tracts relating to the Reformation, with Life of Calvin by Beza.” 3 vols., Edinburgh, 1844-1851. Henry, “Life of John Calvin.” 2 vols., London, 1849. Audin (Cath.), “History of Life, Writings, and Doctrines of Calvin.” 2 vols., London, 1854. Dyer, “The Life of John Calvin.” London, 1850. Bungener, “Calvin: his Life, Labours, and Writings.” Edinburgh, 1863.
[370] — M’Crie, “The Early Years of John Calvin, A.D. 1509-1536.” Ed. by W. Fergusson, Edinburgh, 1880.
[371] — “English Translation of Calvin’s Works.” By Calvin Translation Society, in 52 vols., Edinburgh, 1842-1853. For a more sympathetic and true estimate of Calvin as a commentator, see Farrar, “History of Interpretations.” London, 1886. Also papers by Farrar on the “Reformers as Commentators.” In Expositor, Second Series.
[372] — See Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. i., pp. 384-414, for a much truer outline of Calvin’s doctrine from another Lutheran pen.
[373] — Cunningham, “Reformers and Theology of the Reformation.” Essay vii., “Calvin and Beza.” Pp. 345-412, Edin., 1862.
[374] — Butler, “The Reformation in Sweden, its Rise, Progress, and Crisis, and its Triumph under Charles IX.” New York, 1883. Geijer, “History of the Swedes.” Trans. from the Swedish by Turner, Lond., 1847.
[375] — Pontoppidan, “Annales eccles. Dan.” ii., iii., Han., 1741. Ranke, “History of the Reformation.” Vol. iii.
[376] — The chief documentary authorities for the whole period are the State Papers edited by Brewer and others. See also Froude, “History of England from Fall of Wolsey till Death of Elizabeth.” 12 vols., Lond., 1856-1869. Burnet, “History of Reformation of Church of England.” 2 vols., Lond., 1679. Blunt, “Reformation of the Church of England.” 4th ed., Lond., 1878. Strype, “Ecclesiastical Memorials.” 3 vols., Lond., 1721. “Annals of the Reformation.” 4 vols., 1709-1731. Foxe, “Acts and Monuments.” (Pub. A.D. 1563), 8 vols., Lond., 1837-1841.
[377] — Demaus, “Life of William Tyndal.” London, 1868. Fry, “A Bibliographical Description of the Editions of the N.T., Tyndale’s Version in English, etc., the notes in full of the Edition of 1534.” London, 1878. “Facsimile Edition of Tyndale’s first printed N.T.” Edited by Arber, London, 1871.
[378] — Gasquet, “Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries.” 2 vols., London, 1888.
[379] — Hook, “Lives of Archb. of Canterbury.” Vols. vi., vii. Bayly, “Life and Death of Fisher, Bishop of Rochester.” London, 1655. Dixon, “History of Church of England.” London, 1878, vol. i., “Henry VIII.” Froude, “History of England.” Vols. i.-iii.
[380] — Heppe, “The Reformers of England and Germany in the Sixteenth Century; their Intercourse and Correspondence.” London, 1859.
[381] — Phillip, “History of the Life of Reg. Pole.” 2 vols., London, 1765. Hook, “Lives of Archb. of Cant.” Vol. viii. Lee, “Reginald Pole, Cardinal-Archbishop of Canterbury: an Historical Sketch.” London, 1888.
[382] — Demaus, “Life of Latimer.” London, 1869.
[383] — Hayward, “Life of Edward VI.” London, 1630. Hook, “Lives of Archb. of Cant.” Vols. vii. and viii. Froude, “History of Eng.” Vols. iv. and v. Strype, “Life of Cranmer.” London, 1694. Norton, “Life of Archb. Cranmer.” New York, 1863. Foxe, “Acts and Monuments.” Maitland, “Essays on the Reformation in England.” London, 1849.
[384] — Procter, “History of Book of Common Prayer.” Cambr., 1855. Hole, “The Prayer Book.” London, 1887. Hardwick, “History of the Articles of Religion.” Cambr., 1851. Stephenson, “Book of Common Prayer.” 3 vols., London, 1854. Burnet, “Exposition of the Thirty-Nine Articles.” London, 1699. Browne, “Exposition of Thirty-Nine Articles.” London, 1858.
[385] — Froude, “History of England.” Vols. vi.-xii. Hook, “Lives of Archb. of Cant.” Vol. ix.
[386] — Killen, “Ecclesiastical History of Ireland from Earliest to Present Times.” 2 vols., Lond., 1875. Mant, “Hist. of Church of Ireland from Reformation.” London, 1839. Ball, “Hist. of the Church of Ireland.”
[387] — Lorimer, “Patrick Hamilton, First Preacher and Martyr of the Scottish Reformation.” Edinburgh, 1857.
[388] — It was certainly at St. Andrews that the execution took place. The best and fullest account of Walter Mill is given by Mr. Scott, of Arbroath, in his “Martyrs of Angus and Mearns.” London, 1885, pp. 210-271. For George Wishart, see same book, pp. 99-209; and Rogers, “Life of George Wishart.” Edinburgh, 1876.
[389] — Strickland, “Life of Mary Stuart.” 5 vols., Lond., 1875. Hosack, “Mary Queen of Scots and Her Accusers.” 2 vols., Lond., 1874. Schiern, “Life of James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, from the Danish.” Edin., 1880. Skelton, “Maitland of Lethington and the Scotland of Mary Stuart.” 2 vols., Edin., 1887 f.
[390] — “The Works of John Knox.” Collected and edited by David Laing, 7 vols., Edin., 1846-1864. M’Crie, “Life of Knox.” 2 vols., Edin., 1811. Lorimer, “John Knox and the Church of England.” Lond., 1875. Calderwood, “History of Church of Scotland.” Lond., 1675. Stuart, “History of Reformation in Scotland.” Lond., 1780. Cook, “History of Church of Scot. from Ref.” 3 vols., Edin., 1815. M’Crie, “Sketches of Scottish Church History.” 2 vols., Lond., 1841. Cunningham, “History of the Church of Scotland.” 2 vols., Edin., 1859. Lee, “Lectures on History of Church of Scotland from Ref. to Rev.” 2 vols., Edin., 1860. General Histories of Scotland: “Robertson.” 2 vols., Edin., 1759. “Tytler.” 9 vols., Edin., 1826. “Burton.” 8 vols., Edin., 1873. “Mackenzie.” Edin., 1867.
