[239] According to the returns published by Poor, the total tonnage carried was 589½ million tons, and the number of ton miles was 70,423 millions. The gross receipts from freight were 639½ million dollars, and by dividing the ton-miles into the gross receipts, we get at the approximate ton-mile average.
[240] Trans. Am. Soc. C. E., vol. xiv., p. 50.
[241] Report of the Conference on canal navigation at the Society of Arts, 1888.
[242] According to the “Statistical Abstract of the United States” for 1887, the rates on the principal trunk railroads and the New York State canals at different periods were respectively:—
| Year. | Railroad Average. | Canal Average. |
|---|---|---|
| cents. | cents. | |
| 1868 | 2·45 | ·87 |
| 1878 | 1·40 | ·42 |
| 1880 | 1·29 | ·49 |
| 1882 | 1·18 | ·42 |
[243] Tolls, 1·04 cent.; elevating at New York, ½ cent.; trimming, 15⁄100 cent.
[244] Simple steamers propelled by screws.
[245] Cable in bottom of canal; steamer and tow.
[246] Cable in bottom of canal; steamer and tow.
[247] Screw steamer pushing consort ahead, both loaded.