What Have the Greeks Done for Modern Civilisation?

by J. P. Mahaffy

Hence in a season of calm weather
Though inland far we be,
Our Souls have sight of that immortal sea
Which brought us hither,
Can in a moment travel thither,
And hear the children sporting on the shore,
And hear the mighty waves, rolling for evermore.

Need I pass on to Aristotle, and show in detail how his philosophy so dominated mediæval learning that it was adopted and protected by the Church, and that it became one of the efforts of the spirit of reform in logic and in psychology to break the shackles which this great thinker had, as the modern spirits often complained, forged to keep the human intellect from its advance? Need I tell you that this was owing to a travesty of the great man, learned not from his own pregnant words but through translations and commentaries?

I will conclude with a reference to the two great systems that dominated the Roman world after Plato and Aristotle had turned philosophy into an ethical channel—I mean those of the Stoics and of the Epicureans, who mapped out human character with a clearness that makes them our teachers to the present day. Not that they avoided speculating on the nature of the universe. The physics of Epicurus, borrowed from Democritus, are among the most difficult of studies, and the Stoics embraced in their view as the motive of action of their wise man all the harmony of the universe. These speculations may now be antiquated, but as the teachers of ethical types, as the expounders of what the highest human wisdom finds in its search for happiness, these two schools have fixed the types of civilised men for all time. Every man in this audience is born either a Stoic or an Epicurean, or what is perhaps far more common, alternates from one to the other according to circumstances. In its simplest form the great question is: Are we to live for duty, or live for pleasure—not of course mere vulgar pleasure of the senses, but that refined balance of intellectual and moral pleasure which you will find best explained in my old friend Walter Pater’s Marius the Epicurean; or else are we to seek for our standard outside ourselves, in the laws which the Moral Governor of the world has established for its welfare, and co-operate with Him in the promotion of His great ends? Such is the ideal wise man of the Stoics, who despised all earthly delights, all physical pleasures, for the sake of the great law of duty, and the great mission of living for some nobler purpose than mere animal or social comforts. We have its best expression in the peroration of Cicero’s account of the system[47]; or if you will have it in a more familiar shape, in the loud clarion of Saint Paul: “As deceivers, and yet true; as unknown, and yet well known; as dying, and behold, we live; as sorrowful, yet alway rejoicing; as poor, yet making many rich; as having nothing, yet possessing all things.”[48] For he too was bred a Stoic, and was not afraid in his addresses to cultivated men of his day to preach Stoic theology, akin to Pantheism.

If the time should ever come when men will no longer be led by revelation, when they will reject miracle and prophecy, and determine to be led by the mere light of reason (men have often anticipated such a future, regardless of the fact that hitherto religious scepticism has always ended in a recoil from this liberty, and a revival of positive and even superstitious creeds)—if, I say, such an age should ever lay aside the Christian faith, there will still remain the ethical types which Zeno and Epicurus have crystallised in their systems—there will always remain the man of duty and the man of pleasure, the man who lives for others and he who lives for himself, in terms of modern philosophic jargon, the Altruist and the Egoist, the Spiritualist and the Materialist.

And here I break off my unfinished task, unfinished indeed as it must be, for beyond the many things that I have omitted though I knew them, there are many more omitted because I knew them not, because I have not fathomed the unfathomable depth and the myriad variety of that genius which is living, and suggesting, and working all through the ideal aspects of our modern life. There are probably few men who have lived longer and more intimately with the old Greeks, in more phases of their life, ever probing and seeking for deeper and better knowledge of their vast legacy to mankind, of which the rodent tooth of time, the sacrilegious hands of men, have lost or destroyed so much. The farther I seek, the wider the vistas I see opening before me. So now, when my part in the race is nearly run, there remains to me no higher earthly satisfaction than this, that I have carried the torch of Greek fire alight through a long life—no higher earthly hope than this, that I may pass that torch to others, who in their turn may keep it aflame with greater brilliancy perhaps, but not with more earnest devotion, “in the Parliament of men, the Federation of the world.”