[391] — Brandt, “History of the Reformation in the Low Countries.” 4 vols., Lond., 1720. Motley, “Rise of the Dutch Republic.” 3 vols., Lond., 1856.
[392] — Bersier, “Coligny: the Earlier Life of the Great Huguenot.” Lond., 1884. White, “The Massacre of St. Bartholomew.” 2 vols., London, 1868. Lord Mahon, “Life of Louis, Prince of Condé.” New York, 1848. Baird, “History of the Rise of the Huguenots.” 2 vols., London and New York, 1880.
[393] — The following have been translated into English: “Treatise on the Church.” London, 1579. “The Truth of the Christian Religion, partly by Sir Phil. Sydney.” London, 1587. “On the Eucharist.” London, 1600.
[394] — De Felice, “History of Protestants in France from Beginning of Reformation to the Present Time.” London, 1853. Jervis, “History of the Gallican Church from A.D. 1516 to the Revolution.” 2 vols., London, 1872. Baird, “Huguenots and Henry of Navarre.” 2 vols., New York, 1886. Ranke, “Civil Wars and Monarchy in France in the 16th and 17th Centuries.” 2 vols., London, 1852. Smedley, “History of the Reformation in France.” 3 vols., London, 1832. Weiss, “History of the Protestant Reformation in France.” 2 vols., London and New York, 1854. “Memoirs of Duke of Sully, Prime Minister to Henry IV.” 4 vols., London (Bohn).
[395] — Dalton, “John à Lasco: His Earlier Life and Labours.” London, 1886. Krasinski, “Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress, and Decline of the Reformation in Poland.” 2 vols., London, 1838.
[396] — “History of Persecutions in Bohemia from A.D. 894 to A.D. 1632.” London, 1650.
[397] — Bauhoffer, “History of the Protestant Church of Hungary, from the beginning of the Reformation to 1850, with Reference also to Transylvania.” Trans. by Dr. Craig of Hamburg, with introd. by D’Aubigné, Lond., 1854.
[398] — Bochmer, “Spanish Reformers, Lives and Writings.” 2 vols., Strassburg, 1874. M’Crie, “History of the Progress and Suppression of Reformation in Spain.” Edin., 1829. De Castro, “The Spanish Protestants, and their Persecutions by Philip II.” Lond., 1852. Prescott, “History of the Reign of Philip II.” 3 vols., Boston, 1856.
[399] — M’Crie, “History of the Progress and Suppression of the Reformation in Italy.” 2nd ed., Edinburgh, 1833. Wiffen, “Life and Writings of Juan Valdez.” London, 1865. Young, “Life and Times of Aonio Paleario.” 2 vols., London, 1860.
[400] — Benrath, “Bernardius Ochino of Siena.” London, 1876. Gordon, “Bernardius Tommassini (Ochino).” In Theological Review for October, 1876, pp. 532-561.
[401] — Bonnet, “Life of Olympia Morata: an Episode of the Renaissance and the Reformation in Italy.” Edin., 1854.
[402] — Krauth, “The Conservative Reformation and its Theology.” Philadelphia, 1872. Döllinger, “The Church and the Churches.” Lond., 1862.
[403] — Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. i., pp. 338-383.
[404] — Calvin, “Institutes.” Bk. iii., ch. xi. 5-12. Ritschl, “History of the Christian Doctrine of Justification and Reconciliation.” Edin., 1872, pp. 214-233.
[405] — All the hymns of Luther quoted above are translated by George Macdonald in his “Luther the Singer.” Contributed to the Sunday Magazine for 1867.
[406] — On Speratus, Decius, and Eber, see an interesting paper by the late Dr. Fleming Stevenson in Good Words for 1863, p. 542.
[407] — All the hymns referred to above, as well as those which are given in the next paragraph, are translations by Miss Winkworth in “Lyra Germanica.” New edition, London, 1885.
[408] — Warneck, “Outlines of the History of Protestant Missions from the Reformation to the Present Time.” Edinburgh, 1884.
[409] — Hodge, “The Church and its Polity.” Edin., 1879, page 114.
[410] — Morley, “Clement Marot.” London, 1871.
[411] — Lee, “The Church under Queen Elizabeth.” 2 vols., London, 1880. M’Crie, “Annals of English Presbytery from the Earliest Period to the Present Time.” London, 1872.
[412] — Neal, “History of the Puritans.” 4 vols., London, 1731. Paul, “Life of Whitgift.” London, 1699. Brook, “Lives of the Puritans.” 3 vols., London, 1813. Marsden, “The Early Puritans.” London, 1852; “The Later Puritans.” London, 1853. Hopkins, “The Puritans.” 3 vols., London, 1860. Walker, “History of Independency.” 3 vols., London, 1648. Hanbury, “Memorials relating to the Independents.” 3 vols., London, 1839. Fletcher, “History of Independ. in England.” 4 vols., London, 1862. Waddington, “Congregational History.” London, 1874. Dexter, “The Congregationalism of the last Three Hundred Years, as seen in its Literature.” London, 1880. Marshall, “History of the Mar-Prelate Controversy.” London, 1845. Robinson, “Apologie, or Defence of Christians called Brownists.” 1604. Ashton, “Works of John Robinson, Pastor of Pilgrim Fathers, with Memoir and Annotations.” 3 vols., London, 1851. Mather, “Ecclesiastical History of New England, from its Planting in 1620 till 1698.” London, 1702. Doyle, “The English in America: The Puritan Colonies.” 2 vols., London, 1888. Bancroft, “History of the United States.”
[413] — Parkman, “Pioneers of France in the New World.” London, 1885. Baird, “Rise of the Huguenots of France.” Vol. i., p. 291 ff.
[414] — The “Heidelberg Catechism” was translated into English, and published at Oxford, 1828. Ursinus’ expositions of the catechism have been translated: “The Summe of Christian Religion.” Etc., Lond., 1611.
