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| Introduction | [v] |
| BOOK X. | |
| THE REFORMATION IN SCOTLAND. | |
| CHAPTER I. | |
| PREPARATION OF REFORM. | |
| (From the Second Century to the Year 1522.) | |
| Religion the Key to History—The same Life everywhere producedby the Divine Spirit—Three successive Impulses:the Culdees, Wickliffe, John Huss—Struggle between Royaltyand the Nobility—John Campbell, Laird of Cessnock—Chargedwith Heresy—Acquitted by the King—Battle ofFlodden—Death of James IV.—Episcopal Election in Scotland—Alesius—PatrickHamilton—John Knox—Troublesduring the Minority of the King—Young Hamilton at theUniversity of Paris—Becomes acquainted with the LutheranReformation | [1] |
| CHAPTER II. | |
| BEGINNING OF THE MOVEMENT OF REFORM. | |
| (1522 to April 1527.) | |
| John Mayor Professor at Glasgow—Patrick Hamilton at Universityof St. Andrews—Luther’s Writings introduced intoScotland—Prohibited by the Parliament—Character of theyoung King—James V. declared of Age—Sides with thePriests—The Clerical Party overcome—Tyndale’s New Testamentcirculated—Evangelical Doctrines preached by PatrickHamilton—Renewed Influence of Archbishop Beatoun—Hamiltondeclared a Heretic—Cited before the Archbishop—Escapesto the Continent | [18] |
| CHAPTER III. | |
| DEDICATION OF HAMILTON IN GERMANY TO THE REFORMATIONOF SCOTLAND. | |
| (Spring, Summer, and Autumn, 1527.) | |
| Hamilton at Marburg—His Introduction to Lambert d’Avignon—Universityof Marburg—Science and Faith—Hamilton’sStudy of the Scriptures—Reason for his not visiting Wittenberg—Luther’sIllness—The Plague at Wittenberg—Hamilton’sDisputation at Marburg—His Theses—TheAttack and the Defence—Hamilton’s new Theses—Thepith of Theology in them—Hamilton’s Return to Scotland | [30] |
| CHAPTER IV. | |
| EVANGELIZATION, TRIBULATIONS AND SUCCESS OF HAMILTON INSCOTLAND. | |
| (End of 1527 to End of February 1528.) | |
| The New Testament proscribed—Hamilton’s Zeal—Receptionof the Gospel by his Kinsfolk—His Preaching near Kincavil—Eagernessof Crowds to hear him—His Marriage—Plotof the Priests against his Life—Summoned to St.Andrews by the Archbishop—His increased Zeal—Snareslaid for him by the Priests—His Disputation with Alesius—Conversionof Alesius to the Truth—Hamilton betrayedby Alexander Campbell—Hamilton’s Death determined on—TheKing removed out of the Way—Attempt of SirJames Hamilton to save his Brother—Armed Resistance ofthe Archbishop | [42] |
| CHAPTER V. | |
| APPEARANCE, CONDEMNATION, MARTYRDOM OF HAMILTON. | |
| (End of February–March 1, 1528.) | |
| Hamilton’s Appearance before the Episcopal Council—HisHeresies—His Answer—Attempt of Andrew Duncan torescue him—Hamilton confined in the Castle—The InquisitorialCourt—Hamilton in the Presence of his Judges—Debates—Insults—HisSentence—Preparation of Execution—Hamiltonat the Stake—Vexed and insulted by Campbell—Hamilton’sFamily and Native Land—Duration of hisSufferings—The two Hamiltons | [56] |
| CHAPTER VI. | |
| ALESIUS. | |
| (February 1528 to End of 1531.) | |