INDEX

[A], [B], [C], [D], [E], [F], [G], [H], [I], [J], [K], [L], [M], [N], [O], [P], [R], [S], [T], [U], [V], [W], [X], [Z]

A
Achæan League, organisation and dissolution, [203], [204]
Acontius and Cydippe, love story of a modern type, [94]
Actium, battle, [71]
Æneid of Virgil, see Virgil
Æolic school, characteristic, [53]
Æschylus, source of his tragedy, [36], [37];
one of the “three tragic poets,” [47];
Milton’s view of, [47];
characters of his plays, [48];
judge of tragedy, [73];
music of, [136]
Agamemnon: great play, [27];
opening of, [48];
“vulgar and trivial persons,” [48];
contributes to Byron, [55];
Browning’s version, [57];
often translated into English, [58]
Prometheus Vinctus: model for Paradise Lost, [47]
Æsculapius, shrine of, [176]
Agamemnon, see Æschylus
Agatharchus, discovers principles of perspective, [130]
Alcæus, poet, [37]
Alexander, Life of, [97]
Alexandria, library, collecting of, gives impetus to literary criticism, [91]
Alexandrian school, development of mechanics, [162];
invention of the sakia, [165]
Alkestis, see Euripides
Alma-Tadema, Sir Edward, influenced by Greek art, [131], [132]
Amyot, imitated Greek novel, [96]
Anatomy, how studied by Greeks, [148]
Anaxagoras, principal feature of his system, [229];
on original particles, [229];
Aristotle on, [229];
his famous Nous, [230], [231]
Anaximander, makes advances in astronomy, [216], [217];
geological observations of, [218]
Anaximenes, idea of the fundamental element of the world, [216], [217];
theory of eclipses, [217]
Antiphon, treatises of, [82]
Antony and Cleopatra, see Shakespeare
Aphrodite of Melos, mentioned, [118]
Apollonius of Perga, treatment of conic sections, [161], [167]
Apollonius Rhodius, delights in nature, [59]
Argonautics: great epic, [41];
model for Milton, [43];
and Goethe’s Faust, [44]
Arabic numerals, [157]
Archilochus, poet, [37]
Archimedes, triumphs of, in mechanics, [162], [167]
Architecture, earliest form of house, [99];
houses of the dead, [100-102], [110], [111];
square house, [102];
evolution of classical, [103];
building materials, [103];
Doric, [104];
temples, [105], [110];
distinction between house and temple, [106], [107];
perfection of religious, [106], [107];
arch not used by Greeks, [107], [108];
Greek and Roman, compared, [108];
purpose in parts of a building, [109];
origin of arch, [109];
Roman use of arch, [110];
ornamentation of, by sculpture, [120]
Archytas, [167]
Areopagitica, see Milton
Argonautics, see Apollonius Rhodius
Argos, slaves in, [188]
Aristides, studied oratory, [70]
Aristocracies, in classical and mediæval times, [184]
Aristophanes, as critic, [92];
ridicules Asklepiads, [176]
Aristophanes, diction and metre, [37];
greatest master of Greek comedy, [60], [61];
Frere’s translation, [61], [64];
Rogers’s translation, [61];
influence and legacy, [61]
Birds and Frogs: [27]
Aristotle, almost canonised, [19];
criticism of Iphigenia in Aulis, [62], [72];
criticism of Medea, [62];
distinction between prose and poetry, [62], [63];
on Herodotus, [62], [63], [73];
on dramatic poetry and history, [72], [74];
and Herodotus, on style and subject of history, [74];
treatise on Language, [149];
treatise on Reasoning, [150];
arithmetical proof of theorem in geometry, [156];
on geometry, [159];
“master of those that knew,” [167];
brought up in Socratic method, [167];
style of writing, [167], [168];
system of collaboration, [168], [171];
collaborators, [169];
does no original work in mathematics, [169];
competence in mathematics, [170];
sciences promoted by, [171];
views on slavery, [189];
views on craftsmen, [189];
essential in his ideal of a state, [206];
objection to atomic theory, [233];
influence on modern thought, [237];
his philosophy and the Church, [242]
Constitution of Athens: [169]
Poetic: on tragic poetry, [61];
on dramatic poetry and history, [72]
Aristoxenus, collaborator with Aristotle, [169]
Arithmetic, starting-point of mathematics, [153];
importance of, to Pythagoras, [153];
numbers the essence of the universe, [153], [154];
Greek meaning of, [154];
Pythagorean speculations on natural series of units, [155];
specimens of treatment by Pythagoras, [156];
importance of numbers ten and twelve, [156];
Greek notation, [157];
Euclid’s works on, [161];
books on history of, [170]
Arnold, Matthew, compares Milton’s style with Virgil’s, [46];
writes plays after Greek models, [58]
Merope: [58]
Art, earliest Greek, [12];
proper province of, [33], [34];
use of the term, [98]
Artificiality of Greek poetry, defined, [33], [34]
Asklepiads, method of, [176]
Assemblies, in Greek democracies, [183]
Astronomy, books on history of, [170]
Atalanta, see Swinburne
Athens, debts in, [186];
leadership, [201];
degeneration of spiritual life in, [210]
Atomic theory, developed by Leucippus and Democritus, [231], [232];
results of, [233];
Aristotle’s objections to, [233]
Atomists, doctrine of, [218], [219]
Atreus, tomb of, [102], [111]
Attic citizens, character, [208]
Attic Code of laws, [190], 261