[415] — An English translation of Erastus’ treatise was published in 1699, and re-issued with a preface by Dr. Rob. Lee, Edin., 1844. One of the fullest and ablest statements on “The Erastian Controversy” is that given in chap. xxvii. of Principal Cunningham’s “Historical Theology.” (Edin., 1870), vol. ii., pp. 557-587.
[416] — Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. i., pp. 182-189: “The False Theoretical Mystics: Schwenkfeld.” Ritschl, “History of the Chr. Doctr. of Justification and Reconciliation.” Edinburgh, 1872, p. 292.
[417] — Morley, “Life of Agrippa von Nettesheim.” 2 vols., London, 1856.
[418] — Symmonds, “The Age of the Despots.” Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. i., pp. 191-195. See also two articles in the July and October parts of the Scottish Review for 1888, pp. 67-107, 244-270: “Giordano Bruno before the Venetian Inquisition,” and “The Ultimate Fate of Giordano Bruno.”
[419] — More, “Mystery of Godliness.” Bk. vi., chaps. xii.-xviii. Also Enthusiasmus Triumphatus in his “Coll. Phil. Works.” London, 1662. Rutherford, “A Survey of the Spiritual Antichrist, opening the Secrets of Familism and Antinomianism.” London, 1648.
[420] — Mosheim, “Ecclesiastical History.” Cent. xvi., sect. iii., part ii., chap. iii. Ranke, “History of the Reformation.” Vol. iii., bk. vi., chap. ix. Brandt, “History of the Reformation in the Low Countries.” Vol. i.
[421] — Burrage, “History of the Anabaptists in Switzerland.” Philadelphia, 1882.
[422] — Wallace, “Antitrinitarian Biography.” 3 vols., London, 1850. Dorner, “Hist. Dev. of Doctr. of Person of Christ.” Ritschl, “Hist. of Chr. Doctr. of Justification.” P. 289.
[423] — The sketch of Servetus given above is based upon the one-sided and wholesale eulogies of his resolute apologist Tollin. A thoroughly impartial and objective statement of his doctrinal system is given by Dorner, “History of Prot. Theology.” Vol. i., pp. 189-191. Principal Cunningham, in a very thorough manner, examines the grounds upon which his enemies seek to fix upon Calvin the odium of Servetus’ death in “Reformers and Theology of Reformation.” Essay VI., pp. 314-333. Rilliet, “Calvin and Servetus.” Trans. by Dr. Tweedie, Edinburgh, 1846. Drummond, “Life of Servetus.” London, 1848. Willis, “Servetus and Calvin.” London, 1876.
[424] — Aretius, “History of Val. Gentilis, the Tritheist, put to Death at Bern.” London, 1696.
[425] — Toulmin, “Memoirs of the Life, Char., etc., of Faustus Socinus.” London, 1777.
[426] — Ritschl, “Hist. of Chr. Doctr. of Justification.” Pp. 298-309. Cunningham, “Historical Theology.” Chap. xxiii., “The Socinian Controversy,” pp. 155-236. Stillingfleet gives an account of the Racovian Catechism in the preface to his work on “Christ’s Satisfaction.” 2nd ed., London, 1697.
[427] — Ranke, “History of the Popes.” Bk. ii., “Beginnings of a Regeneration of Catholicism.”
[428] — Pasquino was a statue which shortly before had been dug up and placed on the spot where formerly had stood the booth of a cobbler of that name, dreaded for his pungent wit. It was used for the posting up of “pasquins” of every sort, especially about the popes and the curia.
[429] — An admirable paper by Hase on Theiner’s “Acts of the Council of Trent” has been translated in the Brit. and For. Evan. Review for 1876, pp. 358-369. Mendham, “Memoirs of the Council of Trent.” London, 1834. Father Paul Sarpi’s “History of the Council of Trent.” 3rd ed. fol., London, 1640. Bungener, “History of the Council of Trent.” Edin., 1852. Buckley, “Canons and Decrees of Council of Trent.” London, 1851. Buckley, “Catechism of Council of Trent.” London, 1852.
[430] — Mendham, “The Life and Pontificate of Pius V.” London, 1832.
[431] — Hübner, “The Life and Times of Sixtus V.” Trans. by Jerningham, 2 vols., London, 1872.
[432] — In “Spanish Mystics.” (London, 1886), there is an admirable sketch of Theresa, pp. 39-86, and of John of the Cross, pp. 106-113.
[433] — “Spanish Mystics.” P. 7, note.
[434] — “Life of St. Philip Neri, Apostle of Rome, and Founder of the Congregation of the Oratory.” 2 vols., London, 1847.
[435] — Coleridge, “Life of Ignatius Loyola.” London, 1872. Ranke, “History of the Popes.” Vol. i.
[436] — Rose, “Ignatius Loyola, and the Early Jesuits.” London, 1870. Nicolini, “History of the Jesuits.” Edin., 1853. Sir James Stephens on “The Founders of Jesuitism.” In his “Essays on Ecclesiastical Biography.” Vol. i., p. 249.
[437] — Cartwright, “The Jesuits, their Constitution and Teaching.” London, 1876.
[438] — Griesinger, “The Jesuits: from the Foundation of the Order to the Present Time.” London, 1885. Pascal, “Provincial Letters.” Translated by Dr. M’Crie, Edin., 1851. “The Jesuits’ Morals, collected out of the Jesuit’s own Books.” London, 1670.
[439] — Gibbings, “An Exact Reprint of the Roman Index Expurgatorius.” The only Vatican Index of this kind ever published. Dublin, 1837.
[440] — Butler, “Life of Cardinal Borromeo.” London, 1835. Martin, “Life of Borromeo.” London, 1847.
[441] — Venn, “Missionary Life and Labours of Xavier.” Lond., 1863.
[442] — Legge, “Christianity in China: Nestorianism, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism; with the Chinese and Syriac Texts of the Nestorian Monument of Hsi-an-Fû.” London, 1888.
[443] — Adams, “History of Japan from the Earliest Period.” 2 vols., London, 1874. On the religion of Japan before the introduction of Christianity, see Ebrard, “Apologetics.” Vol. iii., pp. 66-73, Edin., 1887.
