[128] Owen, p. 43; Bartoli, Storia, i, 295, as to the French fabliaux. [↑]
[129] Labitte, La divine comédie avant Dante, in Charpentier ed. of Dante, pp. 133–34. [↑]
[130] Aucassin and Nicolette, tr. by Eugene Mason, p. 6. [↑]
[131] Sismondi, Literature of Southern Europe, Eng. tr. i, 74–95. [↑]
[133] Zeller, Histoire d’Italie, 1853, p. 152; Renan, Averroès, p. 184. [↑]
[134] “The Troubadours in truth were freethinkers” (Owen, Italian Skeptics, p. 48). Cp. Lea, Hist. of the Inquisition, ii, 2; and Hardwick, p. 274, note 4, as to the common animus against the papacy. [↑]
[135] Heeren, Essai sur l’influence des Croisades, French tr. 1808, p. 174, note; Owen, Italian Skeptics, p. 44, note. [↑]
[136] Abbé Queant, Gerbert, ou Sylvestre II, 1868, pp. 30–31. [↑]
[137] Sismondi, as cited, p. 82; Owen, pp. 66, 68; Mosheim, 11 Cent. pt. ii, ch. i, § 4; 12 Cent. pt. ii, ch. i, § 9, and Reid’s note to § 8; Hampden, Bampton Lectures, p. 446. The familiar record that Gerbert, afterwards Pope Sylvester II, studied in Spain among the Arabs (Ueberweg, i, 369) has of late years been discredited (Olleris, Vie de Gerbert, 1867, chs. ii and xxv; Ueberweg, p. 430; Poole, Illustrations, p. 88); but its very currency depended on the commonness of some such proceeding in his age. In any case, the teaching he would receive at the Spanish monastery of Borel would owe all its value to Saracen culture. Cp. Abbé Queant, Gerbert, pp. 26–32. The greatness of the service he rendered to northern Europe in introducing the Arabic numerals is expressed in the legend of his magical powers. Compare the legends as to Roger Bacon. [↑]