Attic life, portrayed by Menander, [208], [209]
B
Bacchylides, comparison of Gray with, [54]
Beehive huts, earliest form of house, [99];
extant examples, [99], [100];
not easily defended, [99];
once a general type, [100];
houses of the dead, [100-102];
Treasury of Athens, [101];
development of, [102]
Biography, Plutarch, model, [80]
Birds and Frogs, of Aristophanes, [27]
Blow’s anthem, “I beheld and lo! a great multitude,” [126]
Boccaccio, and Greek novels, [95]
Botany, promoted by Aristotle, [171]
Botticelli, Greek influence on, [131]
Brougham, Lord, on Demosthenes, [84]
Browning, Robert, his version of Agamemnon, [57];
version of Euripides, [57], [58], [64]
Brydges, Sir Egerton, on choruses in Samson Agonistes, [50]
Buckle’s Civilisation, famous opening, [5]
Burke, Edmund, style influenced by Isocrates, [90];
translation of the Tract on the Sublime, [92]
Burlington Art Club of London, collection of Greek fragments, [21]
Byron, Lord, leader of Romantic school, [55];
knowledge of Greek poetry, [55];
borrows from Æschylus, [55];
interested in Greek life and Greece, [56];
interests Romanticists in Greece, [56]
Byzantine architecture, [18]
C
Calverley’s Theocritus, [64]
Cambridge Platonists, [240]
Carrey, Jacques, drawings of Parthenon, [52]
Cathedral of Henry the Lion at Brunswick, [119]
Chalmers, Thomas, Scotch orator, style, [90]
Chapman, translation of the Iliad, [45], [51]
Charioteer of Delphi, [117]
Choral hymns, Doric, [41]
Cicero on Pindar, [50];
on history, [80];
style modelled on that of Isocrates, [88], [90]
De Finibus: [245]
City states, in Greece, [183];
combinations and alliances, [200]
Colours, use, [118]
Comedy, Greek, influence, [60], [61]
Composition in sculpture, [120], [122]
Comus, see Milton
Constantinople, adheres to Hellenic traditions, [182]
Constitution of Athens, [169]
Contracts, civil, [194]
Conversation, perfection of Greek style, [90], [91];
Plato’s Dialogues, [91]
Corcyrean massacre, Thucydides on, [77]
Cornford, Mr., Thucydides Mythistoricus, referred to, [77]
Criticism, literary, beginnings, [91];
models of, [92];
Tract on the Sublime, [92]
Cyclic poets, [42]
Cyrus, of Xenophon, [94]
D
Dante, gloomy splendour, [19]
Inferno: [27]
Daphnis and Chloe, author unknown, [96];
best specimen of Greek novel, [96]
Dark Ages, conditions in, [181];
causes of retrogression, [236]
Darwin, Charles, on sense of colour, [128]
Death penalty, [192]
Debts, reduction of by Solon, [186]
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, see Gibbon
Decoration, painting a branch of, [132], [133];
household, [145], [146]
De Corona, see Demosthenes
De Finibus of Cicero, [245]
De Jure Pacis et Belli, by Hugo Grotius, [198]
Delos, discoveries at, [145]
Delphi, treasury of Siphnos, [122];
hymn discovered at, [134]
Democritus, development of Atomic theory, [231], [232];
consequences to which his theory led him, [233]
Demosthenes, combined orator and politician, [70];
character of orations, [83], [84]
De Corona: greatest
Greek oration, [83];
style, [84]
Derby, Lord, translator, [57]
Descartes, teachings of, [216], [224];
on colour, [216];
on extension and thought, [224]
Diagoras of Melos, atheist, [215]
Dialects, Homeric, [33], [40], [41];
main cause of their use, [40]
Dialogues of Plato, see Plato
Diatonic scale, basis of Greek music as well as of modern, [135], [142-144]
Didot, Epistolographi Graeci, [92]
Dikæarchus, collaborator with Aristotle, [169]
Dion Chrysostom, rhetor and sophist, [93]
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, essays of, [92]
Dionysius of Syracuse, tyrant, [205]
Diophantus, work in arithmetic and algebra, [161], [162], [167]
Donatello’s problem, [113]
Dorians, literary prose had its origin among them, [67], [68]
Doric choral hymns, [41]
Doric pillar, [104]
Doric temple, [104]
Dörpfeld, Dr., Greek critic, [27];
discoveries at Tiryns, [105]
Drama, Greek, beginnings, [36];
influence, 46 ff, [57], [58]
Dryden, John, translation of Virgil, [53];
model for Gray, [54]
Ode to St. Cecilia: shows Greek influence, [55]
E
Eclogues of Virgil, [24]
Education, Greek: ethical inquiry, [215];
subjects of thought, [215];
relation of
music to, [136], [137], [144];
relation of mathematics and science to philosophy, [179];
higher: and Greek studies, [20];
relation of mathematics and philosophy, [179];
essential element, [214];
best exponent, [215];
relation to character, [241]
Egypt, greatness, [5];
influence on Greece, [11]
Egyptian art, influence on Greek art, [145]
Elea, school of, founder, [221]
Eleusinian Mysteries, [115]
Empedocles, wrote in verse, [39];
principal feature of his system, [229];
postulated principles of Love and Hate, [230], [231]
Entretiens sur l’architecture, see Viollet-le-Duc
Epic poetry, Greek, [41];
modern, [42];
influence, [42]
Epicteta, will of, [196]
Epicureans, on music and morals, [138];
and Stoics, [244]
Epicurus, system of, [245]
Epidauros, place of pilgrimage, [176]
Epistolographi Graeci, [92]
Epoch of Irish History, see Mahaffy, J. P.