[444] — Helps, “Life of Barth. de las Casas.” 2nd ed., Lond., 1868. Prescott, “History of Conquest of Mexico.” London, 1886, pp. 178-184.
[445] — Merimée, “The Russian Impostors: the False Demetrius.” London, 1852.
[446] — Neale, “History of the Holy Eastern Church.” Vol. ii., p. 356 ff. Cyrillus Lucaris, “Confessio Christianæ Fidei.” Geneva, 1633. Smith, “Collectanea de Cyrillo Lucario.” London, 1707.
[447] — Stevens, “Life and Times of Gustavus Adolphus.” New York, 1884. Trench, “Gustavus Adolphus in Germany, and other Lectures on the Thirty Years’ War.” London. Gardiner, “The Thirty Years’ War” in “Epochs of Modern History.” London, 1881.
[448] — Bray, “Revolt of the Protestants of the Cevennes.” London, 1870. Poole, “History of the Huguenots of the Dispersion.” London, 1880. Agnew, “Protestant Exiles from France in the Reign of Louis XIV.” 3 vols., London, 1871. Weiss, “History of French Protestant Refugees.” London, 1854.
[449] — Macaulay, “History of England from the Accession of James II.” London, 1846. Hassencamp, “History of Ireland from the Reformation to the Union.” London, 1888. Adair, “Rise and Progress of the Presbyterian Church of Ireland from 1623 to 1670.” Belfast, 1866. Hamilton, “History of Presbyterian Church in Ireland.” Edin., 1887.
[450] — Butler, “Life of Hugo Grotius.” London, 1826. Motley, “John of Barneveld.” Vol. ii., New York, 1874.
[451] — “An Exposition of the Doctrine of the Catholic Church in Matters of Controversy.” London, 1685. “Variations of Protestantism.” 2 vols., Dublin, 1836. Butler, “Some Account of the Life and Writings of Bishop Bossuet.” London, 1812.
[452] — “The Work of John Durie in behalf of Christian Union in the Seventeenth Century.” By Dr. Briggs in Presbyterian Review, vol. viii., 1887, pp. 297-300. To which is attached an account by Durie himself, never before published, of his own union efforts from July, 1631, till September, 1633. See pp. 301-309.
[453] — Clarendon, “History of the Rebellion in England, 1649-1666.” 3 vols., Oxford, 1667. Burnet, “History of his Own Time, 1660-1713.” 2 vols., London, 1724. Guizot, “History of English Revolution of 1640.” London, 1856. Gardiner, “History of England, 1603-1642.” 10 vols., London, 1885. Marsden, “History of Early and Later Puritans, down to the Ejection of the Nonconformists in 1662.” 2 vols., London, 1853. Masson, “Life of Milton.” 4 vols., London, 1859 ff.
[454] — Mitchell, “The Westminster Assembly.” London, 1882. Mitchell and Struthers, “Minutes of Westminster Assembly.” Edinburgh, 1874. Macpherson, “Handbook to Westminster Confession.” 2nd ed., Edinburgh, 1882. Hetherington, “History of Westminster Assembly.” 4th ed., Edinburgh, 1878.
[455] — Carlyle, “Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches.” 2 vols., London, 1845. Guizot, “Life of Cromwell.” London, 1877. Paxton Hood, “Oliver Cromwell.” London, 1882. Picton, “Oliver Cromwell.” London, 1878. Harrison, “Oliver Cromwell.” London, 1888. Barclay, “The Inner Life of the Religious Societies of the Commonwealth.” London, 1877.
[456] — Guizot, “Richard Cromwell and the Restoration of Charles II.” 2 vols., London, 1856. Macpherson, “History of Great Britain from the Restoration.” London, 1875.
[457] — Bargraves, “Alexander VII. and His Cardinals.” Ed. by Robertson, London, 1866.
[458] — Cunningham, “Discussions on Church Principles.” Edin., 1863, chap. v.: “The Liberties of the Gallican Church.” Pp. 133-163.
[459] — Von Gebler, “Galileo Galilei and the Roman Curia.” Transl. by Sturge, London, 1879. Madden, “Galileo and the Inquisition.” London, 1863. Brewster, “Martyrs of Science.” Edin., 1841. Von Gebler denies that any condemnation ex cathedra was given.
[460] — Wilson, “Life of Vincent de Paul.” London, 1874.
[461] — Marsolier, “Life of Francis de Sales.” Translated by Coombes, London, 1812.
[462] — “Golden Thoughts from the ‘Spiritual Guide’ of Molinos.” With preface by J. H. Shorthouse, London, 1883.
[463] — Upham, “Life, Religious Opinions, and Experience of Madame de la Mothe Guyon, with an account of Fénelon.” London, 1854. Brooke, “Exemplary Life of the Pious Lady Guion.” Bristol, 1806. Butler, “Life of Fénelon.” London, 1810.
[464] — Beard, “Port Royal.” 2 vols., London, 1861. St. Amour, “Journal in France and Rome, containing Account of Five Points of Controversy between Jansenists and Molinists.” London, 1664. Schimmelpenninck, “Select Memoirs of Port Royal.” Fourth edition, 2 vols., London, 1835.
[465] — Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. ii., pp. 98-251.
[466] — Bruce, “Humiliation of Christ.” P. 131, Edin., 1876.
[467] — Dowding, “German Theology during the Thirty Years’ War: Life and Correspondence of G. Calixt.” 2 vols., Oxford, 1863.
[468] — Wildenhahn, “Life of Spener.” Translated by Wenzel, Philadelphia, 1881. Guericke, “Life of A. H. Francke.” London, 1847.
[469] — Jennings, “The Rosicrucians: their Rites and Mysteries.” London, 1887.
[470] — Martensen, “Life and Works of Jacob Boehme.” London, 1886.
[471] — All the translations of hymns referred to in this and the preceding section are from Miss Winkworth’s “Lyra Germanica.” London, 1885.
