[781] Van Kampen, i, 512. Camden (Hist. of Elizabeth, trans. 3rd ed. 1635, p. 369) states that Parma was unready to sail when called upon, but adds that the Dutch ships of war lay so placed that he "could not put from shore."
[782] While Charles V spoke all the languages of his empire, Philip spoke only Spanish. Motley, p. 74. See the notes for a sample of his cast of mind.
[783] Davies, ii, 199.
[784] M'Culloch (Treatises, p. 347) states that even in its prosperous period Antwerp had little shipping of its own. He refers to Guicciardini's Descrizzione, but I cannot trace the testimony; and Guicciardini, while speaking of the multitudes of foreigners always at Antwerp (French tr. ed. 1625, fol. p. 114), mentions that the population included a great number of mariners (p. 95).
[785] Grattan, pp. 232, 233, 237; Davies, ii, 452-65, etc.; Motley, United Netherlands, ed. 1867, iv, 537.
[786] Van Kampen, ii, 35.
[787] Id. p. 37.
[788] Id. p. 36.
[789] Motley, Rise, p. 149; Prescott, Philip II, ed. cited, p. 659.
[790] Davies, ii, 304; Watson, Hist. of Reign of Philip II, ed. 1839, p. 527, citing Grotius, lib. v. In 1600, however, Philip III seems to have either acknowledged the debt to Genoa or borrowed anew to a large amount; and at his death he is said to have doubled the debt (Howell, Epistolæ Ho-elianæ, ed. Bennett, 1891, i, 138).