Erechtheus of Swinburne, [58]
Etruscans, and the arch, [105];
culture of, [110]
Euclid, how attained perfection, [158], [159];
on optics, [166];
father of geometry, [167];
founds Peripatetic Mathematics, [170]
Elements: summary of all principles discovered previously, [158];
three kinds of data, [159];
careful definitions, [159];
misfortune of, [160];
thirteen books, [160], [161]
Eudemus the Rhodian, collaborator with Aristotle, [169];
his history of sciences, [170]
Eudoxus, astronomer, [167]
Euripides, Milton’s view of, [47];
introduces “vulgar and trivial persons” into his plays, [48];
influence on development of Samson Agonistes, [49];
choruses of, [51];
Browning’s version of his plays, [57-58], [64];
and Tennyson, [60];
Medea, [62]
Alkestis: Browning’s version of, [57]
Iphigenia in Aulis: type of heroine, [62];
Aristotle’s criticism of, [62], [72]
Mad Herakles: Browning’s version of, [57]
Everyman, represents horrors of Middle Ages, [115]
Excursion, see Wordsworth
F
Fall of Miletus, see Phrynichus
Faust, see Goethe
Federation, early example, [203]
Fick, Augustus, on place-names, [7]
Frere’s translation of Aristophanes, [61], [64]
G
Geometry, Euclid’s, [158-161], [167];
books on history of, [170]
Georgics of Virgil, [24]
Germany, reduction of many states into one empire, [204]
Gibbon, Edward, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, conception which moved author to write, [79]
Gladstone, William E., style of eloquence, [89]
Goethe, Faust: a world epic, [27];
borrowings from Argonautics, [44]
Golden Age of Greek Literature, [91]
Gray, Thomas, Greek temper, [54];
compared with Simonides
and Bacchylides, [54];
swept away by Romantic wave, [54];
prefers Celtic and national subjects, [54];
Greek style, [54];
grasps splendour of Pindar, [54];
shows influence of Greek poetry, [54], [55];
love of nature, [59]
Greece, advantageous position of, [11];
economic conditions in time of Polybius, [206];
modern character of civilisation, [207]
Greek culture, vital essence, [182];
Latin, compared with, [182]
Greek learning, revival of, [17-20]
Greek scholars in Western Europe, [17], [18]
Greek society, conditions, [213], [214]
Greek studies, place in higher education, [20-22];
and Latin, [22], [23];
source of culture, [23];
comparative value of originals and translations, [23-26]
Greeks, the, explanations of pre-eminence insufficient, [3-7];
pre-eminence unexplained, [7-9];
originality, [9];
genius of race analogous to genius of individual, [9];
powers of assimilation and reproduction, [10-12];
important position between two civilisations, [11];
effect of diverse influences, [11], [12];
receptive, but not
absorbed, [13], [14];
persistence of characteristics, [15];
accomplishments in world’s history, [16-18];
influence of, [53];
not wanting in love for nature, [59];
why no means of expressing Christian spirit, [113];
and Christianity, [113];
race of varied experience, [116];
sense of fitness in sculpture, [116];
power of logic upon their minds, [152];
triumphs gained by hard thinking, [179];
traders, [187];
attitude toward monarchy, [205];
furnish lessons in failures as well as in achievements, [205], [206];
middle classes most important, [206];
adopt limitation of family, [207]
Grote, George, historian, [56];
not interested in travelling in Greece, [56];
on Attic citizens, [208]
Grotius, Hugo, De Jure Pacis et Belli, [198]
Guesses at Truth, see Hare
H
Hamlet of Shakespeare, [48]
Hare, Guesses at Truth, quoted, [52]
Hecatæus, historian, [71]
Hegemony of Greece, what it was, [201];
leaders, [201]
Hellenic race, see Greeks
Heracleitus of Ephesus, early writer of prose, [67];

his fundamental element of the world, [219];
on qualities of matter, [220], [221]
Herculaneum, [145]
Hermes of Praxiteles, [106]
Hero and Leander, [96]
Herodotus, Father of History, world model of art of history, [71-75];
subject, [71], [74], [78];
essence of history as an art, [73];
agrees with Aristotle as to style and subject of history, [74];
style, [74], [75];
so-called inventions of, [76];
vindicated, [76];
compared with Thucydides, [76], [78];
on Cyrene, [77];
quoted, [116]
Heron, development of mechanics and hydrostatics, [147], [162], [167];
ingenious inventions of, [162-164], [165]
Herondas, Mimes, inferior poetry, [39]
Hiero of Xenophon, [116]
Hipparchus, astronomer, [167]
Hippocrates of Kos, Father of Rational Medicine, [67], [171];
founds school of medicine, [171];
style of writing, [172];
works out a system of treatment, [172];
Aphorisms quoted, [172];
John Stearne on works of, [174];
mental attitude of, [174];
ignores supernatural causes of diseases and cures, [175];
quoted, [175];
combats superstition, [176];
principles, [177];
oath of practitioners, [178]
Hipponax, [41]
History, early annalists, [70];
Herodotus and Thucydides, [71];
models of the art and science of history, [71];
Aristotle’s view of, [72], [74];
Herodotus on history as art, [73], [74];
views of Herodotus and Aristotle compared, [74];
simplicity, [75];
Herodotus vindicated, [76];
Thucydides compared with Herodotus, [76];
views of Thucydides, [77];
style of Thucydides, [78], [79];
human history as a great drama, [79];
characteristics that will make it last, [80]
History of Greek Literature, see Mahaffy, J. P.