[472] — The “Works of Arminius.” Transl. by Nicholls, to which are added Brandt’s “Life of Arminius.” Etc., 3 vols., London, 1825. Scott, “Translation of Articles of Synod of Dort.” London, 1818. Hales, “Letters from the Synod of Dort.” Glasgow, 1765. Calder, “Life of Simon Episcopius.” New York, 1837. Cunningham, “Reformation and Theology of Reformation.” Essay VIII., “Calvinism and Arminianism.” Pp. 412-470. Motley, “John of Barneveldt.” 2 vols., London, 1874.
[473] — Barclay, “The Inner Life of the Religious Societies of the Commonwealth.” Second ed., London, 1877. Dr. Stoughton’s “History of Religion in England from Opening of Long Parliament to End of Eighteenth Century.” London.
[474] — See Macpherson, “Presbyterianism.” (Edin., 1883), pp. 8-10, where charges of intolerance such as those made against Presbyterianism in the text are repudiated.
[475] — Masson, “Life of John Milton.” 4 vols., London, 1859. Pattison, “Milton.” In “English Men of Letters” series, London, 1880.
[476] — “Relquiæ Baxterianæ: Baxter’s Narrative of most Memorable Passages in his own Life.” London, 1696. Orme, “Life and Times of Richard Baxter, with Critical Examination of his Writings.” London, 1830. Stalker, “Baxter” in “Evangelical Succession Lectures.” Second series, Edinburgh, 1883.
[477] — Froude disputes this, and says, p. 12, that probably he was on the side of the Royalists. Brown has shown it to be almost certain that in 1644, not 1642, Bunyan, then in his sixteenth year, joined the Parliamentary forces. See Brown’s “Life.” Pp. 42-52.
[478] — Brown, “Life of Bunyan.” London, 1885. Autobiography in “Grace Abounding.” 1622. Southey, “Life of John Bunyan.” London, 1830. Macaulay, “Essay on Bunyan.” In Edinburgh Review, 1830. Froude, “Bunyan,” in “English Men of Letters.” London, 1880. Nicoll, “Bunyan,” in “Evangelical Succession Lectures.” Third series, Edinburgh, 1883.
[479] — “Life of John Eliot, Apostle of the Indians.” By John Wilson, afterwards of Bombay, Edin., 1828.
[480] — Crosby, “History of the English Baptists.” 4 vols., London, 1728. Ivimey, “History of the English Baptists from 1688-1760.” 2 vols., London, 1830. Cramp, “History of the Baptists to end of 18th Century.” 3 vols., London, 1872.
[481] — Backus, “History of the English-American Baptists.” 2 vols., Boston, 1777. Cox and Hoby, “The Baptists in America.” New York, 1836. Hague, “The Baptists Transplanted.” Etc., New York, 1846.
[482] — Of special importance for the early history of the Quakers are, “Letters of Early Friends.” Edited by Robert Barclay, a descendant of the Quaker apostle, London, 1841. “Fox’s Journal; or, Historical Accounts of his Life, Travels, and Sufferings.” London, 1694. Penn, “Summary of History, Doctrines, and Discipline of Friends.” London, 1692. Tallack, “George Fox; the Quakers and the Early Baptists.” London, 1868. Bickley, “George Fox and the Early Quakers.” London, 1884. Stoughton, “W. Penn, Founder of Pennsylvania.” London, 1883.
[483] — Sewel, “History of the Quakers.” 2 vols., London, 1834. Cunningham, “The Quakers, from their Origin in 1624 to the Present Time.” London, 1868. Barclay, “Apology for the True Christian Divinity: a Vindication of Quakerism.” 4th ed., London, 1701. Clarkson, “A Portraiture of Quakerism.” 3 vols., London, 1806. Rowntree, “Quakerism, Past and Present.” London, 1839.
[484] — Heard, “The Russian Church and Russian Dissent.” London, 1887. Mackenzie Wallace, “Russia.” Chaps. xiv., xx., 2 vols., London, 1877. Palmer, “The Patriarch and the Tsar.” 6 vols., London, 1871-1876.
[485] — Ueberweg, “History of Philosophy.” Vol. ii., pp. 31-135. Pünjer, “History of the Christian Philosophy of Religion from the Reformation to Kant.” Edin., 1887. Pfleiderer, “Philosophy of Religion.” Vol. i., London, 1887. Erdmann’s “History of Philosophy.” 3 vols., London, 1889.
[486] — “Bacon’s Works.” Ed. by Spedding, Ellis, and Heath, 14 vols., London, 1870. Spedding, “Letters and Life of Lord Bacon.” 2 vols., London, 1862. Macaulay on Bacon in Edinburgh Review for 1837. Church, “Bacon,” in vol. v. of “Collected Works.” London, 1888. Nichol, “Bacon: Life and Philosophy.” 2 vols., Edin., 1888.
[487] — “Descartes’ Method, Meditations, and Principles of Philosophy.” Transl. by Prof. Veitch, Edin., 1850 ff. Fischer, “Descartes and his School.” London, 1887.
[488] — Willis, “Spinoza: his Ethics, Life, and Influence on Modern Thought.” London, 1870. Pollock, “Spinoza: his Life and Philosophy.” London, 1880. Martineau, “Spinoza.” London, 1882. “Spinoza, Four Essays by Land, Von Floten, Fischer, and Renan.” Edited by Prof. Knight, London, 1884.
[489] — “Locke’s Complete Works.” 9 vols., London, 1853. Cousin, “Elements of Psychology: a Critical Examination of Locke’s Essay.” Edin., 1856. Webb, “Intellectualism of Locke.” London, 1858.
[490] — Guhrauer, “Leibnitz: a Biography.” Transl. by Mackie, Boston, 1845.
[491] — Leland, “View of Principal Deistical Writers in England.” 2nd ed., 2 vols., London, 1755. Halyburton, “Natural Religion Insufficient; or, A Rational Inquiry into the Principles of the Modern Deists.” Edin., 1714. Tulloch, “Rational Theology and Christian Philosophy in England in the 17th Century.” 2 vols., Edin., 1872. Cairns, “Unbelief in the 18th Century.” Chap. ii., “Unbelief in the 17th Century.” Edin., 1881.
[492] — Lecky, “History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe.” 2 vols., London, 1873. Hagenbach, “German Rationalism.” Edin., 1865. Hagenbach, “History of Church in 18th and 19th Centuries.” 2 vols., London, 1870. Leslie Stephen, “History of English Thought in the 18th Century.” 2 vols., London, 1876. Cairns, “Unbelief in the 18th Century.” Edin., 1881.
