History of Sanitation

by J. J. Cosgrove

Explanatory Description of Full Page Illustrations

Ancient Roman Fountain at Corinth		Page [6]
	An old fountain at Corinth, Greece, whose piping and stone constructiondate from about the time of the Christian era. It was standing herewhen St. Paul lived and taught in Corinth, and is still the only source ofwater supply for a large contingent of Greek housekeepers. Drinkingwater is carried home in jars, but washing is done on the spot, just as itwas centuries ago.
The Roman Aqueduct of Segovia, Spain		Page [36]
	This aqueduct is 937 feet long, and consists of 320 arches in two tiers,the highest arch in the lower tier being 102 feet. It is supposed to havebeen built in the time of Trajan. Segovia was an ancient Roman city located in old Castile, Spain, andwas the residence of the kings of Leon and Castile.
The Oldest Bathroom in the World		Page [76]
	This photograph was made at the ruined palace and fortress of Tiryns,in Greece. It is regarded by archæologists as one of the oldest cities in theworld, and is mentioned by name in Greek poetry of 2,000 years ago. Itsrulers must have been men of great importance, as their stone palace(parts of its walls and galleries are as firm and solid as ever) was a structureof splendid dimensions and substantial character. There is no doubt the 8 × 9-foot slab of stone seen in the picture formedthe floor of a bathroom. At the farther edge there still remains theslanting groove cut in as an outlet for water.
Bathing and Burning Hindu Dead at Benares		Page [90]
	Dipping a corpse in the holy waters of the Ganges River before burningit on the bank—a daily occurrence at Benares, India. Some worshippermay very likely drink the water only twenty feet away.
The Fountain of Elisha		Page [108]
	The waters of this ancient fountain were miraculously sweetened bythe Prophet Elisha.

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Table of Contents

	Page
Chapter I
Sanitation of Primitive Man—Early Wells—Rebekah at the Well—Joseph's Well—Well at the Rancho Chack	[1]
Chapter II
Cisterns—Early Mention of Cisterns—Cisterns of Carthage—Early Methods of Raising Water—Water Carriers—Pool of Siloam—Pool of Solomon—Aqueducts—Carthagenian Aqueduct—Aqueducts of Rome—Aqueduct of Segovia, Spain—Trophies of Marius	[7]
Chapter III
Early Sewage Disposal—Removal of Offensive Materials from Temples of Jerusalem—Sewage Systems of a Pre-Babylonian City—Sewers of Rome—The Cloaca Maxima—The Dejecti-Effusive Act	[29]
Chapter IV
Origin of Bathing—Early Greek Baths—Roman Private Baths—Public Baths of Rome—Ruins of Baths of Caracalla—Description of the Thermæ—The Thermæ of Titus at Rome—Baths of Pompeii—Heating Water for Roman Baths—Thermæ of Titus Restored	[37]
Chapter V
Fall of the Roman Empire—Succeeding Period Known as the Dark Ages—Sanitation During the Dark Ages—Beginning of Material Progress in Sanitation—Pilgrimage to Juggernaut—Water Supply in Paris—London Water Supply—Aqueduct of Zempoala, Mexico	[63]
Chapter VI
Introduction of Pumping Machinery into Waterworks Practice—The Archimedes Screw—Use of Pumps in Hanover, Germany—First London Pump on London Bridge—Savery and Newcomen's Pumping Engine—The Hydraulic Ram—Pumping Engines Erected for the Philadelphia Waterworks—Pipes for Distributing Water—Hydrants and Valves for Wooden Pipes—Data Regarding the Use of Wooden Pipes—Modern Pumping Engines	[77]
Chapter VII
Early British Sewers—Sewer in the Great Hall of Westminster—Shape of Early English Sewers—Adoption or Recommendation of Pipe Sewers—Early Paris Sewers—Paris Sewers of To-day—Lack of Sewage Data in America—Effect of Memphis Epidemics on Sanitary Progress	[85]
Chapter VIII
Sanitary Awakening—Realization of the Danger of Unwholesome Water—Cholera in London Traced to the Broad Street Pump—An Historical Stink	[91]
Chapter IX
Introduction of Water Filters—Striking Example of the Efficiency and Value—Cholera at Altona and Hamburg—Purification of Sewage—The Automatic Scavenger of Mouras—Investigations of the Massachusetts State Board of Health—Garbage Destruction	[109]
Chapter X
Modern and Recent Plumbing Fixtures—Passing of the Marble Lavatory—Public Wash Houses—Public Comfort Stations—Conclusion	[119]