Homer, understood by all generations, [14];
his influence through Pope, [53]
Homeric dialect, [33], [40], [41]
Homeric poems, artificiality, [33];
beacon light, [37];
translations, [45], [51], [52]
Horace, Greek lyrics, [4];
version of Alcæus, Sappho, and Pindar, [53]
Hydrostatics, development by Heron, [147], [162]
Hylozoists, study of, basis of higher work in science, [234]
I
Iliad, translated into many languages, [26];
a world epic, [27], [41];
imitated, [41];
model for all time, [42];
and Milton’s Paradise Lost, [42], [43];
Chapman’s translation, [45], [51];
Pope’s translation, [51], [52], [53];
expunged texts, [183]
Immigration, no inducements for, in Greece, [207]
India, civilisation, [6]
Inferno of Dante, [27]
Interest, rate of, in Greece, [187]
Intermarriage, [198]
International relations of Greek states, [198];
war, [199-200];
political combinations or alliances, 200 ff
Invalides in Paris, [111]
Ionia, subjugation of, checks development of Greek prose, [67]
Ionic school, subjects of speculation, [216];
study of, important, [234]
Iphigenia in Aulis, see Euripides
Ireland, landed gentry, [212]
Isæus, treatises of, [82];
speeches, [194-196]
Isocrates, father of political essay, [86];
originates political pamphlets, [87];
devises and perfects laws of prose composition, [88];
teaches his style, [88]
J
Jonson, Ben, knowledge of Greek, [45]
K
Keats, John, Greek spirit, [46];
not familiar with Greek originals, [46], [56]
Ode on a Greek Vase: [132]
Keltic influences on Greece, [12]
Kos, school of, [176], [178]
L
Land legislation in Greece compared with that in Ireland and Scotland, [187]
Language, perfected use of, by Greeks, [148];
analysis of, [149];
Greek: Non-Aryan roots, [7];
permanence, [14]
Laocoon, [116]
Laplace’s theory, [220]
Latin, place in higher education, [22], [23];
medium of Greek influence, [45]
Latin culture, why not permanent, [182];
compared with Greek, [182]
Latin races, [3]
Latin Vulgate, the, St. Jerome compares it with Greek
and Hebrew originals, [19]
Law, Greek, Attic Code model for Romans and other nations, [190];
criminal, 191 ff;
compared with that of Modern Europe, [192];
safety of citizens, [192];
death penalty, [192], [193];
civil, [193-198];
contracts, [194];
testaments or wills, [194-197];
international, 198 ff
Leighton, Lord, influenced by Greek art, [131], [132]
Lepanto, battle, [72]
Letter-writing, Greek letters not remarkable, [93];
Cicero’s formulæ, [93];
exceptions, [93]
Leucippus, development of Atomic theory, [231];
father of modern systems, [236]
Literary criticism, beginnings, [91];
models, [92];
Tract on the Sublime, [92]
Loans, [194]
Local government, not representative, but popular, [189], [190]
Locke, teachings of, [216]
Logic, approached by Greeks through analysis of language, [148];
beginnings of logical studies, [149];
treatises of Aristotle on theory of Reasoning, [149], [150];
importance of common logic, [150];
small attention paid to, in American education, [150], [152];
English and European training in, [151];
power of, on Greek minds, [151], [152];
and Greek mathematics, [153]
Lourdes, place of pilgrimage, [177]
Lucretius, claims, [4]
Lyric poetry, beginnings, [37];
influence, [53-57], [59], [60]
Lysias, presentation of argument in character, [83]
M
Macbeth, of Shakespeare, [48]
Macedonian power, [205], [211]
Machinery, inventions of Heron, [162-164];
moving force of automatic sakia, [165]
Mad Herakles, see Euripides
Magee, Archbishop, style of eloquence, [89];
modelled after Chalmers, [90];
style based upon principles of Isocrates, [90]
Mahaffy, J. P., Epoch of Irish History: referred to, [173]
History of Greek Literature: on poetry, [31];
on obscurity of Thucydides, [79];
on Isocrates and Demosthenes, [82];
on conversation, [91]
Rambles and Studies in Greece: on persistence of characteristics, [15], [16]
Social Life in Greece: main thesis, [15]
Marius the Epicurean, by Walter Pater, [244]
Mathematics, school of Pythagoras, [153], [155], [156], [161], [167];
theory of Descartes, [154];
arithmetic, [153], [154];
geometry, [158];
mathematical physics, [162];
library of Greek, [166];
pure, [166], [169];
Peripatetic, [170]
Mausollus of Halicarnassus, tyrant, [205]
Mechanics, development by Archimedes, Heron, and Alexandrian school, [162]
Mediæval schools, training in logic, [150], [151]
Medicine, formulated by Greeks, [147];
school of Hippocrates, 171 ff;
mediæval, [174], [175];
and superstition, [174], [175];
resurrection of, [176]
Menander, character of plays, [34], [94];
translations by Plautus and Terence, [61], [208], [209];
influence, [61];
portrays Attic society, [208-210];
fragments of plays discovered in Egypt, [209]
Meredith, George, characteristic of his work, [79]
Merope, of Matthew Arnold, [58]