| The ‘Crowns of the Martyrs’—Various Feelings excited aboutthe Martyr—Escape of the King from his Keepers—TheReins of Government seized by James V.—Victory of thePriests—Alesius confirmed by death of Hamilton—His discoursebefore Provincial Synod—His imprisonment in aDungeon—Order of the King to liberate him—Stratagemof Prior Hepburn—Removal of Alesius to a fouler Dungeon—Plotof the Prior against his Life—Scheme of the Canonsfor his Escape—His Flight by Night—Pursuit by the Prior—HisFlight to Germany | [70] |
| CHAPTER VII. | |
| CONFESSORS OF THE GOSPEL AND MARTYRS MULTIPLIED INSCOTLAND. | |
| (End of 1531 to 1534.) | |
| Conspiracy of the Nobles against the Priests—Their Compactwith Henry VIII.—Intrigues of the Romish Party—AlexanderSeaton, Confessor to the King—His boldness—HisFlight to England—Letter of Alesius to the King—Replyof Cochlæus—Henry Forrest—His Degradation—His Execution—DavidStraiton, of Lauriston—His Conversion—HisTrial—And Martyrdom—Trial of Catherine Hamilton—Flightof Evangelicals from Scotland | [84] |
| CHAPTER VIII. | |
| BREACH OF THE KING OF SCOTLAND WITH ENGLAND—ALLIANCEWITH FRANCE AND THE GUISES. | |
| (1534 to 1539.) | |
| Alliance of James V. sought by Henry VIII.—Failure—Newattempts of Henry VIII.—Thomas Forrest—His fidelity—HisInterview with the Bishop of Dunkeld—Discontent ofthe People—Negotiations at Rome—Marriage of James V.with Madeleine of Valois—Death of the young Queen—SecondMarriage of the King with Mary of Lorraine | [99] |
| CHAPTER IX. | |
| INFLUENCE OF DAVID BEATOUN PREDOMINANT—REVIVAL OFPERSECUTION. | |
| (1539.) | |
| Cardinal David Beatoun—His complete Control of the King—Waron the Rich—The Ransom of Balkerley—NumerousImprisonments—Scotland watched by Henry VIII.—Killon’saudacious Drama—Trial of Killon and Thomas Forrest—TheirExecution—Buchanan in Prison—His Escape—Kennedyand Jerome Russel—Their Imprisonment—Trial—Courage—AndMartyrdom | [110] |
| CHAPTER X. | |
| TERGIVERSATIONS OF JAMES V.—NEGOTIATIONS WITH HENRYVIII.—THEIR FAILURE. | |
| (1540 to 1542.) | |
| Changed Inclination of the King of Scotland—His Censure ofthe Bishops—Cleverness of the Cardinal—Colloquies ofBishops at St. Andrews—Return of the King to the sideof Rome—Birth of his Son—Birth of a second Son—HisRemorse—A Dream—Death of his two Sons—Fresh Attemptsof Henry VIII.—Project of an Interview at York—Journeyof the King of England to York—Efforts of theBishops to prevent the Interview—Absence of James V.from the Rendezvous | [124] |
| CHAPTER XI. | |
| WAR BETWEEN ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND.—DEATH OF JAMES V. | |
| (1542.) | |
| Anger of Henry VIII.—Skirmishes—Fears of James V.—Aimof Henry VIII.—The Crown of Scotland—Invasion of Scotlandby Duke of Norfolk—Refusal of the Scottish Army tomarch—Proscription List drawn up by the Bishops—TheirAlliance with the King—Levy of a new Army by Bishops—OliverSinclair named Commander-in-Chief—DisgracefulRout—Anxiety of James V.—His Dejection—His Despair—Birthof Mary Stuart—Death of the King | [136] |
| CHAPTER XII. | |
| REGENCY OF EARL OF ARRAN.—IMPRISONMENT OF BEATOUN.—TREATYOF PEACE WITH ENGLAND. | |
| (1542 to March 1543.) | |
| Ambition of Beatoun—Pretended Will of the King—Assemblyof the Nobles—Earl of Arran proclaimed Regent—Evangelicalsassociated with him—The two Chaplains—Projectsof Henry VIII.—Negotiations—Arrest of the Cardinal—Resultsof this Act—Scotland laid under Interdict—Parliamentof Edinburgh—The Scriptures in the VulgarTongue—Debates on the Subject—Freedom of the Scriptures—GeneralRejoicing—Treaty with England—Confirmationof the Treaty | [151] |