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List of Illustrations

		Page
1	Rebekah at the Well	[2]
2	Well at the Rancho Chack	[4]
3	Ancient Roman Fountain at Corinth	[6]
4	The Cisterns at Carthage	[7]
5	Pole and Bucket for Raising Water	[8]
6	Ruins of Ancient Cisterns	[8]
7	Old Roman Water-Wheel	[9]
8	Water Carrier with Jar	[9]
9	Water Carrier with Goat-Skin Bag	[11]
10	Pool of Siloam	[12]
11	Pool of Solomon	[13]
12	Aqueduct near Tunis, Leading to Ancient Carthage	[14]
13	Ancient Roman Well	[15]
14	Ruins of a Roman Aqueduct	[17]
15	Distant View of the Claudia Aqueduct	[18]
16	Near View of the Claudia Aqueduct	[19]
17	Aqueduct in Ruins, Ephesus	[20]
18	Roman Aqueduct, Segovia, Spain	[22]
19	Water Tower and Roman Ruins, Chester, England	[23]
20	Roman Water Pipes, made of Bored-out Blocks of Stone	[24]
21	Trophies of Marius	[25]
22	Old Roman Lead and Terra Cotta Pipe	[26]
23	The Women's Baths, Pompeii	[28]
24	The Cloaca Maxima. From an old woodcut	[31]
25	The Cloaca Maxima. From a recent photograph	[32]
26	Egyptian Lady Having Head Sprayed, 1700 B. C.	[33]
27	Greek Women Bathing	[34]
28	Greek Bath Tubs	[34]
29	The Roman Aqueduct of Segovia, Spain	[36]
30	Mosaic from Floor of Baths of Caracalla	[37]
31	Ruins of the Baths of Caracalla, Rome	[38]
32	Interior of the Frigidarium, Caracalla	[39]
33	Outer Row of Baths, Caracalla, Rome	[41]
34	Thermæ of Titus at Rome	[46]
35	Clipeus. From an old woodcut	[46]
36	Floor Plan of the Baths of Pompeii	[47]
37	Frigidarium. From an old woodcut	[48]
38	Atlantes	[50]
39	Coppers for Heating Water in Roman Baths	[52]
40	Ground Plan of Thermæ of Caracalla	[55]
41	Hypocaust for Heating Water, Thermæ of Caracalla	[57]
42	Restoration of Thermæ of Titus. (Restored by Leclerc)	[58]
43	Plan of the Thermæ of Titus, Rome. (Restored by Leclerc)	[59]
44	Sectional Elevation, Thermæ of Titus, Rome	[60]
45	Frigidarium, Thermæ of Caracalla, Rome. (Restored by Viollet-le-Duc.)	[61]
46	Interior View of Aqueduct, Lisbon, Portugal	[62]
47	Destroyed Lead Font, Great Plumstead, Norfolk	[64]
48	Leaden Cup, of the time of Vespasian	[65]
49	Lead Pipehead and Pipe	[66]
50	Lead Cistern with the Arms of the Fishmongers' Company	[67]
51	Car of Juggernaut	[68]
52	Distant View of Zempoala Aqueduct, Queretaro, Mexico	[70]
53	Near View of Zempoala Aqueduct, Mexico	[71]
54	Zempoala Aqueduct. From an old print	[72]
[55]	The Oldest Bathroom in the World	[76]
56	Savery's Engine	[77]
57	Newcomen's Engine	[78]
58	Pump House, Philadelphia	[79]
59	Wooden Boilers used in Philadelphia Water Supply	[80]
60	Bored-out Log Pipe, used in British Columbia	[81]
61	Valve for Wooden Pipes used in Philadelphia Water Supply	[82]
62	Hydrant for Wooden Pipes used in Philadelphia Water Supply	[82]
63	Modern Vertical Triple-Expansion Pumping Engine	[83]
64	Aqueduct Crossing the Alcantara Valley	[84]
65	Bathing and Burning Hindu Dead at Benares	[90]
66	Map Showing Relation of Cholera and the Broad Street Pump	[92]
67	York Survey of the Broad Street Pump	[101]
68	The Fountain of Elisha	[108]
69	Map Showing Location of Cases of Cholera in Hamburg and Altona	[110]
70	New York Public Baths	[118]
71	Bathroom of the Early Seventies	[119]
72	One Stage in the Evolution of the Porcelain Enameled Bath	[120]
73	A Slop Sink of Long Ago	[120]
74	Bath Tub Encased in Woodwork	[121]
75	An Old Marble-Top Lavatory	[121]
76	A Modern Porcelain Enameled Lavatory	[122]
77	Present Stage in the Evolution of Porcelain Enameled Baths	[123]
78	A Twentieth Century Bathroom	[124]