Middle Ages, a period of gloom, [114], [115];
conditions in, [181];
causes of retrogression in, [182]
Miletus, fall of, checks the development of Greek prose, [67];
temple, statues at entrance, [120]
Milton, John, poetic vision disturbed by political controversies, [42];
influenced by Greek epic, [42];
influenced by Greek drama, [46];
poetic style and metre, [46];
Matthew Arnold on, [46];
defence of dramatic poetry, [47];
on Shakespeare and Greek masters, [47];
on Greek tragedy, [47-49];
choruses and lyrical monodies, [50];
inspired by Isocrates, [88], [90]
Areopagitica: style, [88]
Comus: lyric sweetness, [51]
Paradise Lost: best modern epic, [42];
compared with the Iliad, [43];
divine and human in, [43];
redundancy of similes, [43];
and Argonautics, [43];
and Prometheus Vinctus, [47]
Samson Agonistes: Greek form, [47], [49], [50];
borrowings from Œdipus and Prometheus, [49];
development influenced by Euripides, [49];
Greek spirit, [50];
lyrics and choral odes, [50], [51];
Sir Egerton Brydges on, [50]
Mimes, see Herondas
Minyæ, Tomb of the, [101], [108], [111]
Motion and matter, [234]
Mummius, cause of conquest of, [211]
Music, first beginnings, [99], 133 ff;
notation related to meaning, [125];
existing specimens of Greek, fragmentary, [134];
comparison of Greek with Japanese, [135];
Greek scales, [135], [142-144];
and Greek poetry, [136];
relation to education, [136], [137], [144];
effect upon morals, [137-140], [144];
Greek music source of modern, [141];
simplicity, [141];
Greek works on, [141];
Plato on instrumental and vocal, [141];
extant Greek tracts on, [142];
Hungarian, [142];
problems of Greek, [142];
scientific basis of harmony discovered by Pythagoreans, [143];
Pythagorean theory, [143];
Aristotle on melody, [144];
summary of Greek music, [144]
N
Naples, [145]
Natural history, collection of facts by Greeks, [147]
Natural philosophy, [236]
Nike of Samothrace, [117]
Novel, development among Greeks, [93], [94];
and Menander’s plays, [94];
main topic imported from East, [94]
O
Ode on a Greek Vase, by Keats, [132]
Ode to St. Cecilia, see Dryden
Odyssey, world epic, [27], [41];
imitated, [41];
unequalled, [42]
Œdipus, see Sophocles
Optics, Euclid’s work on, [166]
Oratory, school of pleaders, [68];
treatment of subject, [69];
subject of great importance, [69], [70];
eloquence of debate and eloquence of display, [68], [81];
Greeks adverse to extemporaneous speaking, [81];
art of persuasion, [82];
arguments and manner of presenting, [82], [83];
legal rhetoric, [83];
speeches of Demosthenes, [83];
De Corona, [83];
Greek oratory of debate still the model of modern world, [85]
Orchomenos, [101]
Ornament, earlier in development than architecture, [99];
in pre-historic ages, [99];
in Doric temple, [104]
P
Painting, 125 ff;
examples of Greek, [126], [127];
qualities requisite for success, [128];
Greek sense of form, [128];
Greek sense of colour, [128-130];
landscape little developed among Greeks, [130], [131];
portraits, [131];
mythical subjects, [131];
and sculpture, [131];
indirect influence on modern painting, [131], [132];
Greek vases, [132];
branch of decoration, [132], [133]
Pantheism, doctrine of, [222-224];
positive side of, [223];
arguments for, [224];
how regarded by Greek public, [225];
and Wordsworth, Shelley, Tennyson, [228], [229]
Pantheists, Greek, character of, [222];
legacy to mankind, [228];
effect on modern poetry, [228]
Pantheon, [111]
Pappus, work in geometry, [161]
Papyrus I. of Turin, [197]
Paradise Lost, see Milton
Parmenides, [236];
gives positive side of doctrine of pantheism, [223]
Parthenon, unexcelled, [27];
J. Carrey’s drawings of, [52];
frieze, [113], [122];
horses of, [121];
ornamentation, [130]
Pastoral poetry developed by Theocritus, [35]
Pater, Walter, Marius the Epicurean, [244]
Paul, Saint, on Stoicism, [245]
Pausanias, and temple of Hera, [105];
and Tomb of the Minyæ, [108]
Peisias, the Lycian, will of, [196]
Peloponnesus, cities of, [201]
Penrose, Mr., Greek critic, [27]
Pericles studied oratory, [70]
Peripatetic Mathematics, [170]
Persians of Timotheus, see Timotheus
Peyron, Amédée, [197]
Phædo, of Plato, [242]
Phelps, W. L., on Gray, [54]
Pherecydes of Syros, predecessor of Heracleitus, [67]
Phidias, and the Laocoon, [116];
his ornamentation of the Parthenon, [121], [122];
his procession of figures, [122], [123]
Philodemus, Tract on Music, on effect of music on morals, [138]
Philosophy, relation to science, [169], [236];
secular and free, [215], [216]
Phœnicia, influence on Greece, [11], [12]
Phœnician alphabet, [12]
Phormio, [71]
Phrynichus, Fall of Miletus: displeasing to Attic audience, [73], [115]
Physical geography, [169]
Physics, mathematical, [162];
developed by Archimedes, [162];