[493] — Wilson, “The Christian Brothers, their Origin and Work. With a Sketch of the Life of their Founder, the Venerable Jean Baptiste de la Salle.” London, 1883.
[494] — Neale, “History of the so called Jansenist Church of Holland.” Oxford, 1858.
[495] — Cairns, “Unbelief in the Eighteenth Century.” Chap. iv., “Unbelief in France.” Edinburgh, 1881. Morley, “Diderot and the Encyclopedists.” 2 vols., London, 1878. Morley, “Voltaire.” London, 1872. Lange, “History of Materialism.” 3 vols., London, 1877.
[496] — This saying is usually attributed to Voltaire. He used the expression in attacking Pierre Bayle. Erdmann’s “Hist. of Phil.” Vol. ii., p. 158. Ueberweg, “Hist. of Phil.” Vol. ii., p. 125.
[497] — Pressensé, “The Church and the Revolution.” London, 1869. Jervis, “The Gallican Church and the Revolution.” London, 1882.
[498] — Hagenbach, “History of Church in the 18th and 19th Centuries.” Vol. i., pp. 109, 116; 2 vols., New York, 1869. Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. ii., p. 208.
[499] — Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. ii., pp. 208-227.
[500] — Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. ii., pp. 266-279. Hagenbach, “History of Church in 18th and 19th Centuries.” Vol. i., pp. 117-127.
[501] — Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. ii., pp. 259-261. Geffcken, “Church and State.” 2 vols., Lon., 1887; vol. i., pp. 456-503.
[502] — Burney, “Life of Handel.” London, 1784.
[503] — Kelly, “Life and Work of Von Bogatsky: a Chapter from the Religious Life of the Eighteenth Century.” London, 1889.
[504] — Hough, “The History of Christianity in India.” 5 vols., London, 1839. Sherring, “History of Missions in India.” Edited by Storrow. London, 1888. Pearson, “Memoirs, Life, and Correspondence of Chr. Fr. Schwartz.” Etc., 2 vols., London, 1834.
[505] — Hagenbach, “History of the Christian Church in the 18th and 19th Centuries.” New York, 1869; Lectures XVIII. and XIX., pp. 398-445.
[506] — Spangenberg, “Life of Count Zinzendorf.” London, 1838.
[507] — Spangenberg, “Account of Manner in which the Unitas Fratrum Propagate the Gospel, and Carry on their Missions among the Heathen.” London, 1788. Holmes, “Historical Sketch of the Missions of the United Brethren for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Heathen from their Commencement down to 1817.” London, 1827.
[508] — “Tersteegen: Life and Character, with Extracts from His Letters and Writings.” London, 1832. Winkworth, “Christian Singers of Germany.” London, 1869.
[509] — For a slightly different account see Tyerman, vol. i., p. 66.
[510] — Wesley himself continued to preach in the open air till nearly the end of the year 1790.
[511] — Further details as to the organization of the societies are given in Tyerman, 1st ed., vol. i., pp. 444, 445.
[512] — Southey, “Life of John Wesley.” London, 1820. Isaac Taylor, “Wesley and Wesleyanism.” London, 1851. Tyerman, “Wesley’s Life and Times.” 2 vols., 4th ed., London, 1877. Urlin, “Churchman’s Life of Wesley.” London, 1880. Abbey and Overton, “English Church in 18th Century.” 2 vols., London, 1879. Lecky, “History of England in the 18th Century.” 2 vols., London, 1878. Stoughton, “History of Religion in England to End of 18th Century.” 6 vols., London, 1882. Jackson, “Life of Charles Wesley.” 2 vols., London, 1841. Tyerman, “Life of Whitefield.” 2 vols., London, 1877. Macdonald, “Fletcher of Madeley.” London. Smith, “History of Methodism.” 3 vols., London, 1857. Stevens, “History of Methodism.” 3 vols., New York, 1858. Stevens, “History of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States.” 4 vols., New York, 1864. Bangs, “History of the Methodist Episcopal Church.” 4 vols., New York, 1839.
[513] — Hagenbach, “History of Church in 18th and 19th Centuries.” Vol. i., pp. 159-164.
[514] — Hagenbach, “History of the Church in the 18th and 19th Centuries.” Vol. i., pp. 168-175.
[515] — Tafel, “Documents concerning the Life and Character of Swedenborg.” 3 vols., London, 1875. White, “Emanuel Swedenborg, his Life and Writings.” 2 vols., London, 1867.
[516] — Evans, “Shakers: Compendium of Origin, History, Principles, and Doctrines of the United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Coming.” New York, 1859. Dixon, “New America.” 2 vols., 8th ed., London, 1869. Nordhoff, “The Communistic Societies of the United States.” London, 1874.
[517] — Pusey, “Historical Inquiry into the Causes of the Prevalence of Rationalism in Germany.” London, 1828. Rose, “The State of Protestantism in Germany.” Oxford, 1829. Saintes, “A Critical History of Rationalism in Germany, from its Origin till the Present Time.” London, 1849. Lecky, “History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe.” 2 vols., London, 1873. Farrar, “Critical History of Free Thought in Reference to the Christian Religion.” London, 1863. Hagenbach, “German Rationalism.” Edinburgh, 1865. Hurst, “History of Rationalism.” New York, 1865. Gostwick, “German Culture and Christianity, their Controversy, 1770-1880.” New York, 1882.
[518] — Stephen, “History of English Thought in the 18th Century.” 2 vols., London, 1876. Cairns, “Unbelief in the 18th Century.” Edinburgh, 1881. Pünjer, “History of Christian Philosophy of Religion from Reformation to Kant.” § 5, “The English Deists.” Edinburgh, 1887.
[519] — Halliwell, “The Early History of English Freemasonry.” London, 1840.
[520] — Ritschl, “History of Christian Doctr. of Justification and Reconciliation.” Pp. 347-426. Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. ii., pp. 277-292. Hagenbach, “History of The Church in The 18th and 19th Centuries.” Vol. i., pp. 251-321.
