The Causes of the Successes of the Ottoman Turks

by J. Surtees Phillpotts

[16] Hulme’s Chapters on Turkish History (in Blackwood, July, 1840,) p. 18.

[17] Von Hammer’s History of the Ottoman Turks, vol. i. p. 193.

[18] Gibbon, vol. viii, p. 93.

[19] See Freeman’s History and Conquests of the Saracens, p. 145.

[20] For proofs that the Ottoman government was really absolute, see Robertson’s Charles V. note 43.

[21] Robertson’s Charles V. note 45.

[22] Creasy, i. p. 334.

[23] Creasy, i. p. 114.