| CHAPTER XIII. | |
| LIBERATION OF BEATOUN—HIS SEIZURE OF POWER—BREACH OFTHE TREATY—FRESH PERSECUTIONS. | |
| (March 1543 to Summer 1544.) | |
| The Ultramontane Party—The Abbot of Paisley—Liberationof the Cardinal—His Intrigues—Insults offered to the EnglishAmbassador—Refusal of the Regent to deliver theHostages—Armed Gatherings—Weakness of the Regent—HisAbjuration before the Cardinal—Coronation of MaryStuart—Declaration of War in Scotland by Henry VIII.—Earlof Lennox—Triumph of the Cardinal—William Anderson,Hellen Stirke, James Raveleson, and Robert Lamb—Sentenceof death passed on them—Fruitless Intercession—AffectingDeath of Hellen Stirke—The English Fleet atLeith—Landing of the English Army—Capture and Pillageof Edinburgh—Plans of Henry VIII. postponed | [166] |
| CHAPTER XIV. | |
| WISHART—HIS MINISTRY AND HIS MARTYRDOM. | |
| (Summer of 1544 to March 1546.) | |
| Preaching of Wishart at Dundee—The Churches closed againsthim—Open-air Preaching—The Plague of Dundee—Wishart’sReturn thither—Attempt of a Priest to Assassinatehim—Snares laid for him—His Announcement of his approachingDeath—Wishart joined by Knox—Approach ofWishart to Edinburgh—His redoubled Zeal—Desertion ofhis Friends—His last Preaching—His Arrest—Given up tothe Cardinal—His Trial opposed by the Regent—Persistenceof the Cardinal—The Ecclesiastical Court—The AccuserLauder—Insults—Calumnies—Condemnation—Refusal ofthe Sacrament—A true Supper—Wishart’s Address to thePeople—His Martyrdom | [185] |
| CHAPTER XV. | |
| CONSPIRACY AGAINST BEATOUN—HIS DEATH. | |
| (March to May 1546.) | |
| Triumph of the Cardinal—Conspiracy of his Enemies—Meetingof the Conspirators at St. Andrews—Seizure of theCastle—The Cardinal’s Servants driven away—Murder ofBeatoun—Wishart’s Sentence—Siege of the Castle—Capitulationof the Conspirators—Grounds of the Triumph ofthe Reformation in Scotland—Two Kings and Two Kingdoms—Priestand Pastor | [207] |
| BOOK XI. | |
| CALVIN AND THE PRINCIPLES OF HIS REFORM. | |
| CHAPTER I. | |
| CALVIN AT GENEVA AND IN THE PAYS DE VAUD. | |
| (1536.) | |
| Geneva prepared for its Part—Calvin—His Desire for Retirement—Readerin Holy Scripture—Calvin’s Teaching—Authorshipof Discipline—Application of Discipline beforeCalvin—Doctrine of Jesus Christ the Soul of the Church—Calvinand the Huguenots—His Engagement with theCouncil of Geneva—His Name not mentioned—The Gospelin the Pays de Vaud—Viret at Lausanne—Images—TwoMasses a Week—Notice of a great Disputation—Prohibitedby the Emperor—Convoked by Council of Berne—Indecisionof the Townsmen of Lausanne | [219] |
| CHAPTER II. | |
| THE DISPUTATION OF LAUSANNE. | |
| (October 1536.) | |
| The Champions of the two Parties—Preparations of the twoParties—Ten Theses of Farel—His Discourse—Opening ofthe Disputation—Protest of the Canons—Farel’s Reply—DoctorBlancherose—The Vicar Drogy—Justification byFaith—The Church and the Scriptures—Caroli—The RealPresence—Testimony of the Fathers—Calvin—His Statementof the Doctrine of the Fathers—Christ’s Mortal Bodyand his Glorified Body—The Body and the Blood—TheSpiritual Presence of Christ—Conversion of Jean Tandy—HisMonastic Dress put off—The last Theses—The Trinityof Doctor Blancherose—Lent—Ignorance of the Priests—Calvinand Hildebrand—Closing Discourse by Farel—JesusChrist and not the Pope—Salvation not in Outward Things—Appealto the Priests—Address to the Lords of Berne | [235] |