development of hydrostatics and mechanics by Heron, [162], [167]
Pindar, Cicero on, [50];
Horace’s appreciation, [53]
Pindar, Odes, [27]
Place-names, Greek, [7]
Plato, influence on Wordsworth, [57];
as critic, [92];
on influence of music, [139], [141];
philosophy of, [237];
influence on modern thought, [237];
views of education, [237], [238];
theology, 238 ff;
on moral law, [239], [240];
on aristocracy of intellect, [241];
on immortality of soul, [242]
Dialogues: model of conversation, [91];
logical studies in, [149];
character, [214];
subjects, [215]
Phaedo: [242]
Politicus: [238]
Republic: picture of gloom, [116];
ideal for safeguard of society in, [238]
Sophist: [152]
Platonism, [228]
Plautus, translation of Menander, [61], [209]
Plutarch, model for modern biographers, [80]
Lives: North’s translation furnished Shakespeare with subjects, [45], [80];
influence on French Revolution, [46]
Poetic, see Aristotle
Poetry, Greek: 31 ff;
carefully studied product, [32], [37];
dialects, [33], [40];
development, [34], [35];
pastoral, [35];
dramatic, [36];
lyric, [37];
form and spirit, [38];
diction and metre, [38];
best studied in the original, [38], [64];
examples of inferior, [38], [39];
associated with other arts, [39];
dignity and brevity, [40];
and modern poetry, 41 ff;
great epics, [41];
influence, 42 ff;
how far reduced to theory, [61-63];

translations, [45], [51], [52], [64];
indirect influence through Latin, [45];
and music, [136]
Politics, causes of development, [182], [183]
Politicus, of Plato, [238]
Polybius, artistic conception of history, [79];
and Achæan League, [203];
on limitation of family, [207];
on ruin of Greece, [211]
Pompeii, [145]
Pope, Alexander, translation of Iliad, [51], [52], [53]
Praxiteles unexcelled, [112]
Praxiteles, Hermes, [33]
Prometheus Vinctus, see Æschylus
Prose, Greek, knowledge of early development of, [65];
late origin, [66];
poetry more popular than, [66];
early attempt at, by Heracleitus, [67];
Hippocrates, [67];
beginnings among Dorians, [68];
prose adapted for a listening public, [86];
political essay, [86];
laws of composition devised by Isocrates, [88];
conversation easy, [90];
letter-writing, [92];
the novel, [93];
books of travel, [97]
Puteoli, gateway into Italy, [145]
Pythagoras, effect of influence, [221];
contemporaries and successors, [221]
Pythagorean school, importance of arithmetic, [153];
theory of Descartes, [154];
speculations on series of units, [155];
specimens of treatment in arithmetic, [156];
results of researches, [156];
importance of numbers ten and twelve, [156];
discoverers and teachers of science, [166], [167]
Pythagoreans, discover science of harmony, [143];
famous theory, [143]
R
Racine and his plays, [48]
Rambles and Studies in Greece, see J. P. Mahaffy
Renaissance (Renascence), [4];
artists of, [131]
Rénan, Ernest, simplicity of style, [75]
Renascence, [4]
Representation, local, [189]
Republic, see Plato
Research, original, requisite for, [235]
Rogers’s translation of Aristophanes, [61]
Roman life and culture, [18], [19]
Roman Republic, effect of growth, [211]
Romanesque architecture, example of tawdriness, [109]
Romans, medium through which Greek learning was spread in Western World, [3], [4], [18], [19], [85], [190], [195];
compared with the Greeks, [182]
Romantic school, [59]
Rome, Greek ruins in time of Renaissance, [146]
Romeo and Juliet, see Shakespeare
Royal College of Physicians, Ireland, [173]
Ruskin, John, style, [89]
S
St. Angelo, castle of, [111]
St. Mark’s at Venice, architecture of, [18], [109]
Sakia, invention of, [165]
Samson Agonistes, see Milton
Sappho, [37];
Horace’s version of, [53];
love for nature, [59]
Satyric drama, [48]
Science, definition of term as used, [147];
relation to philosophy, [168];
abstract thinking necessary to experiment and discovery, [235]
Sciences of observation, [147]
Scriptores Erotici Graeci, [95]
Sculpture, Greek: reasons for pre-eminence [112], [113];
nude and draped figures, [112], [113];
Donatello’s problem, [113], [114];
use of bronze and marble, [116], [118];
development, [117], [118];
decay, [117];
never dissociated from painting, [118];
coloured statues, [118], [119];
principles of composition, [120];
second favourite form of composition, [122];
effect on Europe, [123]
Shakespeare, indebted to Plutarch’s Lives, [45];
indirect knowledge of Greek poets, [46];
Milton on, [47], [48];
school of, defended [48]
Antony and Cleopatra: source in Plutarch’s Lives, [45]
Hamlet: Voltaire’s view of, [48]
Macbeth: Voltaire’s view of, [48]
Romeo and Juliet: Greek origin, [95]
Shakespeare, school of, and Greek masters, [48]
Shelley, combines Greek culture with Romantic imagination, [56],
and Pantheism, [228]
Sicilian troubles, [186]
Sidon, tomb of, [112]