[521] — Chalybæus, “Historical Development of Speculative Philosophy, from Kant to Hegel.” Edin., 1854. Räbiger, “Theological Encyclopædia.” Vol. i., pp. 73-76.
[522] — Stahr, “Lessing: his Life and Works.” Translated by G. Evans, 2 vols., Boston, 1866. Sime, “Lessing, his Life and Writings.” 2 vols., London, 1877. Zimmern, “G. E. Lessing: his Life and Works.” London, 1878. Smith, “Lessing as a Theologian.” In the Theological Review, July, 1868.
[523] — Russell, “A Short Account of the Life and History of Pestalozzi.” Based on De Guemp’s “L’Histoire de Pestalozzi.” London, 1888. To be followed by a complete English translation of De Guemp’s work.
[524] — Marshman, “Life and Times of Marshman, Carey, and Ward.” 2 vols., London, 1859. Smith, “Life of William Carey.” London, 1886. Wilson, “Missionary Voyage of the Ship Duff.” London, 1799. Morison, “Fathers and Founders of the London Missionary Society.” London, 1844.
[525] — Baur, “Religious Life in Germany.” London, 1872, pp. 177-196.
[526] — Kahnis, “Internal History of German Protestantism since the Middle of Last Century.” Edin., 1856.
[527] — Hagenbach, “History of Church in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.” Vol. ii., pp. 413-416.
[528] — Mombert, “Faith Victorious, being an Account of the Life, Labour, and Times of Dr. J. W. Ebel, 1714-1861, compiled from authentic sources.” London, 1882. Dixon, “Spiritual Wives.” London, 1868.
[529] — Strack, “The Work of Bible Revision in Germany.” In Expositor, third series, vol. ii., pp. 178-187.
[530] — See papers by Driver, Cheyne, Davidson, Kirkpatrick, in Expositor for 1886-1888, on various books in Revised Old Testament. Westcott, “Some Lessons of Revised Version of New Testament.” In Expositor, third series, vol. v., pp. 81, 241, 453. Jennings and Lowe, “Revised Version of Old Testament: a Critical Estimate.” In Expositor, third Series, vol. ii., pp. 57, etc.
[531] — “Schleiermacher’s Life in Letters.” Translated by Rowan, London, 1860. Baur, “Religious Life in Germany.” London, 1872, pp. 197 ff. Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. ii., pp. 374-395.
[532] — Cheyne, “Life and Works of Heinrich Ewald.” In Expositor, third series, vol. iv., pp. 241 ff., 361 ff.
[533] — There are English translations of his “Life of Christ.” “First Planting of Christianity.” “Antignostikus.” “History of Christian Dogmas.” “Christian Life in the Early and Middle Ages.” All published by Bohn.
[534] — Zeller, “David Frederick Strauss, in his Life and Writings.” London, 1874. Translations: “Life of Jesus Critically Treated.” 1846; “Life of Jesus for the German People.” 1865; “The Old Faith and the New.” 1874; “Ulrich von Hutten.” 1874.
[535] — Simon, “Isaac August Dorner.” In Presbyterian Review for October, 1887, pp. 569-616.
[536] — Rothe, “Still Hours.” Translated by Miss Stoddart, with Introductory Essay on Rothe by Rev. J. Macpherson. London, 1886.
[537] — Galloway, “The Theology of Ritschl.” In Presbyterian Review for April, 1889, pp. 192-209.
[538] — Series of papers in Good Words for 1860, pp. 377 ff.
[539] — Fleming Stevenson, “The Blue Flag of Kaiserswerth.” In Good Words for 1861, pp. 121 ff., 143 ff.
[540] — Owen, “History of the First Ten Years of the Bible Society.” 3 vols., London, 1816.
[541] — Wiseman, “Recollections of the Last Four Popes.” 3 vols., London, 1853. Mendham, “Index of Prohibited Books by order of Gregory XVI.” London, 1840.
[542] — Legge, “Pius IX. to the Restoration of 1850.” 2 vols., London, 1872. Trollope, “Life of Pius IX.” 2 vols., London, 1877. Shea, “Life and Pontificate of Pius IX.” New York, 1877.
[543] — Geffcken, “Church and State.” Vol. ii., pp. 269-293: “The Italian Question and the Papal States.”
[544] — Geffcken, “Church and State.” Vol. ii., pp. 236-238.
[545] — Bridges, “Life of Martin Boos.” London, 1836.
[546] — Hamberger, “Sketch of the Character of the Theosophy of Baader.” Translated in American Presbyterian and Theological Review, 1869.
[547] — Laing, “Notes on the Rise, Progress, etc., of the German Catholic Church of Ronge and Czerski.” London, 1845.
[548] — Manning, “The True History of the Vatican Council.” London, 1877. Pomponio Leto, “The Vatican Council, being the impressions of a contemporary (Card. Vitelleschi), translated from the Italian with the original documents.” London, 1876. Quirinus, “Letters from Rome on the Council.” London, 1870. Janus, “The Pope and the Council.” London, 1869. Bungener, “Rome and the Council in the Nineteenth Century.” Edinburgh, 1870. Arthur, “The Pope, the Kings, and the People, a History of the Movement to make the Pope Governor of the World, 1864-1871.” 2 vols., London, 1877. Acton, “History of the Vatican Council.” London, 1871. Friedrich, “Documenta ad illum. Conc. Vat.” Nördling, 1871. Martin (Bishop of Paderborn), “Omnium Conc. Vat. quæ ad doctr. et discipl. pertin. docum. Collectio.” 1873.
[549] — Geffcken, “Church and State.” Vol. ii., pp. 501-531. Smith, “The Falk Legislation from the Political Point of View.” In the Theological Review for October, 1875.
[550] — Geffcken, “Church and State.” 2 vols., London, 1877; vol. ii., pp. 488-531.
[551] — The Austrian May Laws were in some respects more sweeping than the Prussian (§ [197, 5]); but the former were framed with reference to the police, the latter with reference to the law. In Prussia the decision, judgment, and sentence in all cases of contravention and collision were assigned to the court of law; in Austria they were assigned to the court of administration, in the last instance to the minister. The Austrian laws could thus be urged and ignored at pleasure.