| CHAPTER III. | |
| EXTENSION OF THE REFORM IN THE PAYS DE VAUD. | |
| (End of 1536.) | |
| Moral Reform at Lausanne—Images—Alarm of the Canons—Removalof Images ordered by Berne—Success of the Disputationat Lausanne—Reformation decreed at Lausanne—Carolifirst Pastor—Reformation at Vevey—At Lutry—Farel’sSearch for Evangelical Ministers—Ministers of thePays de Vaud—Formula of the Lords of Berne—UnworthyMinisters—Edict of Reformation—Departure of Priests andMonks—Conference at Geneva | [260] |
| CHAPTER IV. | |
| THE REFORMATION AT GENEVA.—FORMULARY OF FAITH ANDDISCIPLINE. | |
| (End of 1536 to 1537.) | |
| Liberty and Authority—Calvin Pastor at Geneva—The ChristianIndividual and the Christian Community—Analysisand Synthesis—Division among the Huguenots—Catechismand Confession of Faith—Calvin’s real Mind—Diversity ofReligious Opinions—Need of Unity—Presentation of theConfession to the Council—Characteristics of the Confession—ItsAuthorship assigned to Calvin—Frequent Communion—Disciplineof Excommunication—The true Beginningof a Church—Lay Intervention—Various Regulations—Disciplineapproved by the Council—The Syndic Porral—Distribution of the Confession—Its Acceptance required ofeach Citizen—Assembly of the People at St. Peter’s Church—Swearingof the Confession—Refusal of many to Swearit—The three Pastors of Geneva—The Schools—Activityof the Reformers—Discipline—Description of Geneva | [274] |
| CHAPTER V. | |
| CALVIN’S CONTEST WITH FOREIGN DOCTORS—CHARGE OF ARIANISMBROUGHT AGAINST HIM. | |
| (January to June 1537.) | |
| Arrived of the Spirituals at Geneva—Their System—PublicDisputation—Expulsion of the Spirituals—Caroli—His Ambitionand his Morals—Prayers for the Dead—Scholasticism—Consistoryof Lausanne—Charge of Arianism againstCalvin—His Vindication necessary—Calvin’s Reply—Hisview on the Trinity—Accusation of Farel and Viret byCaroli—Convocation of a Synod resolved on—Farel’s Anxiety—Synodat Lausanne—Another Debate on the Trinity—Unmaskingof Caroli by Calvin—The Divinity of Christ—TheTyranny of Creeds rejected by Calvin—The so-calledAthanasian Creed—Condemnation of Caroli by the Synod—Appealto Berne—Agitation of Men’s Minds—Accusation ofCaroli—His Condemnation—His Flight to France | [299] |
| CHAPTER VI. | |
| CALVIN AT THE SYNOD OF BERNE. | |
| (September 1537.) | |
| Disputation on the Lord’s Supper—The Doctrine of Zwingliat Berne—Acceptance of the Doctrine of Luther there—Apatched-up Peace—Synod of September—Opinions of Bucer—Attacksof Megander—Growing Dissension—Interventionof Calvin—His Project of a Formula of Concord—The Tumultallayed | [323] |
| CHAPTER VII. | |
| THE CONFESSION OF FAITH SWORN TO AT ST. PETER’S. | |
| (End of 1537.) | |
| Various Acts of Discipline—Parties at Geneva—Divisionamongst the Huguenots—Coercion in matter of Faith—Requirementof Oath to the Confession—Numerous Opponents—Decreeof Banishment—Power of the Malcontents—Imprudenceof the Bernese Deputies—The General Council—Discourseof the Syndics—The Leaders of Oppositionsilenced—Violent Attack on the Syndics—TumultuousDebate—Confused Complaints—Growing Opposition—Vindicationof the Reformers—Accusation against them byBerne—Their Vindication at Berne—Complete Justice donethem | [333] |
