[50] Dugat, pp. 28, 44; Guyard, p. 36; Steiner, pp. 24–25; Renan, Averroès, p. 101. The Kadarites, as Sale notes (pp. 164–65), are really an older group than the Motazilites, so-called, their founder having rejected predestination before Wasil did. Kuenen (Hibbert Lect. p. 47) writes as if all the Motazilites were maintained of freewill, but they varied. See Prof. Macdonald, as cited, p. 135 sq. [↑]
[51] Sale, pp. 165, 172–73. [↑]
[52] For a view of the various schools of Sifatites see Sale, pp. 166–74. [↑]
[53] Guyard, pp. 37–38; G. D. Osborn, The Khalifs of Baghdad, 1878, p. 134. [↑]
[54] Steiner, p. 16. Major Osborn (work cited, p. 136) attributes their rise to the influence of Eastern Christianity, but gives no proof. [↑]
[55] Guyard, p. 40. Cp. Sale, p. 176; Van Vloten, p. 43. [↑]
[56] Dugat, p. 34. Thus the orthodox sect of Hanyfites were called by one writer followers of reason, since they relied rather on their judgment than on tradition. [↑]
[57] Steiner, p. 5; Nicholson, p. 370. [↑]
[58] Steiner, pp. 5, 9, 88–89; Sale, p. 161; Macdonald, p. 140. [↑]
[59] Sedillot, Hist. des Arabes, p. 335; Prof. A. Müller, Der Islam (in Oncken’s series), i, 470; Ueberweg, i, 402. [↑]