[1110] A similar idea, I find, is well expressed by Seeley, Expansion of England, p. 114.
[1111] As to the element of historic "accident," cp. MM. Langlois and Seignobos, Introduction aux études historiques, 2e éd. p. 253.
[1112] Hallam, discriminating the shades of opinion, lays it down that "A favourer of unlimited monarchy was not a Tory, neither was a Republican a Whig. Lord Clarendon was a Tory: Hobbes was not; Bishop Hoadly was a Whig: Milton was not" (History, as cited, iii, 199). But though Hobbes's political doctrine was odious to the Tory clergy, and even to legitimists as such, it certainly made for Toryism in practice. In the words of Green: "If Hobbes destroyed the old ground of royal despotism, he laid a new and a firmer one." Cp. T. Whittaker, in Social England, iv, 280, 281, as to the conflict between "divine right" royalism and Hobbes's principle of an absolute sovereignty set up by social consent to begin with.
[1113] As to the "high pretensions to religion, combined with an almost unlimited rapacity" (Petty) on the part of many leading Puritans, cp. Gardiner, Commonwealth and Protectorate, ii, 167, 172, 187, 194, 302, 358, etc.
[1114] In the essay on "Hallam's Constitutional History" (1828). In the History the verdict is more favourable.
[1115] Lives of the Friends of the Lord Chancellor Clarendon, by Lady T. Lewis, i, 70; cited in Falklands, by T.L. (Author of Life of Sir Kenelm Digby), 1897, pp. 121-22.
[1116] On the general question of his course see the defence of T.L. (work cited, p. 129 sq.), and that by Mr. J.A. R. Marriott, Life and Times of Viscount Falkland, 2nd. ed. 1908, p. 331 sq.
[1117] As against from 100 to 140 "neuters" and Royalists, and 170 lawyers or officers (Hallam, ii, 269, note, citing the Clarendon Papers, iii, 443).
[1118] Republicans there still were in the reigns of William and Anne (see Hallam, iii, 120, 230; cp. the author's essay on "Fletcher of Saltoun" in Our Corner, Jan., 1888), but they never acted openly as such.
[1119] See below, ch. iii, § 2.