| CHAPTER VIII. | |
| TROUBLES AT GENEVA. | |
| (Beginning of 1538.) | |
| Agitation—The Lord’s Supper—Nature of the Church—Communicantsand Hearers—The Supper open to all—Disorders—Louisdu Tillet—His Return to the Church of Rome—Partiesface to face with each other—Menaces—No Freedomwithout Religion—Election of new Syndics—Their Hostilityto Calvin—Moderation of their first Measures—MisleadingEffects of Party Spirit—Exclusion of Evangelicals from theCouncils—Censure of the Ministers by the Councils—Resistanceof the Reformers—‘I can do no otherwise’ | [350] |
| CHAPTER IX. | |
| STRUGGLES AT BERNE.—SYNOD OF LAUSANNE. | |
| (January 1538.) | |
| Expulsion of Megander from Berne—Remonstrance of CountryPastors—Pacification—Calvin’s Regret for the Banishmentof Megander—Hostility of Kunz to Calvin—Relationsbetween Church and State—Variety of Usages at Genevaand at Berne—Synod at Lausanne—A strange Condition—Absenceof Calvin and Farel from the Synod—Adoption bythe Synod of the usages of Berne—Fruitless Conference—Lettersfrom the Lords of Berne to Calvin and Farel and tothe Council of Geneva | [366] |
| CHAPTER X. | |
| SUCCESS OF THE COUNTER-REFORMATION—REFUSAL OF CALVINAND FAREL TO ADMINISTER THE LORD’S SUPPER—PROHIBITIONOF THEIR PREACHING. | |
| (March and April 1538.) | |
| The Pulpit interdicted to Courault—Adoption by the Councilof the Usages of Berne—Resistance of Calvin—Disordersin the Streets—Indignation of Courault—His Sermon at St.Peter’s—His Imprisonment—His Liberation demanded bythe Reformers—Refusal of the Council—Loud Complaints—ThePulpit interdicted to Calvin and Farel—What to do?—GeneralConfusion—Perplexity of the Reformers—Indifferenceof Forms—The Supper a Feast of Peace—Divisionsand Violence of Parties—Administration of the Suppergiven up—Determination of the Reformers to preach—Heroism | [376] |
| CHAPTER XI. | |
| PREACHING OF CALVIN AND FAREL IN DEFIANCE OF THEPROHIBITION BY THE COUNCIL—THEIR BANISHMENT FROMGENEVA. | |
| (April 1538.) | |
| Great Distress of mind—Easter Sunday—Farel’s Preachingat St. Gervais—Disorders in the Church—Calvin’s preachingat St. Peter’s—Statement of his Motives—The Church aHoly Body—A quiet Hearing given him—His Sermon atRive—Great Disorder—Swords drawn—Deliberation of theCouncils—Proposal to expel the Ministers—Denial of Justice—Expulsionvoted by the General Council—Calvin’s Reply—Farel’sReply—Departure of the Ministers from Geneva—AProphecy of Bonivard—Journey of Farel and Calvin toBerne—Joy and Sorrow | [393] |
| CHAPTER XII. | |
| GREAT CONFUSION AT GENEVA—USELESS INTERVENTION OFTHE COUNCIL OF BERNE. | |
| (End of April 1538.) | |
| Ridicule and Sarcasm—The New Ministers—Their Incompetency—Arrivalof the Reformers at Berne—Their appearancebefore the Council—Their Grievances—Excitement inthe Council of Berne—Letter of the Council to Geneva—Replyof the Council of Geneva | [412] |
| CHAPTER XIII. | |
| SYNOD OF ZURICH—CALVIN RECONDUCTED TO GENEVA BYBERNESE AMBASSADORS—REFUSAL TO ADMIT HIM TO THETOWN. | |
| (End of April to End of May 1538.) | |
