[576] He appears in John of Gaunt’s accounts: “Item à Esmon de Wyght esquier à monsire Johan de Haukewode, de nostre doun, lxvj s. viij.” “John of Gaunt’s Register,” ed. Armitage Smith, 1911, vol. ii. p. 299; no date, but of 1372, or shortly after.
[577] Rawdon Brown, “Calendar of State Papers relating to English Affairs . . . at Venice,” London, 1864, vol. i. pp. 24, 29; original in Latin.
[578] Rymer’s “Fœdera,” vol. v. p. 777; in Latin. As to Boucicaut and his more famous son, both marshals of France, see Delaville le Roulx, “La France en Orient, au XIVe Siècle,” Paris, 1886, vol. i. pp. 160 ff. Such letters being delivered pretty frequently, were drawn up after a common form like our passports. See the one given by Rymer in vol. vii. p. 337, A.D. 1381. In November, 1392, the Earl of Derby, future Henry IV, was at Venice, and set out thence to go to the Holy Land. He had letters for the Republic from Albert IV, Duke of Austria, and the Great Council lent him a galley for his voyage. Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, also set out from Venice for Palestine, in February, 1398–9. He was the bearer of a letter from Richard II to the Venetian Senate. “Calendar of State Papers . . . at Venice,” ed. Rawdon Brown, p. lxxxi.
[579] “Historical Papers from the Northern Registers,” ed. Raine, Rolls Series, p. 425.
[580] “En celle malle fortune perdy nostre nafve l’un de ses tymons dont elle estoit gouvernée en partie, et fut renversée nostre voille par plusieurs fois en la marine, malgré tous les mariniers.” The darkness was complete, and they thought their end had come; but they were saved, reaching Cyprus where they had not intended to go. “Le Saint Voyage de Jérusalem du Seigneur d’Anglure,” ed. Bonnardot and Longnon, “Société des Anciens Textes Français,” Paris, 1878.
[581] “Chronique de Monstrelet,” bk. i. chap. viii.
[582] The voyages called “Mandeville’s Voiage and Travaile” were assuredly written in the fourteenth century in French, then were translated e.g. into Latin and English. Only the portion relating to Egypt, Palestine, and Syria, may have been founded on a real journey. The article “Mandeville,” by Mr. E. B. Nicholson and Colonel Yule in “The Encyclopædia Britannica”; a paper, “Untersuchungen über Johann von Mandeville und die Quelle seiner Reiseschreibung,” Berlin, 1888 (printed in “Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde,” bd. xxiii. p. 177), and Mr. G. F. Warner’s “The Buke of John Maundevil,” being the travels of Sir John Mandeville, Kt. 1322–56, Roxb. Club, 1889, fol., with the French and English texts; the notice by the same on Mandeville in the “Dictionary of National Biography,” notices by H. Cordier in his “Bibliotheca Sinica” and in “Revue Critique,” Oct. 26, 1891, represent the actual state of the question. English text in modern spelling, ed. Pollard, London, 1900. Earliest dated MS., a French one in the National Library, Paris, A.D. 1371; the identification of Mandeville with Jean de Bourgogne, alias “à la Barbe,” or “ad Barbam,” a physician of Liège, who died there in 1372, seems certain.
[583] “A Survey of Egypt and Syria undertaken in the year 1422, by Sir Gilbert de Lannoy, Kt., translated from a MS. in the Bodleian Library,” “Archæologia,” vol. xxi. pp. 281, 319, giving also the French original. Born in 1386, employed by the Duke of Burgundy, then by the King of England, Lannoy died in 1462.
[584] Sloane MS. 1464, fo. 3, British Museum.
[585] And a very large quantity, beginning as early as the fourth century (to which century belongs the “Itinerarium Burdigala Hierosolymam”), had preceded those. See, among others, “Itinera Hierosolymitana et Descriptiones Terræ Sancta,” ed. Tobler and Molinier, 1879, ff.; “Itinéraires à Jérusalem, rédigés en français aux XIe, XIIe et XIIIe Siècles,” ed. Michelant and Raynaud, 1882, both works forming part of the publications of the “Société de l’Orient Latin.” One of the best among the older guide-books was due to the French monk Bernard in the year 870. The monk, who went by way of Egypt, is brief, accurate, matter of fact, as little emotional as possible, discards all wonders, and is often careful to add: “asseritur,” “dicitur.”