Gringore (Pierre), French poet and dramatist, b. about 1475, satirised the pope and clergy as well as the early reformers. Died about 1544.
Grisebach (Eduard), German writer, b. Gottingen 9 Oct. 1845. Studied law, but entered the service of the State and became Consul at Bucharest, Petersburg, Milan and Hayti. Has written many poems, of which the best known is The New Tanhäuser, first published anonymously in ’69, and followed by Tanhäuser in Rome, ’75. Has also translated Kin Ku Ki Kuan, Chinese novels. Is a follower of Schopenhauer, whose bibliography he has compiled, 1888.
Grote (George), the historian of Greece, b. near Beckenham, Kent, 17 Nov. 1794. Descended from a Dutch family. He was educated for the employment of a banker and was put to business at the age of sixteen. He was however addicted to literary pursuits, and became a friend and disciple of James Mill and Jeremy Bentham. In 1820 he married a cultured lady, Harriet Lewin, and in ’22 his Analysis of the Influence of Natural Religion was published by Carlile, under the pen name of Philip Beauchamp. He also wrote in the Westminster Review. In ’33 he was elected as Radical M.P. for the City of London and retained his seat till ’41. He was chiefly known in Parliament for his advocacy of the ballot. In ’46–’56 he published his famous History of Greece, which cost him the best years of his life; this was followed by Plato and the other Companions of Socrates. His review of J. S. Mill’s Examination of Sir William Hamilton’s Philosophy, ’61, showed he retained his Freethought until the end of his life. He died 18 June ’71, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Grote (Harriet) nee Lewin, wife of the above, b. 1792, shared in his opinions and wrote his life. Died 29 Dec. 1878.
Gruen (Karl) German author, b. 30 Sept. 1817, Lüdenschied, Westphalia, studied at Bonn and Berlin. In ’44 he came to Paris, was a friend to Proudhon and translated his Philosophy of Misery, was arrested in ’49 and condemned to exile; lived at Brussels till ’62, when he was made professor at Frankfort. He became professor of English at the College of Colmar, established a Radical journal the Mannheim Evening News and he wrote Biographical Studies of Schiller, ’44, and Feuerbach, ’71. A Culture History of the 16th–17th Centuries, and The Philosophy of the Present, ’76. Died at Vienna 17 February, 1887.
Gruet (Jacques), Swiss Freethinker, tortured and put to death for blasphemy by order of Calvin at Geneva, 26 July, 1547. After his death papers were found in his possession directed against religion. They were burnt by the common hangman, April, 1550.
Gruyer (Louis Auguste Jean François-Philippe), Belgian philosopher, b. Brussels, 15 Nov. 1778. He wrote an Essay of Physical Philosophy, 1828, Tablettès Philosophiques, ’42. Principles of Physical Philosophy, ’45, etc. He held the atomic doctrine, and that matter was eternal. Died Brussels 15 Oct. 1866.
Guadet (Marguerite Elie), Girondin, b. Saint Emilion (Gironde), 20 July, 1758. He studied at Bordeaux, and became an advocate in ’81. He threw himself enthusiastically into the Revolution, and was elected Deputy for the Gironde. His vehement attacks on the Jacobins contributed to the destruction of his party, after which he took refuge, but was arrested and beheaded at Bordeaux, 15 June, 1794.
Gubernatis (Angelo de), see [De Gubernatis].
Guépin (Ange), French physician, b. Pontivy, 30 Aug. 1805. He became M.D. in ’28. After the revolution of July, ’30, Dr. Guépin was made Professor at the School of Medicine at Nantes. He formed the first scientific and philosophical congress, held there in ’33. In ’48 he became Commissaire of the Republic at Nantes, and in ’50 was deprived of his situation. In ’54 he published his Philosophy of the Nineteenth Century. After the fall of the Empire, M. Guépin became Prefet of La Loire Inférieure, but had to resign from ill-health. Died at Nantes, 21 May, 1873, and was buried without any religious ceremony.