| Farel and Calvin at Zurich—Their Claims—Their Moderation—TheirHumility—The Justice of their Cause—Their approvalby Synod of Zurich—Letter of the Synod to Geneva—Hostilityof Kunz—His Wrath—His Accusations—Hesitationof Berne to intervene—Justice prevails—Embassy fromBerne—Excitement at Geneva—Stoppage of Calvin andFarel at Genthod—The General Council—Favorable Appearances—Treacheryof Kunz—Pierre Vandel—PassionateExcitement—Vote of the General Council—The Opponents—TheMinority | [420] |
| CHAPTER XIV. | |
| BANISHMENT OF THE MINISTERS—THEIR SUCCESSORS ATGENEVA. | |
| (End of 1538.) | |
| Licentiousness—Journey of Calvin and Farel to Berne—Journeyto Basel—Their Reception there—Their Vindication—Hesitationas to Choice of a Post—Rivalry between Baseland Strasburg in seeking for Calvin—Farel called to Neuchâtel—Settlementof Calvin at Strasburg—Death ofCourault—Calvin’s Grief—The new Ministers of Geneva—Calvin’sOpinion of them—Discontent—Accusations—TheComplaints not unfounded—Calvin’s Letter to Christiansof Geneva—His Advice—Farel’s Letter—His deep Sadness | [439] |
| CHAPTER XV. | |
| STRASBURG AND GENEVA. | |
| (End of 1538 to 1539.) | |
| Calvin at Strasburg—Widening of his Horizon—Calvin aPastor—His spiritual Joy—Calvin a Doctor—Treatise on theLord’s Supper—Theological Debates—Calvin’s Poverty—Deathof Olivétan—Calvin’s Courage—Despotism at Geneva—Purification—TheRegents of the College—Their Banishment—Difficultyof finding Substitutes—The Friends of theReformers—Prosecutions—New Syndics—Suppression ofDisorders—Conference at Frankfort—Calvin at Frankfort—Hisintercourse with Melanchthon—On the Supper andon Discipline—On Ceremonies of Worship—Melanchthoncalled to Henry VIII.—Calvin’s opinion of Henry VIII.—Calvin’sReturn to Strasburg | [456] |
| CHAPTER XVI. | |
| CALVIN’S CORRESPONDENCE WITH SADOLETO. | |
| (1539.) | |
| Colloquy of Bishops at Lyons—Cardinal Sadoleto—His Letterto the Genevese—Its Portraiture of the Reformers—ItsConclusion—Delivery of his Letter to the Council—ImmediateConsequences—An important Step towards Rome—TwoMartyrs in Savoy—Calvin’s Reply to Sadoleto—Reasonfor his replying—Separation of the Church—Christian Antiquity—Justificationby Faith—The Judgment Seat of God—Defenceof Calvin—His first Faith—His Resistance—HisConversion—Who tears to Pieces the Spouse of Christ—Towhom Dissensions are to be imputed—Luther’s Joy—Copyreceived at Geneva—Caroli—His End | [478] |
| CHAPTER XVII. | |
| CATHOLICISM AT GENEVA—MARRIAGE OF CALVIN AT STRASBURG. | |
| (End of 1539–1540.) | |
| Citation of Priests before the Council—Their Attitude—Theformer Syndic Balard—His Courage—His Abjuration—Calvin’sThoughts on Geneva—His household Cares—His Desireto Marry—Various Projects—Hesitation—Idelette deBure—Marriage—Catherine von Bora and Idelette de Bure—SecondAssembly at Hagenau—Nothing done | [499] |
| CHAPTER XVIII. | |
| GENEVA—DISSENSIONS AND SEVERITIES. | |
| (1540.) | |
| Conflict between Berne and Geneva—Treaty with Berne—TheArticulants—Refusal of Geneva to ratify the Treaty—Judgmentgiven at Lausanne—Indignation at Geneva—Prosecutionof the Articulants—Their Condemnation—JeanPhilippe Captain-General—His Irritation—Riot excited byhim—His Defeat—His Arrest—His Condemnation to Death—Deathof Richardet—A Prediction of Calvin—The Ways ofGod | [512] |
HISTORY
OF THE
REFORMATION IN EUROPE
IN THE TIME OF CALVIN.
BOOK X.