[552] — Geffeken, “Church and State.” Vol. ii., pp. 469-488.
[553] — R. J. Sandeman, “Alexander Vinet.” In “Evangelical Succession Lectures.” Third Series, Edinburgh, 1884. Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” ii., 470, 478.
[554] — Cairns, “The Present Struggle in the National Church of Holland.” In Presbyterian Review for January, 1888, pp. 87-108. Wicksteed, “The Ecclesiastical Institutions of Holland.” London.
[555] — Lumsden, “Sweden, its Religious State and Prospects.” London, 1855.
[556] — Stoughton, “Religion in England during the First Half of the Present Century, with a Postscript on Subsequent Events.” 2 vols., London, 1876. Molesworth, “History of England from 1830 to 1874.” 3 vols., London.
[557] — Littledale, “Church Parties.” Art. in the Contemporary Review for July, 1874, pp. 287-320. Mozley, “Reminiscences of Oriel College.” London, 1882.
[558] — Newman, “Apologia pro Vita Sua.” London, 1864. Weaver, “Puseyism, a Refutation and Exposure.” London, 1843.
[559] — The very confused, wholly inadequate, and in some points positively incorrect statements in the above paragraph may be supplemented and amended by reference to the following literature: Buchanan, “Ten Years’ Conflict.” 2 vols., Edin., 1852. Moncrieff, “Vindication of the Claim of Right.” Edin., 1877. Moncrieff, “The Free Church Principle: its Character and History.” Edin., 1883. Mackerrow, “History of the Secession Church.” Glasgow, 1841.
[560] — Smith’s appointment was to the Lord Almoner’s Professorship, with a merely nominal salary; but he was afterwards elected to the more remunerative office of University librarian, and more recently has succeeded Prof. Wright in the Chair of Arabic in the University.
[561] — Jarvis, “The Gallican Church and the Revolution.” Pp. 324-395, London, 1882.
[562] — Borrow, “The Bible in Spain.” 2 vols., London, 1843.
[563] — Lendrum, “Ecclesia Pressa: or, the Lutheran Church in the Baltic Provinces.” In The Theological Review and Free Church College Quarterly, vol. ii., 310-330. C. H. H. Wright, “The Persecution of the Lutheran Church in the Baltic Provinces of Russia.” In the British and Foreign Evangelical Review, January, 1887.
[564] — Baird, “Religion in the United States.” Glasgow, 1844. “Progress and Prospects of Christianity in the United States.” London, 1851. Gorrie, “Churches and Sects in the United States.” New York, 1850.
[565] — Stevens, “History of the Episcopal Methodist Church in North America.” Philadelphia, 1868. Gorrie, “History of the Episcopal Methodist Church in the United States.” New York, 1881.
[566] — A full account of the recent development of Protestantism in Brazil is given in an article in the Presbyterian Review for January, 1889, pp. 101-106: “The Organization of the Synod of Brazil,” by Dr. J. Aspinwall Hodge.—On 15th November, 1889, the emperor was expelled and a republic proclaimed.
[567] — Hepworth Dixon, “Free Russia.” 2 vols., London, 1870. Heard, “The Russian Church and Russian Dissent.” 2 vols., London, 1887.
[568] — Rowntree, “Quakerism Past and Present.” London, 1859.
[569] — Dixon, “New America.” 2 vols., 8th edition, London, 1869. Nordhoff, “The Communistic Societies of the United States.” London, 1874.
[570] — Oliphant, “Life of Ed. Irving.” 3rd edition, London, 1865. Carlyle, in “Miscellaneous Essays.” Brown, “Personal Reminiscences of Ed. Irving.” in Expositor, 3 ser., vol. vi., pp. 216, 257. Miller, “History and Doctrine of Irvingism.” 2 vols., London, 1878.
[571] — Darby, “Personal Recollections.” London, 1881.
[572] — Stenhouse, “An Englishwoman in Utah, the story of a Life’s Experience in Mormonism.” 2nd ed., London, 1880. Gunnison, “The Mormons.” New York, 1884. Burton, “The City of the Saints.” London, 1861.
[573] — Wilson, “The ‘Ever-Victorious Army:’ a History of the Chinese Campaign under Lieut.-Col. C. G. Gordon, and of the Suppression of the Taeping Rebellion.” Edinburgh.
[574] — Edmonds, “American Spiritualism.” 2 vols., New York, 1858. Cox, “Spiritualism answered by Science.” London, 1872. Crookes, “Spiritualism and Science.” London, 1874. Wallace, “A Defence of Spiritualism.” London, 1874. Owen, “The Debatable Land.” New York, 1872. Carpenter, “Mesmerism, Spiritualism, etc., Historically and Scientifically Considered.” London, 1877. Mahan, “The Phenomena of Spiritualism Scientifically Explained and Exposed.” London, 1875. Horne, “Incidents in His Life.” London, 1863. “Lights and Shadows of Spiritualism.” London, 1877.
[575] — Sinnett, “Esoteric Buddhism.” London, 1883.
[576] — Sargent, “Rob. Owen and his Social Philosophy.” London, 1860. Nordhoff, “Communistic Societies in the United States.” London, 1875.
[577] — Onslow-Yorke, “The Secret History of the International Working-Men’s Association.” London, 1872. Lissagaray, “History of the Commune of 1871.” Translated by Aveling, London, 1886.
[578] — From the fifteenth century the numbering of the General Councils is so variable and uncertain that even Catholic historians are not agreed upon this point. They are at one only about this, that the anti-papal councils claiming to be œcumenical, of Pisa A.D. 1409, Basel A.D. 1438, and Pisa A.D. 1511, should be designated schismatical “Conciliabula.” Hefele, in his “History of the Councils,” counts eighteen down to the Reformation. He makes the Constance Council in its first and last sessions the sixteenth, but does not count the middle session held without the pope. He makes that of Basel the seventeenth down to A.D. 1438 with its papal continuation at Ferrara and Florence. Finally, as eighteenth he gives the fifth Lateran Council of A.D. 1512-1517. But others strike Basel and Constance out of the list altogether; and many, especially the Gallicans, reject also the fifth Lateran Council, because occupied with matters of slight or merely local interest.