Neander’s General History of the Christian Religion and Church, Milman’s History of Latin Christianity, Hardwick’s History of the Christian Church: Middle Age (1853), and the variorum notes in Reid’s Mosheim, give most of the documentary clues. But national histories should specially be consulted at this stage—e.g., Crichton and Wheaton’s Scandinavia (2nd ed. 1838, two vols.); Geijer’s History of Sweden (Eng. tr. of first three vols. in one, no date); Blok’s History of the Dutch People (Eng. tr., five vols. 1898–1907); Krasinski’s Sketch of the Religious History of the Slavonic Nations (1851). The subject of Tithes is carefully and compendiously dealt with in A History of Tithes, by the Rev. H. W. Clarke (Sonnenschein, 1891).
§ 3. Growth of the Papacy
In addition to the general histories consult Gregorovius’ Geschichte der Stadt Rom (Eng. tr. 2nd ed. 1901) and The Pope and the Councils, by “Janus” (tr. 1869 from German). Hefele’s History of the Christian Councils (Eng. tr., 1871–1896, five vols.), though by a Catholic scholar, is generally accepted as the standard modern work on its subject. Hallam’s View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages is still valuable for its general views. Fuller details may be had from monographs on leading popes—e.g., Voigt’s Hildebrand und sein Zeitalter (French trans. by Abbé Jager, with added notes and documents, 1847) and Langeron’s Grégoire VII et les origines de la doctrine ultramontaine (1874). On the ancient Egyptian parallels see Maspero, Histoire ancienne des peuples de l’orient.
Chapter II—Religious Evolution and Strife
Consult the ecclesiastical historians already cited, and compare R. L. Poole, Illustrations of the History of Medieval Thought (1884), as to Agobard and Claudius. For the special worships of Mary and Joseph see the popular Catholic manual “The Glories of Mary,” and P. Paul Barrie’s “Glories of Joseph” (Eng. trans. Dublin, 1843 and later)—extracts in C. H. Collette’s Dr. Newman and his Religious Opinions, 1866—also Newman’s Letter to Dr. Pusey, as there cited. Sketches of the history of auricular confession are given in Rev. B. W. Savile’s Primitive and Catholic Faith, 1875, ch. xiii, and in Confession, a doctrinal and historical essay, by L. Desanctis, Eng. tr. 1878; and sketches of the history of indulgences in Lea’s History of the Inquisition, i, 41–47; De Potter’s Esprit de l’Église, vii, 22–29; and Lea’s Studies in Church History, 1869, p. 450. Of the Albigensian crusades a full narrative is given by Sismondi, Histoire des Français, tom. vi and vii—chapters collected and translated in Eng. vol., History of the Crusades against the Albigenses (1826). The most comprehensive study of the chief heresies of the Middle Ages is Döllinger’s Beiträge zur Sektengeschichte des Mittelalters, 2 Bde. 1890. On the rationalistic heresies consult Ueberweg’s History of Philosophy, Hermann Renter’s Geschichte der religiösen Aufklärung im Mittelalter (1875–77); Poole’s Illustrations of Medieval Thought, and Renan’s Averroës et l’Averroïsme. On the anti-clerical and anti-papal heresies compare Neander, Mosheim, Milman, Hardwick, and Poole. The fortunes of the Lollard movement are discussed in the author’s Dynamics of Religion.
Chapter III—The Social Life and Structure
Of the historians cited in the last chapter, most are serviceable here. Consult in addition Lea’s Superstition and Force (3rd ed. 1878), Berington’s Literary History of the Middle Ages, Dunham’s Europe in the Middle Ages, and Ampère’s Histoire Littéraire, before cited. There are good lives of Savonarola by Perrens (French) and Villari, Eng. tr. See also J. A. Symonds, Renaissance in Italy: Age of the Despots. On slavery compare Larroque, De l’esclavage chez les nations chrétiennes (2e édit. 1864); or see the author’s Evolution of States, per index. An excellent general view of the Crusades is given in the manual by Sir G. W. Cox (“Epochs of History” series). The latest expert survey of the subject is that of M. Seignobos, in the Histoire générale of MM. Lavisse and Rambaud. For a survey of the effect of Christianity on European life in general see Mr. McCabe’s The Bible in Europe: an Inquiry into the Contribution of the Christian Religion to Civilization (R. P. A., 1907) and The Religion of Woman (1905).
Chapter IV—The Intellectual Life
Again the same general authorities may be referred to, in particular Lea’s History of the Inquisition; also White’s History of the Warfare of Science with Theology (two vols. 1896), Gebhart’s Les origines de la renaissance (1879), Burckhardt’s Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (Eng. tr. in one vol. 1892), Buckle’s Introduction to the History of Civilization in England, Whewell’s History of the Inductive Sciences, Baden Powell’s History of Natural Philosophy (1834); and for the different countries their special histories. Draper’s Intellectual Development of Europe is to be followed with caution. As to Gerbert see the Vie de Gerbert of M. Olleris, 1867. On the general question see the volumes of F. H. Perrycoste on Ritual, Faith, and Morals and The Influence of Religion Upon Truthfulness (R. P. A. 1910, 1913). The effect of the Inquisition on literature is exactly and instructively set forth in G. H. Putnam’s The Censorship of the Church of Rome (two vols. 1906).