Silver Age of Greek Literature, [91]
Simonides, Gray compared with, [54]
Skellig Michael, beehive huts at, [99]
Slavery, among Greeks, [188], [190];
Aristotle on, [189]
Smyly, Prof., Essay; on Greek notation in arithmetic, [158]
Social Life in Greece, see J. P. Mahaffy
Socrates, prosecution of, [215];
causes revolution in philosophy, [236], [237]
Solon, use of verse, [39];
modern, [66];
reduces debts in Athens, [186]
Sophist, of Plato, [152]
Sophists, attitude toward scientific speculation, [237]
Sophocles, Milton on, [47];
choruses, [51];
Whitelaw’s version of, [64];
music of, [136]
Œdipus; and Milton’s Samson Agonistes, [49]
Sophron, poet, [39]
Sovranties, pass into aristocracies, [184], [185];
models in constitutional government, [184-186]
Sparta, slaves in, [188];
power, [201]
Spinoza, teachings of, [216];
Pantheist, [224]
Statuary, portrait, [120]
Stearne, John, Founder of Royal College of Physicians, Ireland, [173];
theorist and writer, [173];
on works of Hippocrates, [173];
and the Church, [176]
Stoics, speculations, [244-246];
and Epicureans, [244-246]
Stylists, modern English, [89]
Swanwick, Miss, translations, [57]
Swinburne, Algernon, writer of plays after Greek models, [58]
Atalanta: choruses, [40], [58]
Erechtheus; [58]
Syracuse, [68]
T
Taylor, Jeremy, style influenced by Isocrates, [90]
Temples, Greek: Doric ornament, [104];
features, [105];
at Tiryns, [105];
Hera at Olympia, [105];
distinction between dwellings and, [106];
construction, [106];
compared with houses, [107];
proportions, [107];
furnish models for all Europe, [110]
Tennyson, influenced by Theocritus, [36], [59], [60];
and Euripides, [60];
and Pantheism, [228], [229]
Terence, translation of Menander, [61], [209]
Thales, his primitive element of the world, [216], [217];
predicts an eclipse, [217]
Themistocles, studied oratory, [70]
Theocritus, Virgil’s translations, [24];
pastoral poet, [35];
goes back to life of people, [35], [36];
influence on Tennyson, [36], [59], [60];
idealises the commonplace, [38];
delights in nature, [59];
best translation of, [64]
Idylls: [96]
Theognis, use of verse, [39]
Theon of Smyrna, [167]
Theophrastus, collaborator with Aristotle, [169]
Thirlwall, history written without first-hand knowledge of Greece, [56]
“Three tragic poets,” the, [47], [49]
Thucydides, has given to world model of the science of history, [71];
subject, [71], [77], [78];
compared with Herodotus, [76], [78];
subtle artist, [76];
style, [77];
picture of politics in Greece, [77];
artistic scheme, [78];
diction, [78];
obscurity, [78], [79];
on war, [200]
Thucydides Mythistoricus, see Cornford
Timotheus, Persians: inferior poetry, [38], [39], [63];
Wilamowitz on, [39]
Tiryns, remains of temples at, [105]
Tombs, domed or circular buildings, [110];
Pantheon, [110];
Castle of St. Angelo, [111];
Invalides in Paris, [111];
Mausoleum of Queen Victoria, [111];
Treasure House of Atreus, [111];
Tomb of the Minyæ, [111];
early, in Ireland, [111]
Tract on the Sublime, translated by Burke, [92];
point of view of, [92]
Tragedy, Greek: material, [42];
Milton’s view of, [47], [48]
Travels, not thoroughly Greek, [97]
Treaties, between Greek city-states, [198]
Trinity College, Dublin: some of the requisites for degree, [179]
Turin, Academy of, Transactions; referred to, [197]
U
Unions or leagues, question as to rights of contracting parties, [202], [203];
European examples, [204]
V
Vases, ornamentation of, [132]
Venetian Republic, [184]
Villari, Professor Pasquale, Studies: quoted, on problem of art in Renaissance, [113], [114]
Viollet-le-Duc, Entretiens sur l’architecture: his theory of the origin of the arch, [109]
Virgil, first foreign imitator of Homer, [42];
compared with Milton, [46]
Æneid: M. Arnold compares style with Milton’s, [47];
Dryden’s translation, [53]
Eclogues: [24]
Georgics: [24]
Vitruvius, [104]
W
Wagner, Richard, turned natural defect into success, [87];
effect of his attempt to combine poetry and music, [136];
effect of his music on morals, [138], [139]
Tristan and Isolde: [139]
War, between Hellenic peoples: weapons and prisoners, [199]
Weem of Scale, beehive huts at, [100]
Whitelaw’s Sophocles, [64]
Wilamowitz, on Persians of Timotheus, [39]
Wills or testaments, [194-197]
Women’s rights, [181]
Wordsworth, least Greek of nineteenth-century poets, [57];
illuminated by Plato, [57];
and Pantheism, [228], [229];
immortality of soul, [242], [243]
Excursion: [40], [57]
Wyse, William, of Trinity College, Cambridge, [195]
X
Xanthus the Lydian, historian, [71]
Xenophanes, founder of school of Elea, [221];
doctrine of, [222]
Xenophon, historian, [79]
Cyrus: [94]
Hiero: picture of gloom, [116]
Z
Zeno, Eleatic, theory of sound, [225], [226]
Zeno, the Stoic, [245]
Zoölogy promoted by Aristotle, [171]